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Principles of Formation Evaluation (PGE358)
Principles of Formation Evaluation (PGE358)
SYLLABUS
Instructor
Carlos T. Verdín, PhD (he/him/his)
Professor
Brian James Jennings Memorial Endowed Chair in Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering
and
Zarrow Centennial Professorship in Petroleum Engineering
NB: Unless otherwise specified, all times below are US Central Times (CT)
Due to current COVID-19 conditions, UT Austin has mandated that the first two weeks of instruction
be performed remotely. Therefore, and unless otherwise noticed, between January 18 and January
27, 2022, all PGE358 lectures will be conducted through Zoom/Canvas, and broadcast and recorded
by the instructor from our designated classroom (CPE 2.204, which is equipped with advanced
recording capabilities).
Course Description
This is a hands-on undergraduate-level course on modern formation evaluation techniques using open-hole
logs, rock-core measurements, geological information, and the physics of fluid-flow in porous media.
Multiple single-well data sets will be used to illustrate, reinforce, and apply the technical concepts discussed
in class. The emphasis of the course will be on the integration of physical properties of rocks, geological
information, and borehole measurements to diagnose rock types and saturating fluids, and to quantify
petrophysical properties such as porosity and hydrocarbon saturation.
Diagram showing some of the basic elements of formation evaluation projects, including geological context
and information, core samples, thin sections, well logs, seismic amplitude data and cross-sections, and well-to-
well correlations, among other (illustration courtesy of Steve Walkinshaw).
To help preserve our in-person learning environment, the university recommends the following:
Adhere to university mask guidance. Masks are strongly recommended, but optional, inside
university buildings for vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, except when alone in a private
office or single-occupant cubicle.
Vaccinations are widely available, free and not billed to health insurance. The vaccine will help
protect against the transmission of the virus to others and reduce serious symptoms in those who
are vaccinated.
Proactive Community Testing remains an important part of the university’s efforts to protect our
community. Tests are fast and free. We encourage the use of the Protect Texas App each day prior
to coming to campus.
Visit utexas.edu for more information.
If you develop COVID-19 symptoms or feel sick, stay home and contact the University Health
Services’ Nurse Advice Line at 512-475-6877. If you need to be absent from class, contact Student
Emergency Services and they will notify your professors. In addition, to help understand what to do if
you have been had close contact with someone who tested positive for COVID-19, see
this University Health Services link.
Behavior Concerns and COVID-19 Advice Line (BCCAL) remains available as the primary tool to
address questions or concerns from the university community about COVID-19.
Students who test positive should contact BCCAL or self-report (if tested off campus) to University
Health Services.
Visit Protect Texas Together for more information.
Course Communications
Canvas will be used for class communications and file transmittal. We will also be using Zoom for
interactive instructor and TA sessions (see below). Please feel free to e-mail me or the TAs questions as we
progress through the semester. We will strive to answer your e-mails promptly.
Lecture Format
All lectures will be recorded and promptly posted on Canvas. Via Canvas announcements and ahead of
time, the instructor will communicate the lecture plan to students for a given week/day and will post lecture
summaries after each lecture. Likewise, the instructor will clearly indicate which lectures, concepts, and
examples will be the basis of homework projects, pop quizzes, and/or exams.
Teaching Style
Lectures will be given using the whiteboard, overheads,
PowerPoint presentations and YouTube videos. The instructor
will consistently encourage participation and discussion with
students. Handouts will be provided on a regular basis
covering and extending the topics discussed in class.
Numerous examples will be given from actual oilfield
applications and well logs. Interpretation projects will be
assigned on a regular basis to give students hands-on
experience with concepts and techniques.
Prerequisites
Undergraduate standing in either the Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, or the
Jackson School of Geological Sciences, or else explicit approval by the instructor. Working knowledge is
required in the areas of (a) petrophysics and (b) sedimentary geology and processes.
Reading Assignments
Periodic reading assignments will be given to extend the topics discussed during regular lectures. Such
assignments will not be part of the class grade but will be considered to generate questions for pop quizzes,
and midterm and final exams.
Grading Policy
The final grade will be determined according to the following distribution:
ITEM % DATE
The final class grade will be curved by the instructor in a flexible manner to minimize the deleterious effects
of remote instruction and environmental/personal/health disruptions associated with COVID-19. Again, this
is the time to help and be compassionate and not the time to be inflexible and insensitive to students’ needs
and tribulations.
