Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF CEBU PROVINCE
COMPOSTELA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL (DAY CLASS)
Poblacion, Compostela, Cebu

DETRIMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING

AMONG GRADE 11 AND 12 STUDENTS OF COMPOSTELA NATIONAL

HIGH SCHOOL DURING THE SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024

A Research Project Proposal

Presented to the Senior High School Department
Compostela National High School

In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Senior High School
HUMSS Track

GROUP 2:

Mary Glyza Golosino

Ericson Santos

Jansel Cabatuan

Jaysan Gio

Kimverly Noval

Research Adviser:

CHERRYLYN B. CAPANGPANGAN

May 2024
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND IT’S RESEARCH DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

The rationale of the Study

A cigarette is a cylindrical roll of shredded or crushed tobacco wrapped in paper

or another non-tobacco material. Many manufactured cigarettes also have filters on

one end that are designed to capture some of the hazardous compounds found in

cigarette smoke (Martin,2023). Cigarette smoking can cause nicotine addiction and has

been related to major health concerns. Even if you don't smoke, being exposed to

secondhand smoke can have major health repercussions. Cigarettes are complex

products with various components and their use has significant health implications. The

aim of this is to inform the students that using cigarettes can cause multiple health

problems.

The primary goal of this study is to determine the detrimental health effects of

using cigarettes among Grade 11 and 12 students at Compostela National High School

in the school year 2023-2024. This study also gives prevention to the students. There is

existing research about the health effects of using cigarettes. According to the Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), smoking leads to disease and harms nearly

every organ of the body. For every person who dies because of smoking, at least 30

people live with a serious smoking-related illness. Smoking causes cancer, heart

disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Smoking also increases

the risk of tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems of the immune system,

including rheumatoid arthritis. There is a need for more focused study. There is still a

missing gap because none of them specifically conducted the study on grade 11 and 12

students at Compostela National High School, and none of them provided prevention

for the students.

In the study conducted by Acta medica Philippina (2022), the prevalence

among study participants who tried smoking (11.8%) and current users (3.6%) is lower

than the global statistics and the country’s reported prevalence but started at a younger

age (5.3% started smoking at 12–13 years old). Electronic cigarettes (12.9%) are more

commonly tried and used than conventional cigarettes (11.8%). Ninety-five percent

(95%) of the participants view smoking as harmful. Some (13.5%) do not know the

effects of smoking, 1.1% consider it harmless, and 8.2% have no objections to starting

to smoke someday. Most adolescents (49.1%) do not know the price of cigarettes, but

22% prefer to pay less than the actual price. The study conducted by Acta medica

Philippina in 2022 provides valuable insights into the smoking behaviors and

perceptions among adolescents, though not specifically targeting Grade 11 and 12

students at Compostela National High School. The study highlights various attitudes

and perceptions towards smoking among adolescents, including views on its

harmlessness and willingness to start smoking someday. Understanding these attitudes

is crucial for designing effective prevention strategies tailored to the needs and

challenges of Grade 11 and 12 students at Compostela National High School.

Cigarette smoking has been a major public health concern for decades,

contributing to a variety of serious health issues. The act of lighting a cigarette and
inhaling its smoke may appear harmless to some, but the consequences are anything

but. This investigates the health effects associated with cigarette smoking, including the

impacts, their financial burden, and the need for effective prevention measures.

Prevention measures for cigarette smoking are essential for safeguarding individual

health, protecting non-smokers, reducing economic burdens, and fostering a healthier

society. Early intervention and targeted prevention strategies contribute to the overall

well-being of individuals and communities. Conducting a targeted study on Grade 11

and 12 students at Compostela National High School gives a more localized

understanding of the unique factors impacting smoking behaviors in that community.

This level of detail is essential for creating targeted and contextually appropriate

prevention measures. This study also contributes to the development or enhancement

of school-specific policies related to smoking prevention. Understanding the prevalence

and attitudes towards smoking among students can inform the school administration

about implementing measures that address the specific needs of their student

population.

The study highlights the health hazards associated with cigarette smoking, the

link to numerous diseases, and the necessity for comprehensive preventative efforts.

The study seeks to fill the gap by focusing on Grade 11 and 12 students at Compostela

National High School, providing local insights into smoking behaviors. Existing

research, such as the Acta Medica Philippina study, provides insights into teenage

smoking practices and attitudes. The general objective of this study is to determine the

hazards of smoking among Grade 11 and 12 students at Compostela National High

School throughout the school year 2023-2024. Furthermore, the study intends to

provide personalized preventative methods for this student group.

