Download as doc, pdf, or txt
Download as doc, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 36

NORTHERN CARIBBEAN UNIVERSITY

College of Business and Management

Department of Business Administration & Hospitality Management

May-June 2024 - ONLINE

(This course outline is subject to change)

DEGREE BACHELORS OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES


MAJOR: All Majors

COURSE NAME: Ethics and Values in Business

COURSE CODE: BSAD 489

NUMBER OF CREDITS: 3

NUMBER OF HOURS: 45

NAME OF LECTURER: Monica Bryant

EMAIL ADDRESS (ES): mbryant@ncu.edu.jm

CLASS TIME: 5:30 p.m.-8:30 p.m.

CLASS DAYS: Tuesdays/Thursdays

OFFICE HOURS: TBA

PREREQUISITES: MGMT 252: Principles of Management

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 1


COURSE DESCRIPTION

Business ethics is a moral analysis of business activity and practices. This course encourages
contemplation on the ethical domain of economic decision making and builds the students
capacity to analyse and argue the ethical dimension. The principal philosophical ethical theories
and their applicability in business is discussed. The relationship between business ethics, law and
religion is considered.

The course is designed to examine the relationship between ethics law and religion. A range of
practical applications in one’s career are examined like Whistleblowing. Privacy. Conflicts of
interest, discrimination, employment issues, occupational health and safety issues, Marketing,
advertising and product safety concerns, also unethical concerns in finance, corporate social
responsibility and corporate governance. It is designed to stimulate a positive attitude toward
incorporating ethical values.

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of this course the student will be able to:
1. Understand the basic concepts of ethics in its role in business.
2. Apply ethical principles in the process of decision making.
3. Provide the skills with which to Recognise and resolve ethical issues in business.
4. Encourage reflection on the ethical dimension of your own decision making in the
workplace and other settings.
5. Enhance the awareness and critical self-examination of one’s own values and to
appreciate the relevance of personal values in the business or workplace setting.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES


By the end of this course, students should be able to:

1. Recognise important ethical issues that arise in various business contexts.


2. Differentiate between deontological ethical theories and teleological ethical theories.
3. Demonstrate confidence in introducing ethical considerations into professional and
managerial decision making and explain their importance to others.
4. Use their ethical imaginations in resolving dilemmas and enhancing business decision
making.
5. Argument the importance of ethics in business and enhance decision making in
whistleblowing , conflict of interest, employment issues, occupational health and safety
issues etc.
6. Design policies, code of ethics to the company and its business practices.
7. Apply critical and argumentative thinking in business judgment in areas like finance,
marketing, advertising, corporative social responsibility and corporate governance.

FAITH AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 2


By the end of this course, students will be able to:

1. Recognize the importance of ethical values such as honesty, integrity, respect, and fairness
as fundamental moral principles taught by God in class discussions and while solving case
studies.

2. Apply critical behaviors that reflect a Christian lifestyle during class and in personal life.

NCU Values and Attitudes Focus


Integrity:
I, Sonia Clarke-Bowen (instructor) and all students undertake to exercise the highest levels of
integrity in all actions during this semester concerning:
 Honouring deadlines
 Practising academic honesty concerning the use of published works
 Conduct during examination and quizzes.
 Participation in group work
 Relations with peers and superiors
 Stewardship of tools, equipment and the environment
 General conduct
Justice:
I, Sonia Clarke-Bowen (instructor) and all students undertake to exercise the highest levels of
justice in all actions.
during this semester concerning:
 The fair grade for work done
 Timely redress of issues, grouses
 Production of academic work
 Conduct during examination and quizzes.
 Impartial treatment of all students
 Acting as a liaison between students, administration in addressing classroom
challenges
Christ-centeredness:
I, Sonia Clarke-Bowen (instructor) and all students of BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business
commit to exercise the highest levels of Christlikeness in all actions during this semester
concerning:

1. Student issues will be handled in a fair and equitable manner


2. Displaying honesty with submitted work
3. Showing kindness to each other.
4. Displaying humility, compassion and unselfishness to each other.
5. Have confidence in all things through Christ who strengthens me. Philippians 4:13.

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 3


Code of Honour Statement

I, (ID#)__________, pledge on my honour that this is my honest work and I did not cheat
and I did not receive any unauthorised assistance; neither did I assist anyone to cheat nor
share with anyone, nor give unauthorised assistance to any person in completing this
examination, assignment, assessment or work submitted to Northern Caribbean
University.

Regulations on any form of cheating are strictly enforced. Engaging in any activity deemed
as cheating or an attempt to cheat may result in very serious penalties, including failing
grades, or dismissal from the University. You should endeavour to avoid such activities and
guide your actions accordingly.

Choosing to continue with this assessment is an indication that you - the student - read,
understood and consented to sit and submit this assessment.

Students with a Disabling Condition: Any student who, because of a disabling condition, may
require some special arrangements in order to meet course requirements, should communicate
with the instructor in a timely manner, to seek such special considerations. Students should
present appropriate verification from the relevant administrative office at the University. There
is no guideline indicating that special considerations be given prior to the completion of the
existing university verification process.

Access to Computer and Internet Resources: Completing these course requirements


necessitates regular access to computer technology and the internet. If a student does not have a
personal computer with Internet access, computers on the University's Main Campus and
Extension Sites are available for student use.

Civility, Courtesy and Respect: As professionals, mutual respect is required; the instructor
expects all class members to communicate professionally and courteously. While everyone may
feel passionate about a particular subject and is entitled to his/her opinions, classroom discourse
must always be conducted in a respectful and civil tone. No disrespectful or disparaging
comments about gender, ethnicity, religion, et cetera will be tolerated.