Instead of assigning the same weight to both midterm exams, the instructor will implement the formula
to assign the total number of points for the two midterm exams. The instructor will also eliminate from
grading consideration the homework project and pop quiz for which a student had the lowest score. Cutoff
values for assigning letter grades (plus/minus grading system) will be decided by the instructor after the final
exam. It is hoped that the relaxed grading policy will give students the ability to concentrate on their
education and enjoy the learning experience during the hardship of COVID-19!
An announcement will be made ahead of time by the instructor concerning the topics and material to be
covered in exams together with a recommended study guide.
***Homework projects will be handed out roughly every week. They
will consist of: (a) conceptual questions and (b) practical exercises
with well logs designed to reinforce the theory and concepts covered
during lectures. Homework projects will follow a sequential order of
increasing complexity typical of multi-well formation evaluation
projects carried out in professional formation evaluation projects. In
addition, homework projects will be designed as preparation
exercises for exams. The majority of exam questions, both
conceptual and practical, will be prepared in close resemblance to
homework questions and exercises. Even though the percent grade
assigned to homework projects is relatively low, students are
encouraged to complete all of them to perform well in exams.
Students will submit homework projects on Canvas before or at the
due date. All submissions will be digital; PDFs of scanned hard
copies are preferred but the TAs are willing to consider other forms of digital submission if arranged ahead
of time with them. Graded homework will be returned via e-mail too.
Grading and Regrading Policy: The rules/policies for grading and regrading of exams and homework
assignments are as follows:
a. Homework assignments and exams will be graded on the basis of answers only — partial credit, if
given, is solely at the discretion of the instructor.
b. All work requiring calculations should be properly and completely documented to receive credit.
c. All grading will be done by the instructor, or under the instructor’s supervision; decisions made by the
instructor will be final.
d. Only in very rare cases will exams be considered for regrading; e.g., when the total number of points
deducted is not consistent with the assigned grade. Partial credit (if any) will not be subject to
appeal.
e. Work, which, while supported by a correct answer, cannot be logically or legibly followed by the
instructor will be deemed incorrect and will not be considered for a grade change. The instructor
cannot guess all intermediate steps of an answer; students should not expect partial credit for an
answer which is not fully supported by written and logical arguments.
f. When disputing exam grading, students should submit a regrading request to the instructor with
specific arguments and descriptions.
Any conflicts or problems with the dates and times of exams must be reported by the first week of
classes. The final exam will take place at the time indicated by the Registrar’s Office in the course
schedule. There will be no additional exams given to students who fail to take the exams at the pre-
convened times. If there is a special and sound reason that precludes a student from taking a given exam at
a pre-convened date, please advise the instructor at least four weeks ahead of time to explore practical
alternatives. NO LATE EXPLANATIONS WILL BE DEEMED VALID!! DISPUTES ABOUT AND
CORRECTIONS TO EXAM GRADES WILL ONLY BE ADDRESSED WITHIN ONE WEEK OF THE DATE
OF RETURN. Valid excuses for not being able to attend an exam ARE NOT the following: weddings, family
and friend reunions, vacation trips, previously-bought plane tickets, field trips, geology field trips, music
rehearsals, athletic meets, job interviews, job site visits, student and social activities, and other extra-
curricular academic and social functions. Plan your activities around exams and not vice versa!
Teaching Assistants
The Teaching Assistants (TAs) for PGE358 this semester will be Ms. Daria Olszowska and Mr. Mohamed
Bennis. Both of them are PhD students working on research topics related to formation evaluation; their TA
duties will include:
To help students with conceptual and technical questions outside the classroom.
To guide students in the solution of homework assignments.
To help students in the preparation of exams.
To prepare solutions for homework and computer exercises.
DAYS HOURS
Mondays 12:00 Noon - 2:30 PM
Tuesdays 11:00 AM – 1:30 PM
Wednesdays 12:00 Noon - 2:30 PM
Thursdays 11:00 AM – 1:30 PM
Fridays 12:00 Noon - 2:30 PM
or else by appointment.
Unless otherwise noticed, all TA consulting sessions will be held through Zoom.
Tutoring Program
The following senior undergraduate students who have previously taken PGE358 and done well (A) will
serve as tutors for the course:
You are encouraged to take advantage of their knowledge, motivation, experience, and patience to guide
your studying of PGE358.
Topical Outline
1. Course introduction: objectives, expectations,
road map, and course materials.
2. Introduction to the engineering discipline of
Formation Evaluation.
3. Display of well logs, graphical conventions. The
“fabric” of a well log. Plotting conventions and
measurement scales.