 Theoretical Background

This study aims to identify the detrimental health effects associated with

cigarette use and provide prevention among grades 11 and 12 at Compostela National

High School. The theoretical framework is anchored in the main theory, the Theory of

Planned Behavior (TPB), and supported by the theory of Social Cognitive Theory and

The Theory of Reasoned Action.

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was developed by Icek

Ajzen to forecast human behavior. TPB provides a framework for identifying essential

behavioral, normative, and control beliefs influencing actions. Interventions can then

be created to target and modify these beliefs or the importance put on them, influencing

attitude, subjective norm, or perceived behavioral control, ultimately leading to changes

in intentions and actions. The TPB has also been used successfully to predict and

explain a variety of health behaviors, such as exercise, smoking and drug use, and HIV

prevention. TPB is used in this study to examine teenagers' attitudes, subjective norms,

perceived behavioral control, and smoking intentions in Gaborone and Francistown,

Botswana's two major towns (PLoS One, 2020). According to the Journal of Youth

and Adolescence parental and peers, smoking was found to be a substantial predictor

of the risk of smoking uptake among children and young adults. Furthermore, existing

research indicates that smoking intention is a powerful predictor of future smoking.

Furthermore, perceived behavioral control was identified as a predictor of smoking

habit.

According to Social Cognitive theory says that adolescents are in a critical

period of extensive individual cognitive development; they tend to be curious, show a

wide range of interests, and emulate their esteemed peers and non-parent adults. Thus,
numerous previous studies of adolescents' behaviors have mentioned that SCT states

that the initiation and persistence of behaviors are determined primarily by outcome

expectations and self-efficacy. Smoking-related cognitions (including self-efficacy,

social norms, and attitude) predict smoking intentions and smoking behavior among

adolescents. Among smoking-related cognitions, self-efficacy is the best predictor of

adolescents' smoking behaviors. A positive attitude toward smoking or adolescents'

perceptions of the social influence of smoking predicts an increased risk of adolescents

smoking. (Front. Public Health, 2023)

The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) focuses on behavioral intent, in which

intention is influenced by cognitive components consisting of attitudes and subjective

norms. According to this theory, people’s attitudes toward a certain behavior and norms

representing their perception of other people's views of such behavior will determine

their behavioral intentions, which may further lead to the performance of the behavior.

The validity of this concept has led researchers to conduct further studies to identify the

factors that predict adolescent smoking intention and behavior. A few studies on

smoking behavior among adolescents have been carried out in the past few decades.

Most of the studies were focused on identifying the prevalence and (intra and

interpersonal) factors associated with smoking practices to reduce the incidence of

smoking practices among teenagers, which will ultimately reduce the health problems

related to smoking. (Hock, 2021).

According to the Office of the Undersecretary for Administration (OUA)

Memorandum 00-0522-0006, this Office, through the Bureau of Learner Support

Services-School Health Division (BLSS-SHD), reminds all concerned to ensure that

existing tobacco control and related policies shall be strictly implemented in schools
that will be used as voting centers during the 2022 national elections. All division

offices and schools are reminded to ensure proper coordination with their respective

local government units for strict enforcement, particularly of the: 1) ban on smoking

and vaping on all school premises; and 2) ban on the sale, advertising, and promotion

of cigarettes and other tobacco and related products (e.g., e-cigarettes, vapes, nicotine

delivery systems) in and within the 100-meter perimeter of the schools.

There is an implemented program that prevents high school adolescents from

engaging in cigarette smoking. One potential protective factor against smoking is

physical activity and sports participation (Grogan et al., 2022). Sports participation can

play an important and positive role in the health and development of children,

adolescents, and young adults; in fact, sport is one of the most important leisure

activities among adolescents, and it has a protective and preventive effect on high-risk

behaviors like smoking. Several studies have demonstrated a strong

correlation between physical activity and health, functional capacity, positive mood,

and general wellness (Nitoo et al., 2020). Another study found that a community-based

smoking prevention program was effective in reducing smoking initiation among high

school students (Leshargie et al., 2019). The program involved engaging community

members, including parents, teachers, and health professionals, in promoting smoking

prevention messages to high school and university students.

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Memorandum 00-0522-0006

Students’ essential behavior, existing Reminds all concerned to ensure that

tobacco control and related normative, policies shall be strictly implemented in

and control beliefs school that influence actions.