Honour Code: Regulations on plagiarism and other forms of cheating are strictly enforced.
Since engaging in either activity may result in severe penalties, including failing grades, or
dismissal from the university, you should endeavour to avoid such actions. Any assignment or
work submitted for this course must not have been submitted for any other course. No written or
digitally authored work may be submitted for academic credit more than once. If you have

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 4


questions about how this may apply to an assignment you are considering for this course, please
ask the facilitator for clarification.

Students with a Disabling Condition: Any student who, because of a disabling condition, may
require some special arrangements to meet course requirements, should communicate with the
instructor promptly, to seek such special considerations. Students should present appropriate
verification from the relevant administrative office at the University. There is no guideline
indicating that special attention is given before completion of the existing university verification
process.

COURSE CONTENT:

Chapter 1:
ETHICS IN THE WORLD OF BUSINESS

Number of hours: 3 hrs

Instructional Outcomes: By the end of Unit 1, students will be able to:


1.1 Define business decision making.
1.2 Explain how business decisions are made from the moral, legal, and economic points of
view.
1.3 Discuss the relation between business ethics and economics, business ethics and the law,
and the place of work and ethics in management.
1.4 Analyze and resolve numerous issues in the business world through the application of
ethical theories.

Content
 The decision-making process occurs on the individual, organizational, and business
system levels.
 Business decision making from moral, legal, and economic views.
 The relation between business ethics and economics, business ethics and the law, and the
place of work and ethics in management
 The Distinction between morality and ethics. Analysis and resolution of numerous issues
in the business world through the application of ethical theories.
Lecture–1 & 2
Major activities:
 Brief question and answer session
 Case study
 Discussion
 Lecture

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 5


Concepts / Terms
1. agent
2. good faith
3. business ethics
4. individual level
5. business system level
6. integrated approach
7. descriptive ethics
8. justification
9. economic efficiency
10. legal point of view
11. economic point of view
12. management of ethics
13. equity/efficiency
14. trade-off market
imperfections
15. ethical displacement
16. moral principles
17. ethical management
18. moral reasoning
19. ethical theory
20. moral point of view
21. ethics
22. moral judgment
23. externalities
24. morality
25. fiduciary duty professional
26. normative ethics
27. free market
28. organizational level

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 6


Suggested readings
Chapter 1: Ethics in the world of business
Articles on the decision-making process, the relationship between business ethics,
economics, and law

Application/Faith and Learning


Students will be able to:

1. Reflect on the ethical values such as honesty, integrity, respect and fairness as
fundamental moral principles taught by God.
2. Behave in a way that reflects a lifestyle made in the image of God and realize that moral
principles are very relevant and essential to the success of any business endeavour.

Chapter 2: Ethical Decision Making


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of Unit 2, the students will be able to:
2.1. Explain Market systems and ethics in markets.
2.2 Explain public goods and the prisoner's dilemma.
2.3 Assess the various roles and relationships in firms.
2.3. Distinguish between Philosophical account and psychological account of ethical
reasoning.

Content:
 The Market System and Ethics in Markets
 Causes of Market Failures.
 Public Goods and the Prisoners Dilemma
 Roles Relationships and Firms
 Ethical Reasoning
 A framework of ethical reasoning
Lecture - 3
Major activities:
 Powerpoint presentations.
 Case analysis
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms
Market System Sociological View
Breaches of contract Ethical reasoning
Fraud Framework for ethical reasoning

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 7


Misrepresentation
Public Goods
Agents
Fiduciaries
Professionals
Economic view

Suggested readings
Chapter 2: Ethical Decision Making
Articles on market systems, roles relationships and firms, ethical reasoning and framework of
ethical reasoning

Application/Faith and Learning:


1. Servants of Jesus are people who have his commandments and keep them
(John 14:21).
Jesus' "new commandment… that you love one another: just as I have
loved you, you also are to love one another."

Chapter 3: Ethical Theories


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of Unit 3, students will be able to:
3.1 Explain Utilitarianism.
3.2 Explain Kantian ethics
3.3 Discuss Virtue Ethics
3.4 Discuss Theories of Rights and Justice
Content:
 Utilitarianism and Cost and benefit analysis
 Kantian Ethics
 Virtue Ethics
 Rights and Justice Theories
Lecture- 3
Major activities:
 Brief question and answer as well as discussion sessions.

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 8


 Case analysis
 Quiz 1
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms
1. The principle of utility
2. Act and rule utilitarianism
3. Cost-Benefit Analysis
4. Problems with assigning monetary values
5. Universalizability principle
6. Respect for persons
7. Virtues in business
8. Nozick's Entitlement theory

Suggested readings
Chapter 3: Ethical Theories
Articles on Utilitarianism, Kantian ethics and virtue ethics

Application/Faith and Learning:

The purpose of Scripture itself is ethical.


The familiar passage of 2 Tim. 3:16-17 reads,
All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for
reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, 17 that the man of God may be
competent, equipped for every good work. Note the ethical focus here. God breathed out the
words of Scripture so that we may be trained in righteousness, so that we may be equipped for
every good work.

The beatitudes, for example, in Matthew chapter 5, commend a series of virtues: meekness, hunger
for righteousness, mercy, purity of heart.

Chapter 4: WHISTLEBLOWING
Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of Unit 4, students will be able to:
4.1 Define whistleblowing.
4.2 Explain the justification of whistleblowing.
4.3 Discuss the right to blow the whistle.
4.4 Develop a whistleblowing policy.