4. Basic elements of well-log interpretation:
“gluing” multiple well logs for interpretation.
5. Inference of dominant lithology and rock fluid
content in clastic rocks.
6. Wellbore environment, LWD, wireline, and
cased-hole borehole measurements.
7. Caliper and temperature logs.
8. The physics of mud-filtrate invasion.
9. Spatial distribution of fluids due to capillary
equilibrium.
10. Natural gamma-ray logging, principles and applications
11. Spontaneous electrical potential (SP) logs, principles and applications.
12. Density logging and litho-density logs, principles and applications.
13. Neutron logging, principles and applications.
14. Joint interpretation of density and neutron logs.
15. Estimation of total and non-shale porosity from combinations of well logs.
16. Electrical properties of rocks and Archie's equations.
17. Resistivity logs. Modern resistivity logging instruments.
18. Estimation of total and non-shale fluid saturation from combinations of well logs in clastic
sedimentary rocks. Petrophysical interpretation of well logs acquired in shaly sandstones.
19. Principles of sonic logging and applications.
20. Principles of magnetic resonance (NMR) logging.
21. Petrophysical interpretation of well logs acquired in carbonate rocks.
22. Principles of formation evaluation in non-conventional rocks.
23. Conclusions and course summary.
Textbook
The instructor is the process of writing his own textbook titled
Modern Formation Evaluation for Geoscientists. A preliminary
draft version of the textbook will be available to students and
posted on Canvas. The textbook is intended only for the use of
members of this class (students, TAs, and the instructor) and
only for educational purposes. It should not be shared outside the
class in any form. Violation of this restriction could lead to
Student Misconduct proceedings.
Suggested Bibliography
The instructor will provide his current set of class notes (book) at
no cost in the form of a PDF file. While there is not a single
textbook that encompasses all of the topics discussed in this
course and at the same time approaches the subject of formation
evaluation in the manner the instructor intends to do, the
following list of books is meant as a summary of material that
could be used both for consultation as well as for broadening the
topics discussed in class:
Bassiouni, Z., 1994, Theory, Measurement, and Interpretation of Well Logs. SPE Textbook Series
Vol. 4.
Rider, M., 2004, The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs. Rider-French Consulting, Ltd.
Western Atlas International, 1992, Introduction to Wireline Log Analysis.
Ellis, D. V. and Singer, J., 2007, Well Logging for Earth Scientists. Springer-Verlag.
Luthi, S. M., 2001, Geological Well Logs: Their use in reservoir modeling. Springer.
Hearst, J. R., and Nelson, P. H., and Paillet, F. L., 2000, Well Logging for Physical Properties: A
handbook for geophysicists, geologists and engineers. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Dewan, J. T., 1983, Essentials of Modern Open-Hole Log Interpretation. PennWell Publishing
Company.
Pirson, S. J., 1983, Geologic Well Log Analysis. Gulf Publishing Company.
Tittman, J., 1986, Geophysical Well Logging. Academic Press, Inc.
Handouts
Class handouts will be given on a regular basis. Additionally, the
instructor will make available his live class notes in PDF.
Note that students can make arrangements with Jenn’s Copy and Binding to have the binder mailed to their
home.
The total price of the binder including tax is $39.00. Please note that the actual selling price of this
binder is approximately $107.00. However, the instructor is subsidizing the difference ($68.00
dollars per binder) using his Chair account so that the final price is more accessible to students.
What an incredible deal!
Jenn’s Copy and Binding have approximately 75% of the total class binders currently printed and ready for
sale. The rest will be printed on a request basis, but they need a 4-hour turnaround time for additional runs.
YouTube Lectures
Some of the lectures have been pre-recorded by the instructor and can be accessed through YouTube. The
latter are intended to expand the topics and explanations covered in class but are not compulsory.
Additional lectures will be added on the instructor’s YouTube channel during the semester as time permits.
Course Copyright
Handouts and data used in this course are copyrighted. The designation "handouts" includes all the
materials generated for this class, which include but are not limited to syllabus, quizzes, exams, solution
sets, laboratory problems, in-class materials, PowerPoint presentations, PDF files, review sheets, and
additional problem sets, digital material, and data. Because these materials are copyrighted, students
do not have the right to copy them, reproduce them (including digital reproductions), post them on
the web, or share them with anyone by either manual or electronic means unless you are expressly
granted permission by the instructor.