Detrimental Health Effect of cigarette smoking among Grade 11 and 12 students of

Compostela National High School during the School Year 2023-2024

Duration and
Academic
Mental Health
Intensity of
Performance
smoking

Result

Figure 1

Theoretical- Conceptual Framework of the Study

 PROBLEM

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the Detrimental Health Effects of Cigarette

Smoking among Grade 11 and 12 students of Compostela National High School during

the School Year 2023- 2024.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the needed information:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Grade Level;

1.4 Section;

2. How does cigarette smoking influence mental health aspects, such as;

2.1 Stress Level;

2.2 Anxiety;

2.3 Depression;

3. Are there variations in academic performance between student smokers and non-

smokers, and what role does smoking in terms of;

3.1 Attendance;

3.2 Focus;

3.3 Overall Scholastic Achievement;

4. How do the duration and intensity of smoking contribute to the severity of health

consequences among student smokers?

5. What recommendations could be established to reduce the use of cigarettes?

 Significance of the Study

Conducting this study will provide critical information and expertise

about the chosen issue from respondents, recent studies or theses, and linked sites that

are required for the indicated importance to persons, as follows:

Students. The study will help students become more aware of the health effects

associated with using cigarettes, empowering them to take the necessary precautions to

protect their health and safety. The interventions proposed by the study will benefit the

students by creating a safer and healthier learning environment, allowing them to focus

on their academic pursuits without unnecessary risk.

Parents. The study will give parents peace of mind, knowing that the school is

taking proactive measures to protect their children from potential health hazards

associated with cigarette usage. The interventions proposed by the study will benefit

parents by creating a safer and healthier learning environment for their children.

Teachers. The study's interventions will help teachers create a safer learning

environment for their students, allowing them to focus on their academic pursuits

without unnecessary risk. The study can contribute to the professional development of

teachers, providing them with important insights into student safety and well-being in

the school setting.

School Administrators. School administrators will benefit from the study's

insights by implementing the recommended solutions and recommendations, which

will help prevent students from smoking cigarettes.

 Researchers. The study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge

surrounding the health hazards of using cigarettes, providing valuable insights for

future research and academic pursuits. The researcher will have the satisfaction of

knowing that their work has practical applications that can directly benefit the health

and safety of students

Future Researcher. Future researchers will benefit from this study because it

will serve as their source and guide for future studies.

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Method Used

The research techniques utilized in the study are outlined on this page. The study

employed the descriptive method using a survey questionnaire for the senior high

school students of Compostela National High School (Day Class) to determine the

health effects of cigarette smoking and to provide prevention for the students. It outlines

the research design, the flow of the study, the research environment, the research

participants, instruments, data gathering, statistical treatment, and the scoring

procedure.

Research Design

The research design of this study will be descriptive, which aims to analyze the

detrimental health effects of cigarette smoking among grade 11 and grade 12 students

of Compostela National High School during the school year 2023-2024.

Flow of the Study

The paradigm of the study in Fig. 2 showed the presented scheme approach

utilizing input, process, and output

The input contains the student demographic profile, the cigarette influence on

mental health aspects, the academic performance of students, and the duration and

intensity of smoking.

The output of the study was the basis for what recommendations could be

established in the study after gathering, analyzing, and interpreting the data. The

recommendation will help the students not to use cigarettes.

 INPUT
PROCESS OUTPUT

1. What is the profile

of students in terms
of;
1.1 Age; 1. Gathering of
1.2 Gender; data
1.3 Grade Level;
2. How does cigarette
smoking influence 2. Tabulation and
mental health
aspects, such as; Presentation of
2.1 Stress Level;
2.2 Anxiety; data
2.3 Depression; Recommendations
3. Are there
variations in
3. Analysis and
academic
performance Interpretation
between student
smokers and non- of data
smokers, and what
role does smoking
in terms of;
3.1 Attendance
3.2 Focus
3.3 Overall
scholastic
achievement;
4. How does the
duration and
intensity of
smoking contribute
to the severity of
health
consequences
among student
smoker.

Figure 2

Flow of the Study

Research Environment

The research environment of this study covers Compostela National High

School (Day Class) Senior High School Department, which is located in Cogon,

Compostela, Cebu.