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 9


Content:
 Definition of whistleblowing.
 Discuss whether it is ever justified and outlines the necessary elements for justified
whistleblowing.
 Review the legal protection afforded whistleblowers, compares the arguments for and
against whistleblower protection.
 Discussion of corporate whistleblowing policies.
Lecture - 4
Major activities:
 Group presentation
 Discussion of well- known publicized cases of whistleblowing.
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms
Agent moral protest
Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 normal channels of communication
duty of loyalty to the public ombudsman
duty of loyalty to the organization principal
exit and voice retaliation
external whistleblowing sounding the alarm
internal whistleblowing whistleblower
loyal agent argument Whistle-Blower Protection Act of 1989
loyalty
Merit Systems Protection Board

Suggested readings
Chapter 4: WHISTLEBLOWING
Articles on whistleblowing, cases on whistleblowing, justification of whistleblowers and
corporate whistleblowing policies

Application/Faith and Learning:


1. For I know the plans I have for you," declares the LORD, "plans to prosper you
and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future. — Jeremiah 29:11
2. Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old, he will not depart
from it.–Proverbs 22:6

Chapter 5: TRADE SECRETS AND CONFLICT OF INTEREST

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 10


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of Unit 5, students will be able to:
5.1 Define trade secret and conflict of interest.
5.2 Identify the competitors' intelligence gathering techniques.
5.3 Distinguish different types of conflicts of interests.

Content:
 Definition of trade secret.
 Protection of certain valuable information, but what information do they have a right to
keep secret?
 Examination of the three main grounds for justifying trade secret protection, namely
property rights, fair competition, and confidentiality, and explores the ethics of
competitor intelligence gathering.
 Discussion of the concept of conflict of interest to determine what is ethically
objectionable about such conflicts, to classify the various types of conflicts of interest,
and to examine how conflicts of interest can be managed in organizations.

Lecture - 5
Major activities:
 Brief question-and-answer session
 Discussion and quiz 2
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms
actual/potential conflict of interest individual/organizational conflict of
interest
agent-principal relation John Locke
Associated Press v. International News Service misrepresentation
biased judgment misuse of position
bribery and extortion noncompetition agreement
Confidentiality patent
Copyright personal/impersonal conflict of interest
Covert surveillance trade secret
direct competition trademark

Suggested readings

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 11


Chapter 5: Trade secrets and conflict of interest
Articles on trade secret, justifying trade secret protection, the concept of conflict of interest

Application/Faith and Learning:

Matthew 5:9
"Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God
Psalm 139:23-24 — Search me, O God, and know my heart; test me and know my anxious
thoughts. See if there is any offensive way in me and lead me in the way everlasting.

Chapter 6: PRIVACY
Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of Unit 6, students will be able to:
6.1 Identify challenges to privacy.
6.2 Explain the meaning and value of privacy.
6.3 Assess the importance of the confidentiality of employee records.
6.4 Discuss privacy on the internet.

Content
 Privacy is a value, indeed a right that is fundamental to one's identity as a person. Issues
about privacy arise for both employees and consumers. In the workplace, privacy is an
issue primarily about the way personal information is gathered and used by employers.
 Determination of the limits to an employee's right to privacy.
 Three issues are examined concerning privacy in the workplace: (1) What is privacy?
(2)Why is privacy a value? (3) What does a right of employee privacy entail? Consumer
privacy is at issue mainly in the handling of information that marketers gather, especially
for purposes of direct mail advertising.

Lecture - 6
Major activities:
 Brief question and answer session
 Discussion
 Case study
 Lecture

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 12


Concepts / Terms
1. autonomy
2. primary and secondary use of information
3. liberty
4. privacy
5. polygraph tests
6. the Warren-Brandeis definition of privacy

Suggested readings
Chapter 6: PRIVACY
Articles on privacy, workplace privacy and employees right to privacy

Application/Faith and Learning:

1. Recognize the importance of ethical values such as honesty, integrity, respect and fairness
as fundamental moral principles taught by God.
2. Exhibit behaviours that reflect a lifestyle made in the image of God and realize that moral
principles are very relevant and essential to the success of any business endeavour.

 Colossians 3:15 — Let the peace of Christ rule in your hearts, since as members of
one body you were called to peace.
 Proverbs 16:3 — Commit to the Lord whatever you do, and your plans will succeed.

Chapter 7: DISCRIMINATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of Unit 7, students will be able to:
7.1 Define discrimination
7.2 Discuss sexual harassment
7.3 Analyze the arguments against discrimination.
7.4 State how to avoid discrimination and harassment
7.5 Describe affirmative action.

Content:
 Definition of discrimination
 Discrimination, in its many forms, is explained, and suggestions are offered on how to avoid
bias in the workplace.
 Explanation of affirmative action and an examination of the arguments for and against it

Lecture - 7

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 13


Major activities:
 Brief question and answer session.
 Discussion.
 Quiz 3
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms
1991 Amendment to the Civil Rights Act preferential treatment programs
4/5ths or 80 percent rule pregnancy discrimination
age discrimination Pregnancy Discrimination Act of
1978
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prejudice
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 prospect-regarding equality
bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) protected class
business necessity1977 Public Works in Employment Act of

colour discrimination quality argument


compensation argument race discrimination
Discrimination rating scales
disparate treatment reasonable accommodation

Suggested readings
Chapter 7: DISCRIMINATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
Articles on Discrimination, sexual harassment, and affirmative actions
Application/Faith and Learning:

Proverbs 16:3 — Commit to the Lord whatever you do, and your plans will succeed.

1 Thessalonians 5:11 — Therefore encourage one another and build each other up.

Chapter 8: EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of this unit, students will be able to:
8.1 Identify unjust dismissal
8.2 Describe employment at will.
8.3 Explain just compensation

Content

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 14


 Examination of the rights of an employee may have, as well as those that perhaps an
employee should have, and how these ideas are changing in our modern society.
 Justifications of employment-at-will doctrine to determine the rights of both employers
and employees concerning employee dismissal.
 Employee compensation and the growing disparity between executive and worker
compensation are also covered.

