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(Download PDF) Fluctuations Order Defects 1St Edition Gene F Mazenko Gene Mazenko Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
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( (' I ( /
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GENE F. MAZENKO
University of Chicago
ffiWILEY-
~INTERSCIENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS PUBLICATION
Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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ISBN 0-471-32840-5
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 l
CONTENTS
PREFACE xv
1 Ordered Phases 1
1.1 Overview
1.2 Order Parameters 8
1.3 Sy1mnetry Breaking 11
1.3.1 Ferromagnetic Case 11
1.3.2 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking 12
1.3.3 General Treatment of Symmetries 14
1.3.4 Heisenberg Model and Rotational Invariance 16
1.3.5 Symmetry Breaking Fields 18
1.3.6 Global Gauge Symmetry 18
1.3.7 Local Gauge Sy1mnetry 21
1.3.8 Reduced Symmetries and Solids 22
1.4 More Order Parameters 22
1.4.1 Heisenberg Magnets 22
1.4.2 Superfluid 4 He 27
1.4.3 Superconductivity 30
1.4.4 Phase Separation in Binary Alloys 32
1.4.5 Order-Disorder Transitions in Binary Alloys 34
1.4.6 Displacive Transitions 35
v
vi CONTENTS
7 Polymers 310
9 Superconductors 382
9.1 Ginzburg-Landau Effective Hamiltonian 382
9.2 Uniform Solutions and Condensation Energy 385
9.3 Fluctuation Effects and Higgs Phenomena 387
9.4 Meissner Effect and Penetration Depth 390
9.5 Upper Critical Field 391
9.6 Upper Critical Current 394
9.7 Persistent Currents 395
9.8 Dimensionless Variables 396
9.9 Surface Energy 400
9.10 N01mal-Superconducting Transition 404
11 Solids 449
11.1 The01y of Freezing 449
11.2 Density Functional The01y of Freezing 450
11.2.1 Thermodynamics 453
CONTENTS xi
12 Defects 471
12.1 Overview 471
12.2 Scalar Order Parameter Systems and Interfaces 474
12.2.1 Mean-Field Solution 474
12.2.2 'lj;4 Theory 479
12.2.3 Asymmetric Case 485
12.2.4 Polymer Mixture 487
12.2.5 Liquid-Gas Interface 491
12.2.6 Broken Translational Symmet:ty and the NG Modes 493
12.3 Finite-Energy Defects 496
12.4 Singularities and Topological Invariants 498
12.5 Topological Stability and Escape to a Higher Dimension 501
12.6 Vmtices in XY Models and Neutral Superfluids 506
12.6.1 Single-Vmtex Solution 506
12.6.2 Energy of an Isolated Vortex 509
12.6.3 Phase Field Approximation and Multiple-Vortex
Solutions 510
12.7 Vortices in Superconductors 515
12.7.1 Ginzburg-Landau Treatment 515
12.7.2 London Theory 525
12.8 Heisenberg Model 529
12.8.1 Winding Number for an 11 = 3 Order Parameter 529
12.8.2 LGW Model 531
12.8.3 Avoiding Derrick's Theorem 535
12.9 Disclinations and Monopoles in Nematic Liquid C1ystals 537
12.9.1 Overview 537
12.9.2 Phase Field Approximation 537
12.9.3 Defect Core Considerations 539
12.9.4 Monopoles in a Nematic 541
12.9.5 Strings in a Nematic 541
12.10 Dislocations and Vacancies in Solids 542
12.10.1 Introduction 542
12.10.2 Elastic Themy and Defects 544
12.10.3 Straight-Line Screw Dislocation 547
12.10.4 Straight-Line End Dislocation 548
xii CONTENTS
INDEX 665
PREFACE
This text is the second in a series dealing with condensed-matter physics at the
graduate level. In the first book in this series, G. F. Mazenko, Equilibrium Statistical
Mechanics (ESM) (Wiley, New York, 2000), basic, first-year, graduate material
was treated. With some exceptions, ESM did not deal with spatial structures
in equilibrium. It focused on basic principles, elementary microscopic models,
and thermodynamics. In the present volume, building on the first, the
emphasis is on correlations and structures in space, particularly the range of
structures and correlations associated with phase changes in condensed-matter
systems.