Class Etiquette
Texting or any other form of smart-phone, electronic tablets, and wireless communication, including
web browsing and phone calling is not allowed during class. Unless explicitly required and approved
by the instructor, laptop computers should not be used or kept open during class. Distracting and loud
verbal communications among students are not allowed during lectures. Lastly, taking trips in and out of the
classroom during lectures will only be permitted because of health reasons. Students are required to
observe these basic behavioral manners to make the most efficient use of their time during lectures.
Urs
Academic Guidelines and Resources
e Policies and Disclosures
Dropping Courses
An engineering student must have the Dean's approval to add or drop a course after the fourth-class day of
the semester. Adds and drops are not approved after the fourth-class day except for good cause. "Good
cause" is interpreted to be documented evidence of an extenuating nonacademic circumstance (such as
health or personal problems) that did not exist on or before the fourth class day. Applications for approval to
drop a course after the fourth-class day should be made in the Office of Student Affairs, Ernest Cockrell, Jr.
Hall 2.200.
Students with disabilities may also request appropriate academic accommodations from the Division of
Diversity and Community Engagement, Services for Students with Disabilities. For more information,
contact the Office of the Dean of Students at 512-471-6259 or the College of Engineering Director of
Students with Disabilities at 512-471-4321. Additional information can be found in the following websites:
http://www.utexas.edu/diversity/ddce/ssd
https://www.utexas.edu/disability/
If you have a disability that requires special attention, you are urged to contact the instructor as soon as
possible and preferably within the first week of classes. Students with special needs, including those who
require special time and space accommodations for exams, should let the instructor know as early in the
semester as possible but no later than two weeks before a given exam so that the instructor can secure the
pertinent accommodations recommended by UT Austin.
All students, Staff and Faculty are Bound by the Honor Code of the University of
Texas!
The core values of The University of Texas at Austin are learning,
discovery, freedom, leadership, individual opportunity, and responsibility.
Each member of the University is expected to uphold these values
through integrity, honesty, trust, fairness, and respect toward peers and
community.
For more information and resources about how to uphold the Honor
Code, visit the website of the Office of the Dean of Students - Student
Judicial Services.
Scholastic Dishonesty
The University defines academic dishonesty as cheating, plagiarism, unauthorized collaboration, falsifying
academic records, and any act designed to avoid participating honestly in the learning process. Scholastic
dishonesty also includes, but is not limited to, providing false or misleading information to receive a
postponement or an extension on a test, quiz, or other assignment, and submission of essentially the same
written assignment for two courses without the prior permission of the instructor. By accepting this syllabus,
you have agreed to these guidelines and must adhere to them. Scholastic dishonest damages both the
student’s learning experience and readiness for the future demands of a work-career. Students who violate
University rules on scholastic dishonesty are subject to disciplinary penalties, including the possibility of
failure in the course and/or dismissal from the University. For more information on scholastic dishonesty,
please visit the Student Judicial services Web site at
http://deanofstudents.utexas.edu/sjs
The following document include a brief guide to avoid plagiarism:
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/cwgs/_files/pdf-4/ai2012.pdf
Discussion of the general approach to a difficult homework problem with fellow students is encouraged; you
should solve as much of the work yourself as possible before consulting others. All work turned in
(homework, exams, and/or computer problems), however, should be your individual work. Working in
teams is not an excuse for duplicate work.
Note the following from University Policies: Scholastic dishonesty will not be tolerated; incidents of
dishonesty will be reported to the university authorities. Anyone who copies from a fellow student, former
student, copyrighted material, etc. will automatically receive a failing grade and be reported to the Dean of
Judicial Affairs.
Under no circumstances it is permissible to transfer any document electronically among students taking
PGE358, to print a document and share the hard copy with another student taking PGE358, or else to
obtain and/or distribute electronic and/or paper documents used for similar courses at UT Austin or
elsewhere.
Students are required to take reasonable steps to protect their work from being copied or reproduced either
advertently or inadvertently. These steps include but are not limited to erasing any copies of their work
stored on departmental machines. Collaboration on exams will not be tolerated and will be dealt with in an
appropriate manner for academic dishonesty. Any student in PGE358 caught in an act of scholastic
dishonesty will be given an F for the final course grade and will have his/her case referred to the
Dean of Students Office for additional disciplinary action.
The following is a list that includes (but not limited to) examples of cheating:
Using cell phone or any other electronic device not permitted by the instructor during an exam. Usually,
calculators are allowed in exams but they cannot be “programmed.”