Lecture - 8
Major activities:
 A group presentation
 Guidelines for presentation and written document will be provided.
 Case analysis
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms

Autonomy
just compensation
due process
employee rights
minimum wage
employee benefits
employment at will
political sovereignty
executive compensation
property rights
explicit/implied contract
public policy exception
freedom of contract
freedom of expression
workplace democracy
just cause
worker participation

Suggested readings

Chapter 8: EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS


Articles on employee rights, justification of employment-at-will doctrine and employee
compensation
Application/Faith and Learning:

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 15


Ephesians 4:28 About Employment and Work- Importance of hard work

Let him who steals steal no longer; but rather let him labour, performing with his own hands
what is good, in order that he may have [something] to share with him who has need.

Matthew 6:33 Work- First Seek God's direction

"But seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you.

Chapter 9: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of this unit, students will be able to:
9.1 Identify employee rights and employer obligations in matters of occupational health
and safety.
9.2 Identify employees' right to know about and to refuse hazardous work
9.3 Explain the problem of reproductive hazards.

Content
 Employee rights and employer obligations in matters of occupational health and safety
 Right of employees to have a safe and healthy workplace
 Right to know about workplace hazards, and the right to refuse hazardous work
 Fetal protection policies as a means for addressing the problem of reproductive hazards in
the workplace

Lecture -9
Major activities:
 Brief question and answer session
 Discussion of case
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms
bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) reasonable belief
business necessity reproductive hazards
Coercion right-to-know
contributory negligence safety and health hazards
direct cause subjective/objective/reasonable person
fellow-servant rule standard
fetal protection policy specific duties
fetotoxins, teratogens, mutagens technological feasibility
general duty clause trade secrets
multiplicity of causes voluntary assumption of the risk
permissible exposure limit (PEL) worker notification

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 16


National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA)
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH
Act)

Suggested readings
Chapter 9: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
Articles on employee rights and employer obligations in Occupational health and safety,
workplace hazards and fetal protection policies

Application/Faith and Learning:

Matthew 6:33 Work- First Seek God's direction

"But seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you.

1. Philippians 4:13 NKJVI can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.
Whenever you struggle with your self-confidence, read this bible verse to yourself.
There will be times in your business when you need to force yourself to stretch beyond
what you think is possible. You can do it. I believe in you.

Chapter 10: MARKETING, ADVERTISING, AND PRODUCT SAFETY


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of Unit 10, students will be able to:
10.1 Discuss the ethics of marketing
10.2 Examine the two competing theories of marketing, the marketing concept and
Consumerism
10.3 Identify the ethics of advertising.
10.4 Evaluate the responsibility of manufacturers for the safety of products.

Content:
 Explanation of the ethics of marketing that is concerned chiefly with how producers treat
their customers.
 Examination of the two competing theories of marketing, the marketing concept and
consumerism, and applies these theories to specific problems in packaging and labelling,
pricing, sales techniques, and anti-competitive marketing practices.
 Examination of the ethical issues surrounding the content and techniques of advertising.

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 17


 Exploration of the responsibility of manufacturers for the safety of products and explains
and evaluates three theories of product liability—due care, the contractual and strict
liability theories.

Lecture - 10
Major activities:
 Brief question and answer session.
 Discussion & Presentation
 Case study
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms
Advertising lowballing
bait-and-switch manipulation
behaviour control market allocation
consumer sovereignty marketing concept
consumer rights negligence
consumer movement price-fixing
contributory negligence price discrimination
corporate (advocacy) privity
advertising
customary pricing product placement
database marketing rational persuasion
Deception rational consumer choice
deceptive advertising reasonable consumer standard
dependence effect reciprocal dealing
due care resale price maintenance
exclusive dealing Robinson-Patman Act
express warranty "state-of-the-art," defence
implied warranty of strict liability
merchantability
implied warranty of fitness for target marketing
use
invited misuse tying arrangements

Suggested readings

Chapter 10: MARKETING, ADVERTISING, AND PRODUCT SAFETY


Articles on ethics in marketing, ethics of advertising and responsibility of manufacturers for the
safety of problems

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 18


Application/Faith and Learning:

1. Deuteronomy 8:18 NIV But remember the LORD your God, for it is he who gives you
the ability to produce wealth, and so confirms his covenant, which he swore to your
ancestors, as it is today. All of our skills and special talents that we use in our businesses
are all given to us by God. He gives us the ability to make money and cut deals. He did
it for our parents and mentors, and he does it for us too.

Chapter 11: ETHICS IN FINANCE


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of this unit, students will be able to:
11.1 Analyze financial services as essential components of the market.
11.2 Discuss the ethical aspects of the relationships between clients and financial planners,
stockholders and boards of directors, and winners and losers in the market.
11.3 Discuss trading in the market, including ethics and trading practices such as insider
trading.

CONTENT
 Definition of financial services and discusses them as essential components of the
market.
 Discussion of the stock market report as an essential feature of most new programmes has
recently come to prominence in the most forms of tickers scrolling along the bottom of
the television screen to regular updates on the radio to prominent, multi-coloured
graphics on the front-page of state, local, regional, and national newspapers.
 Discussion and analysis of the ethical aspects of the relationships between clients and
financial planners, stockholders and boards of directors, and winners and losers in the
market.
 Examination of a hostile takeover of a "family-managed company" as an opening for a
discussion of the rules of corporate change; includes an exploration of the practices of a
brokerage firm as a way to discuss deception, churning, and suitability of financial
instruments for clients.
 A synthesis of trading in the market as an entrance into a discussion of ethics and trading
practices, including insider trading.