One reason for the grouping of material in this text is that we now have a rather
well-established approach that is common to a broad set of physical systems: fluids,
solids, magnetic materials, superfluids, superconductors, polymers, and liquid
crystals. The approach evolved out of the work of Landau, Anderson, de Gennes,
and Wilson. It is built around ideas of coarse graining, order parameters, symmet1y
breaking, and a minimization principle. The approach is to construct an effective
Hamiltonian governing the long-distance fluctuations of some appropriate order
parameter. Minimize this effective Hamiltonian to obtain the equation of state of
the system and check the fluctuations about this minimum to see if the state is stable
and fluctuations are small. This allows one to investigate ordered states, associated
defects, and long-wavelength fluctuations, including Nambu-Goldstone modes. In
more interesting cases the fluctuations are not small, nonlinear physics enters the
discussion, and one must, as near a critical point, as possible, use renormalization
group methods. One main advantage of this approach is that it allows one to treat
the long-distance properties of complex materials such as polymers and liquid
c1ystals. It is also practical for comparing with experiment.
xv
xvi PREFACE
Gene F. Mazenko
ORDERED PHASES
1.1 OVERVIEW
(a) (b)
1.,
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:
•
:w :
11
(c) (d)
Figure 1.9. Sequence of spin configurations generated by a Monte Carlo spin-flip algoritlun
propagating a simple Ising model fo1ward in time. Initially, as shown in panel (a), one has a
disordered state where at each site the spin is equally likely be up or down. Upspins are
indicated by a + sign. The Monte Carlo dynamics are chosen such that it drives the system to
be in an equilibrium ordered state at zero temperature. Each set of steps where we attempt to
flip on average each spin is called a Monte Carlo step (MCS). After 5 MCS we obtain the
configuration shown in panel (b). Panels (c) and (d) correspond to 20 and 60 MCS.
well above the Curie temperature T, .. The disordered configuration of the system is
shown in Fig. l .9a. We now rapidly drop the temperature of the bath thermally
coupled to the magnetic moments or spins to a value TF < T,.. The magnetic
system is then well out of equilibrium and will begin to evolve in time, attempting
to reestablish equilibrium with the bath at the lower temperature. Using the spin-flip
Monte Carlo dynamics [13] to evolve a simple magnetic system forward in time, the
spin at site R, cr(R) = ± 1, will attempt to lower the local energy by lining up with its
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Henry Hotspur, in whose behalfe this may be sayd as followeth.”]
[556]
How Henry Percy Earle of
Northumberland, was for his couetous
and trayterous attempt put to death at
Yorke, Anno 1407.[557]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Because my king did shame mee wrongfully,
I hated him and in deede[570] became his foe:
And while hee did at warre in Ireland lye,
I did conspire to turne his weale to woe:
And through the duke of Yorke and other moe,
All royall power from him wee quickely tooke,
And gaue the same to Henry Bolenbroke.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
And while the king thus tooke mee for his frend,
I sought all meane my former wrong to wreake,
Which that I might bring to the sooner end,
To the bishop of Yorke I did the matter breake,
And to th’earle marshall likewise did I speake,
Whose father was through Henrie’s cause exiled,
The bishop’s brother with trayterous death defiled.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Not so content (for vengeaunce draue mee on)
I entred Yorkeshire, there to wast and spoile:
But ere I had far in the countrye gone,
The shiriffe thereof, Rafe Rokesby did assoyle
My trobled hoast of much part of our toyle:
For hee assaulting freshly tooke through power,
Mee and lord Bardolph both, at Bramham More.
19.
20.
2.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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3.
Concerning whome, marke, Baldwine, what I say,
I meane the vertuous, hindred of their brute,
Among which nombre reckon well I may
My valiaunt father Iohn lord Montacute,
Who lost his life I iudge through[608] iust pursute:
I say the cause and not the casuall speede
Is to be wayed, in euery kinde of deede.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
This found I true: for through my milde behauiour,
Their hartes I had with mee to liue and die,
And in their speach bewrayer of[620] theyr fauour,
They cald mee still good earle of Salisbury,[621]
The lordes confest the[622] commons did not lye:
For vertuous life, free hart, and lowly minde,
With high and lowe shall alwayes fauour finde.
19.
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