Using any external material during an exam (e.g. books/notes). All tests are closed book/notes unless
stated otherwise.
Copying homework, projects, or computer programs from another student or source. Although
discussion with classmates is permitted, all homework should be unique and distinguishable from other
students.
Copying homework, projects, or computer programs from previous semesters or published online, in
other texts, etc.
Religious Holidays
Religious holidays sometimes conflict with class and examination schedules. If you miss a work assignment
or other project due to the observance of a religious holiday you will be given an opportunity to complete the
work missed within a reasonable time after the absence. It is the policy of the University of Texas at Austin
that students must notify the instructor at least 14 days prior to the classes scheduled on dates you will be
absent to observe a religious holiday.
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buildings when a fire alarm is activated or an official announcement is given.
b. Familiarize yourself with all exit doors of each classroom and building you may occupy. Remember
that the nearest exit door may not be the one you used when entering the building.
c. Students requiring assistance in evacuation shall inform their instructor in writing during the first
week of class.
d. During an evacuation, follow the instructions of faculty or class instructors.
e. Do not re-enter a building unless given instructions by the following: Austin Fire Department, The
University of Texas at Austin Police Department, or the Fire Prevention Services.
f. Link to information regarding emergency evacuation routes and emergency procedures can be found
at www.utexas.edu/emergency
g. Behavior Concerns Advice Line (BCAL): 512-232-5050
With the exception of concealed handguns, no weapons may be brought into the classroom. This exclusion
applies to knives, clubs, spears, machetes, metal knuckles, explosive or incendiary devices, and any other
device designed to injure or kill people. Course participants with a license to carry a handgun must keep it
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participants will be called upon at unpredictable times to move about the room, go to the front of the room
and participate in a presentation, or otherwise be separated from their belongings. University policy and the
implementation of the law would be violated by the separation of the gun owner from their weapon that
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they meet with the professor. They may be required to sign a statement that they have received legally-
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Title IX Reporting
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sexual assault, sexual misconduct, dating/domestic violence and stalking at federally funded educational
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discrimination based on pregnancy/nursing/parenting, and sexual assault.
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3. Investigate and discipline violations of the university’s relevant policies.
All UT Employees are mandatory reporters this includes but is not limited to: Faculty, Staff, Coaches,
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IX incident resulting in termination and a class C misdemeanor.
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support or remedies without making an official report to the university, email advocate@austin.utexas.edu.
For more information about reporting options and resources, visit titleix.utexas.edu or contact the Title IX
Office at titleix@austin.utexas.edu. Our Department and the University of Texas at Austin has a zero-
tolerance policy for Title IX infractions.
Academic Integrity
A fundamental principle for any educational institution, academic integrity is highly valued and seriously
regarded at The University of Texas at Austin. More specifically, the students are expected to maintain
absolute integrity and a high standard of individual honor in scholastic work undertaken at the University.
This is a very basic expectation that is further reinforced by the University's Honor Code. At a minimum,
students should complete any assignments, exams, and other scholastic endeavors with the utmost honesty,
which requires you to:
a. acknowledge the contributions of other sources to their scholastic efforts,
b. complete their assignments independently unless expressly authorized to seek or obtain assistance in
preparing them,
c. follow instructions for assignments and exams, and observe the standards of your academic discipline,
and
d. avoid engaging in any form of academic dishonesty on behalf of themselves or another student.
For the official policies on academic integrity and scholastic dishonesty, please refer to Chapter 11 of the
Institutional Rules on Student Services and Activities.
Unauthorized sharing of materials promotes cheating. UT Austin is aware of the sites used for sharing
materials, and any materials found online that are associated with you, or any suspected unauthorized
sharing of materials, will be reported to Student Conduct and Academic Integrity in the Office of the Dean of
Students. These reports can result in sanctions, including failure in the course.
Land Acknowledgment
The instructor would like to acknowledge that we are meeting on Indigenous Land. Moreover, I the instructor
would like to acknowledge and pay respects to the Carrizo & Comecrudo, Coahuiltecan, Caddo, Tonkawa,
Comanche, Lipan Apache, Alabama-Coushatta, Kickapoo, Tigua Pueblo, and all the American Indian and
Indigenous Peoples and communities who have been or have become a part of these lands and territories in
Texas, here on Turtle Island.
Diagram showing some of the basic elements of formation evaluation projects (illustration courtesy of Steve
Walkinshaw)
Diagram showing some of the basic elements of formation evaluation projects (illustration courtesy of Steve
Walkinshaw).