Lecture - 11

Major activities:
 A group will present on the topics above.
 Guidelines for presentation and written document will be provided.
 Case evaluation.
 Lecture

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 19


Concepts / Terms
Chaining golden parachutes
Churning hostile takeovers
corporate repurchases (greenmail) insider trading
Deception manipulation
efficient pricing property rights rationale
equal bargaining power shark repellents
equal information suitability
equity/efficiency trade-off tender offer
fairness, rationale

Suggested readings
Chapter 11: ETHICS IN FINANCE
Articles on financial services, essential components, the relationship between clients and
financial planners and ethics in trading practices such as insider trading.

Application/Faith and Learning:

1. II Corinthians 9:8NIVAnd God is able to bless you abundantly, so that in all things at all
times, having all that you need, you will abound in every good work. God always delivers
to us what we need in order to do our best work. Sometimes he sends a check we need
just in time, and other times he sends us creativity to find the best solution to our
challenges. Trust in the Lord at all times.
3. Philippians 4:13 NKJVI can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.
Whenever you struggle with your self-confidence, read this bible verse to yourself. There
will be times in your business when you need to force yourself to stretch beyond what
you think is possible. You can do it. I believe in you. Please modify the Faith & Learning
applications for chapters 10 & 11 – Since they are different topics, they should not have
the same outcomes.

Chapter 12: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of this unit, students will be able to:
12.1 Explain the concept of corporate social responsibility.
12.2 Describe the debate over corporate social responsibility.
12.3 Understand the various interpretations of social responsibility. How is understanding
measured?
Content
 The concept of corporate social responsibility.
BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 20
 The public debates during the sixties and seventies as the nation confronted pressing
social problems such as poverty, unemployment, and pollution.
 The varying interpretations of social responsibility

Lecture - 12
Major activities:
 Brief question and answer session
 Discussion of case
 Quiz 4
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms
affirmative duties nexus of contracts
classical view (of corporate social philanthropy
responsibility)
equity/efficiency residual risk
fiduciary (duty) "rules of the game."
firm-specific assets separation of ownership and control
integrity and compliance strategies social performance
Iron Law of Responsibility social responsiveness
managerial view social responsibility
negative injunctions Trusteeship

Suggested readings
Chapter 12: CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Articles in corporate social responsibility, debate over corporate social responsibility and
interpretations of social responsibility
Application/Faith and Learning:

2 Corinthians 5:10

For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, so that each one may receive what is
due for what he has done in the body, whether good or evil.

Luke 10:27

And he answered, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul
and with all your strength and with all your mind, and your neighbour as yourself."

Chapter 13: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 21


Number of hours: 3 hrs
Instructional Outcomes: By the end of Unit 13, students will be able to:
13.1 Define corporate governance
13.2 State corporate ethics
13.3 Discuss corporate responsibility

Content:
 Corporations have responsibilities to many groups, including employees, suppliers,
customers, and communities.
 Disagreements regarding the exact responsibilities corporations have toward each of
these constituencies.
 Stakeholder theory and Corporations are legally accountable

Lecture - 13
Major activities:
 Brief question-and-answer session.
 Discussion.
 Lecture

Concepts / Terms
Accountability property rights theory
The Berle-Dodd debate Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)
code of ethics shareholders
contractual theory shareholder control
corporate governance shareholder rights
decision making social institution theory
ethics program stakeholder (model and theory)
ethics training transaction costs
federal sentencing guidelines

Suggested readings
Chapter 13: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY and Ethics in
International Business
Articles on corporate governance, corporate ethics and corporate responsibility

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 22


Application/Faith and Learning:

Colossians 3:23

Whatever you do, work heartily, as for the Lord and not for men,

Table of Specification: Mid Term Exams


The Domain of Methods of Assessment Weighting
Learning/Specific Outcomes

Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 1-7 10 Multiple Choice 20%

Knowledge/Comprehension Chapter 1-7 4 Short-Answer 40%


Questions

Interpretation /Application Chapter 1-7 1Essay Question / 40%


/Analysis case study

Time: 1hr

Total 100%

Weight to Overall Course 15%


Grade

Coursework should include:

Case Analysis and Research class project: - 40%

a. The class will be divided into groups, and ethical topics with relevant cases will be
assigned). These will be assigned early in the course. Each group will present its topic and
cases on the appointed date. Besides, the group will be expected to condense and submit
the analysis of its topic and relevant cases. Further instructions will be available on LMS.

b. Newspaper/Managerial Article:
Present a summary and critical analysis of TWO Jamaican "Ethics and Values in Business"
articles. The critiques should be submitted with a copy of the original along with the
summary and critical analysis on or before the due date.
c. Group presentation in online class.
1. All the students in the group should participate.
2. All students in the group should be professionally dressed.
3. All in the group should have their webcams on.
BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 23
4. The background should be plain white or light colour.
5. Every student should make an effort to do their presentation form a calm and conducive
environment.
6. Innovative ideas could be used to do your presentation. And the audience must be
engaged.

Assignments – 20%

 You will be having your assignments posted on your LMS


 Late assignments: The instructor may accept late work after the due date within 24-hours
after it was due. However, it will be discounted at 25%. Should you need to turn in a late
assignment, you must send the instructor an email before the due date passes requesting that
the assignment be extended. It is up to the instructor’s discretion as to whether or not to
allow you to submit a late assignment.
 Due Dates: Assignments must be turned in by the due date specified on the assignment
sheet. Once the due date has passed, the assignment will no longer be shown onSMS/ LMS.
Once you complete an assignment, the next one becomes automatically available for
you to complete. I have all the assignments set up for the entire semester, so feel free to
work ahead. Be sure to adhere to due dates because they are strictly enforced.

 Submitting Assignments: All assignments are submitted via SMS/LMS Do not email
assignments or submit them via email because they will not be accepted.

If you cannot submit an assignment on time, and you have a valid reason, please contact me IN ADVANCE
to discuss your situation. Otherwise, no makeup of assignments will be given and no late assignments
will be accepted.

Class Discussions

You are to make three (3) contributions or posts per discussion, they must be
substantive.

Posts like - I like your point, I agree with you, you are soo true, etc. are not
considered as contributions you are to critique and add to the conversation. You
will be able to do it when you read about the topic thoroughly before participating
in the discussion

Rubric for Discussion -


If you make all 3 contributions per discussion and all are
substantive, you will receive up to
10 points per question that is for 3 substantive contributions;
6.5 points for 2 substantive contributions , and
3.5 points for 1 substantive contribution,
0 points for no contributions,

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 24


Quizzes - 20%
you will receive two quizzes, these will be online and must be completed within the set time
about 1 and half hour and have to be submitted on LMS as indicated in the question paper.
Your quizzes will be opened for one full day 7:00 am to 11: 59 pm on the due date. The
exam questions will be scrambled, so do not try to communicate the exam content with your
peers.

Mid term exam -20%

You will receive Midterm exams that will be conducted either on campus or online, you will
be instructed accordingly.

EVALUATION:

Your final grade will be determined by the following:

Requirement A portion of grade (%)


Assignments 20
Mid Term exam 20
Group Project 40
Quizzes 20
Total 100

GRADING POLICY:
A = 90 – 100 % C+ = 65 – 69 %
A- = 85 – 89 % C = 60 – 64 %
B+ = 80 – 84 % C- = 55 – 59 %
B = 75 – 79 % D = 50 – 54 %
B- = 70 – 74 % F = 0 – 49 %

Grade Quality Points Definition


A 4.00 Superior
A- 3.67 Superior
B+ 3.33 Superior
B 3.00 Above Average
B- 2.67 Above Average
C+ 2.33 Above Average

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 25


C 2.00 Average
C- 1.67 Average
D+ 1.33 Below Average
D 1.00 Below Average
F 0.00 Below Average

Class participation:
Each student will be encouraged to contribute to the class discussion. The class-discussion will
be based upon the material presented in the textbook as well as current, local, and world events.
Each student is required to study the assigned material before coming to class.

Presentation of Assignments:
The assignments are to be typed submitted on your LMS before the due dates given.

Attendance:
Regular attendance is expected of all students. Each week class discussion submission will be
your class attendance.

Dress Code
The University has a dress code that must be adhered to while attending the classes. When you
are required to do presentations you will have to keep your webcam on and have a plain
background.

Guidelines for Successful Performance:

 Regular attendance is expected


 Timely submission of individual assignments.
 Students are expected to read the assigned chapter(s) in preparation for class discussion.
Obtaining grades C and above for assignments, tests and final exams
 Students are reminded to be on time for classes.
 No usage of cell phones will be permitted during classes.
 Modesty in dress, professional deportment, responsible citizenship, etc. (see bulletin or student
handbook for further details).
 There should be no eating or drinking during the class sessions
 Mandatory use of the Learning Management System

Rubric for Assessing Written Work

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 26


Rating
Criteria &
Poor Fair Good Very Good Student's
weighting
Score & Max
Score

Headings & Absent / poor Fairly relevant Proper layout; Outstanding


Introduction relevant layout; great flow
and relevance /15

Organization Not organized, Some Organized; Very good


and flow of material and organization, events and organization,
information events do not events fairly material are events and material
flow logically organized; clear are logically
beginning and ordered, very clear
end hazy beginning and end

/20

Quality & Poor quality; Reasonable Very relevant Excellent


applicability of material hardly quality; content; clear supporting details,
the information applicable connections can link to the strong and direct
be made to subject links to subject
subject /40

Grammar & Very frequent Moderate Negligible errors Excellent grammar


Spelling grammar and /or volume grammar and spelling
spelling errors and spelling
error's
/15

Neatness and Illegible writing, Fairly legible Overall legible Excellent writing,
general frequent cross- writing, few writing; well- very clean paper,
presentation outs; defaced corrections, little formed neat and attractive
pages soiling characters; assembly,
papers clean and outstanding
neatly illustrations
assembled, provided
illustrations
provided /10

Total score /100

RUBRIC FOR ASSESSMENT OF ORAL PRESENTATION

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 27


Student's
CATEGORY Very Good Good Fair Poor
Maximum
Score

Student is Student seems The student is Student does not


completely mostly prepared somewhat prepared, seem at all prepared
Preparedness 10
prepared. but might have but is struggling with to present
needed to practice presentation.
more.

Stays on topic all Stays on topic Stays on topic some It was hard to tell 20
(100%) of the time. most (99-90%) of (89%-75%) of the what the topic was.
Stays on Topic the time. time.

Shows a full Shows a good Shows a good Does not seem to


understanding of understanding of understanding of parts understand the
40
the country. Ten or the country. Eight of the country. Eight country very well.
Content more questionnaires questions questions answered, Less than eight
answered. answered. but not completely. questions answered.

In addition to In addition to In addition to words, Poster is not


words, the student words, the student the student uses some complete, or lacks
20
uses many colours uses some colours images and words on important
Creativity and images on and images on the poster. However, information
poster. Poster was poster. Poster is poster looks messy and
well planned and well planned, but a not well planned.
legible. little messy.

Listens intently. Listens intently but Sometimes does not Sometimes does not
Does not make has one distracting appear to be listening appear to be listening
Listens to Other 10
distracting noises or noise or but is not distracting. and has distracting
Presentations movements. movement. noises and/or
movements

MAIN TEXT:
Boatright, J. R. (2009). Ethics and the conduct of business (6thed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 28


Prentice Hall.

REFERENCE TEXT:

Gini, A., & Marcoux, A. (2009).Case studies in business ethics (6thed.). Loyola University,
Chicago: Prentice Hall.

Hartman, L. (2002). Perspectives in business ethics (2nded.). N : McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Desjardin, J. Introduction to business ethics (3rded.). NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Ghillyer. A., (2008) Business Ethics: A Real world Approach. NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Hartman L.P., Des Jardins J.R.,(2007) Business Ethics: decision making for personal integrity
and social responsibility. NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Velasquez, M. G. (2006). Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases. 6 Edition. Pearson Education,
th

Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

Beauchamp & Bowie (1997)Ethical Theory Of Business. NJ: Prentice Hall

Maine E.W., & Adams D.M(1998)Business Ethics for the 21stCentury.California: Mayfield

Bradburn. R(2001)Understanding Business Ethics. KY: Cengage Learning

Stanwick & Stanwick (2013) Understanding Business Ethics. London: SAGE

Buccholz R.A., (1998) Fundamental Concepts and Problems in Business Ethics. NJ: Prentice
Hall

Fisher, C & Lovell, A. (2006). Business Ethics and Values: Individual, Corporate and
International Perspectives. ( 2 ed). UK: Prentice Hall/Financial Times
nd

Hartman, L. P. (2004). Perspectives in Business Ethics. (3 ed). Boston: McGraw-Hill, Irwin.


rd

Lawrence, A.T., and James. (2008) Business & Society – Stakeholders, Ethics, Public
Policy. (12 ed ). McGraw-Hill
th

Trevino, L. K. and Nelson, K. A. (2007).Managing Business Ethics: Straight Talk About How
To Do It Right,(4 ed). New York: Wiley.
th

Business Ethics: A Manual for Managing a Responsible Business Enterprise in Emerging Market

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 29


Economies

REFERENCES:
www.pearsonhighered.com/student

Journals
Journal of Business Ethics
Harvard Business Review
Academy of Management
Journal of Management Studies
Journal of mass media Ethics

Online Library

The World Wide Web is a rich source of information for this subject. Here are some suggested
sites. The first two are general guides with many links to other websites.
1. Ethics links on the internet This directory is provided as a reference guide for
persons concerned about moral problems. It contains an extensive list of ethics links
supplied by an independent body with a mission, which is to identify a worldwide
consensus on what constitutes right conduct in the age of globalization.
2. NBS HRM Resources on the Web-Business Ethics. This is a significant source
provided by the Dept. of HRM at Nottingham Business School. This link takes you
straight to its ethics list.

The following sites focus on ethical theories and principles.

1. Ethics Updated, edited by l.M. Hinman, The Values Institute, University of


San Diego. This site provides some helpful materials on all the major ethical
theories and perspectives. It is a general ethics site rather than a business ethics
site.
2. Business Open Learning Archive (The BOLA project), Business ethics
resources, Brunel University. Brief materials on a wide range of theoretical and
applied issues in business ethics.
3. Centre for Ethics and Business. Some useful learning material on this site.

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 30


NCU library resources
http://hwrc.ncu.edu.jm/

NCU Student handbook

https://www.ncu.edu.jm/static/Student_Guide.pdf

NCU campus safety and security


https://www.ncu.edu.jm/publicsafety

Teaching Schedule.

WK Dates Topic-Focus Activity


9/5 WELCOME AND INTRODUCTION
TO ETHICS Discussion - Course
1 Outline

14/5 ETHICS IN THE WORLD OF


BUSINESS
2
CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE
(welfare, rights, and justice)
16/5 THREE PILLARS OF DEMOCRACY
(Equality, Liberty, and Virtue)
3
WHISTLE-BLOWING
21/5 ETHICAL ISSUES WITH
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) ,
(Trade secrets and conflict of interest)
4
PRIVACY CONCERNS IN
BUSINESS
5 28/5 EQUALITY AND INCLUSIONS
CONSERNS IN BUSINESS
(Discrimination and Affirmative

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 31


action)
30/5 EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS
6

4/6 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND


7 SAFETY

6/6 MARKETING, ADVERTISING, AND


PRODUCT SAFETY
8

11/6
ETHICS IN FINANCE
9

13/6

CORPORATE SOCIAL
10 RESPONSIBILITY

18/6
11 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
AND ACCOUNTABILITY
12 International Business
20/6
GROUP PRESENTATION
13

25/6
GROUP PRESENTATION
14

Case studies Group work


15 27/6
Ethics Trending Topics

COURSE RULES/POLICIES

 Additional work will not be provided, or an examination repeated to raise a final grade.
 All papers and assignments submitted should include a certificate of authorship digitally
signed by the student.

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 32


 Be aware that any submitted work for this course may be subjected to detection of
plagiarism and breach copyright.
 Participation - students are required to log in regularly to the online course website. An
audit/track feature embedded in the eLearning system - Aeorion DL, will be utilized to
monitor student activity. Students are also required to participate in all class activities such
as discussion forums, online chat or conference sessions and group collaboration.
 Conduct within the Online Learning Environment - the same guidelines that apply to
traditional class should be observed in the eLearning environment. Please use proper
netiquette when interacting with class members and the course instructor.

General course comments


- Enjoy maximizing your learning. See assignments and discussions as ways of vigorously
engaging the learning process.
- The assignments are fairly challenging – give yourself enough time to complete
them.----- Start assignment early and give yourself time to read and review them over before
uploading them.
- Participate in online discussion. It will help to reinforce key concepts.
- Pay attention to your grammar, spelling and punctuation. Your work is expected to be
error free and marks will be deducted for untidy presentation.
- Use APA format for all of your work. You may find details at
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resouces
- Integrate the material that you read into your (exercises, projects and quiz) coursework
and discussions online.

ONLINE COURSE ACCESS

AEorion Learning Management System (Æorion SMS/LMS) and Collaborate Ultra Access:

This course is delivered fully online through the course management system , Æorion Learning
Management System (Æorion SMS/ LMS) and Collaborate Ultra. Access to SMS/LMS should
be available to you upon registration for this class.
Students will use their AEorion user account credentials to log in to the course through the
AEorion Learn Management System (AEorion LMS): http://aeorionde.ncu.edu.im/. For
assistance or further details regarding access to online courses, please visit:
https://aeorionde.ncu.edu.im/corp/help.aspx. To access this course on Æorion Learning
Management System (Æorion SMS/ LMS) and Collaborate Ultra you will need access to the
Internet and a supported Web browser. The following browsers support Æorion Learning
Management System (Æorion SMS/ LMS) and Collaborate Ultra:

Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)

Should you run into technical difficulties, you may do the following”

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 33


Visit to learn how to navigate as a student in Collaborate Ultra and aeorion

1. http://www.aeorion.com/help/Videos and then click on Student guide


2. Seek aeorion help from https://aeorion.ncu.edu.jm or help desk at Telephone 1 ( 876) 963-
7300 or online chat for immediate assistance. Email service requests can be directed to
helpdesk@ncu.edu.jm
3. University Information Systems Services (UNISS) provides technical support between
the hours of 8:00 AM and 10:00 PM Mondays through Thursdays and 8:00 AM to 1:30
PM on Fridays. The help desk may be reached at (Telephone 1 ( 876) 963- 7300 )

POLICY ON SERVER UNAVAILABILITY OR OTHER TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES


The university is committed to providing a reliable online course system for all users. However,
in the event of an unexpected server outage or any unusual technical difficulty which prevents
students from completing a time-sensitive assessment activity, the instructor will provide an
appropriate accommodation based on the situation. Students should immediately report any
problems to the instructor and also contact the UNISS eLearning Help Desk:
http://uniss.ncu.edu.im/elearninghelp or 1-876-523-2064. The instructor and the UNISS
eLearning Help Desk will work with the student to resolve any issues at the earliest possible
time.

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
In addition to a competent level of computer and Internet literacy, there are some minimum
technical requirement must be met to enable a successful learning experience. Please review the
essential technical requirements and the web browser configuration information at
http://aeorionde.ncu.edu.im to ensure that your personal computer meets the outlined
requirements.

This online course has integrated communication tools that may be used to facilitate interaction
and communication. Other communication mediums such as email, instant messaging and web
conferencing tools may also be utilized throughout the course. For more details, please visit
http://aeorionde.ncu.edu.lm/features.

Interaction with Instructor: The instructor will communicate with students primarily using the
Announcements Discussions tools. Students may send personal concerns or questions to the
instructor via email. The instructor will as much as possible reply to student's queries within one
week.

LIBRARY SERVICES
Distance Learners will need an /AEorion user account to access all of the library's electronic
resources (reserves, journal articles, eBooks, and search online databases) from off-campus. For
NCU students living close to one of our extension campuses, a valid NCU ID card is required to
check out materials from the library. For more information on library resources go to
http://www.ncu.edu.lm/Iibrarv/

ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION
The eLearning system - AEorion DL, accepts only Microsoft Office documents. Please use the
Assignments link on the course menu or see the icon on the designated page to upload

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 34


assignments. You may click on the link for each assignment and follow the on-screen
instructions to upload and submit your file(s). Bear in mind that you may only submit each
assignment once, after which you should receive an on-screen confirmation. Please refer to the
Help menu for more information on using this tool. Please note: each assignment link will be
deactivated after the assignment due time. Additionally, unless stated otherwise, assignments are
typically due at 11:59 PM on the specified date. After your submission is graded, you may click
each assignment's "Graded" tab to check the results and feedback.

For team project assignments, one group member will submit the assignment for the group, and
all group members will be able to view the results and feedback once it's been graded.

NCU EMAIL
Northern Caribbean University is aware of the efficiency, effectiveness and overall importance
of communication between students and faculty/staff through electronic mail. At the same time,
email raises some issues concerning security and the identity of each individual in an email
exchange. The university encourages all official student email correspondence to be sent only to
a student's NCU email address. That faculty or staff consider email from students official only if
it originates from an NCU student account. This allows the university to maintain a high degree
of confidence in the identity of all individual corresponding and the security of the transmitted
information. NCU furnishes each student with a free email account that is to be used in all
communication with university personnel.

The University Information Systems Services Department at NCU also provides a method for
students to have their NCU email forwarded to other accounts.

ACADEMIC HONESTY AND INTEGRITY


All students are expected to maintain a high level of responsibility concerning academic honesty.
Students engaged in cheating or academic dishonesty of any form will be subject to disciplinary
penalties which include the possibility of failure for the course and dismissal from the
University. Cheating, dishonesty, plagiarism, copying portions of another student's work are
totally unaccepted and will be dealt with severely. A minimum penalty will be a zero for the
course work submitted. Further action may be taken at the instructor's discretion. Since such
dishonesty harms the individual, all students and the integrity of the University, policies on
scholastic dishonesty will be strictly enforced.

CHEATING, DISHONESTY, AND PLAGIARISM


Any form of cheating is sufficient for an automatic "F" for the course. Cheating, dishonesty,
plagiarism, copying portions of another student's work are totally unaccepted and will be dealt
with severely. A minimum penalty will be a zero for the course work submitted. Further action
may be taken at the instructor's discretion.

For information on these standards, please see your Student Handbook.

DISCLAIMER: The Department reserves the right to make adjustments to this course outline
as deemed necessary.

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 35


True education means more than the pursual of a certain course of study. It means more than
a preparation for the life that now is. It has to do with the whole being and with the whole
period of existence possible to man. It is the harmonious development of the physical, the
mental, and the spiritual powers. It prepares the student for the joy of service in this world and
for the higher joy of wider service in the world to come.

The Published Ellen G. White Writings (Ed 13.1)


Have a Safe and Productive Semester!!!

BSAD489: Ethics and Values in Business – Fall 2023 36

You might also like