Research Respondents

The focus of this research pertained to the senior high school students enrolled

in the Day Class at Compostela National High School with an overall student

population of 547 individuals, but the researcher will focus specifically on those

enrolled in grade 11 and 12 Electrical Installation and Maintenance (EIM), Shielded

Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), and Humanities and Social Sciences in the school year

2023-2024. The questionnaire was distributed to 50 different students, 22 for Grade 11

and 28 for Grade 12 from 5 different sections namely 11 SMAW, 11 EIM, 12 SMAW,

12 EIM, and 12 HUMSS 5.

Table 1

Distribution of respondents

ƒ Percentage

Grade 11 22 44

Grade 12 28 56

Total 50 100
Research Instrument

The researcher will use a survey questionnaire design to gather the data needed

for the study. The survey questionnaires are researcher-modified questions consisting

of three sections using a Likert scale. The first section of the survey questionnaires

gathers the demographic profiles of the students, which helps the researchers

understand the respondents’ backgrounds. This can include grade, gender, and age. The

second section of the survey questionnaire focuses on the academic performance of the

student smokers and whether it affects their performance or not. The last section

consists of the duration and intensity of smoking they have already engaged in.

Ethical considerations are important in the research process. Therefore, the

researchers will require a survey questionnaire that requires participants’ informed

consent and approval from their adviser. The study is committed to guaranteeing the

privacy of participants at all stages, allowing a secure and ethical research

environment.

Data Gathering

The study follows various steps to collect the necessary data, such as (1) a

Transmittal letter and (2) providing survey questionnaires.

Transmittal Letter. Our research teacher submitted a letter to the principal of

Compostela National High School (Day Class) to request permission to conduct the

study.
 Survey Questionnaires. The respondents will answer survey questionnaires

consisting of 3 sections. A survey questionnaire will be distributed to the students.. The

researchers have allotted vigorous time, effort, and cooperation in developing their

questionnaire to serve their intended respondents. It was created using suitable

questions modified from related research and individual questions.

Statistical Treatment

Data from the survey questionnaires were subjected to interpretation

using the Likert method and will be analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Data

was assembled, categorized, and tabulated as soon as the researchers collected it.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aimed to determine the detrimental health effects of cigarette

smoking among grade 11 and 12 students of Compostela National High School, S.Y.

2023-2024. The population of our study is the students of senior high school. It

considers the personal information of the student, including their age, grade level, and

health status.

To obtain the information from the student, the researcher will provide a survey

questionnaire to obtain the data needed. However, because time and funds are quite

limited, the researcher only covers fifty (50) students from senior high school as the

study's respondents. The respondents will be selected from the grade 11 and 12 sections.

The process of conducting the survey is expected to last for approximately 2–3 days.
 SCORING PROCEDURE

MENTAL HEALTH

The Category used to determine the Mental Health of Grade 11 and 12 students

was assessed using four categories: Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, Strongly

Disagree. This criterion had one (1) point as the lowest and four (4) points as the

highest: Strongly Agree (3.25-4.00), Agree (2.50-3.24), Disagree (1.75-2.49), Strongly

Disagree (1.00-1.74). The results were collected and interpreted based on the following

categories.

Scale Range Category Verbal Description

4 3.25- Strongly Respondents consistently feel that cigarette smoking

4.00 Agree
affects their mental health.

3 2.50- Agree Respondents frequently feel that cigarette smoking

3.24
affects their mental health.

2 1.75- Disagree Respondents occasionally feel that cigarette smoking

2.49
affects their mental well-being.

1 1.00- Strongly Respondents rarely feel that cigarette smoking affects

1.74 Disagree
their mental health.
 SCORING PROCEDURE

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

The Category used to determine the Academic Performance of Grade 11 and 12

students was assessed using four categories: Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, Strongly

Disagree. This criterion had one (1) point as the lowest and four (4) points as the

highest: Strongly Agree (3.25-4.00), Agree (2.50-3.24), Disagree (1.75-2.49), Strongly

Disagree (1.00-1.74). The results were collected and interpreted based on the following

categories.

Scale Range Category Verbal Description

4 3.25- Strongly Respondents always perceived that cigarette smoking

4.00 Agree
has an effect on their academic performance.

3 2.50- Agree Respondents frequently feel that cigarette smoking

3.24
has an effect on their academic performance.

2 1.75- Disagree Respondents seldom feel that cigarette smoking has

2.49
an effect on their academic performance.

1 1.00- Strongly Respondents never feel that cigarette smoking has an

1.74 Disagree
effect on their academic performance.
 SCORING PROCEDURE

DURATION AND INTENSITY OF SMOKING CONTRIBUTE TO THE SEVERITY

OF HEALTH CONSEQUENCES

The Category used to determine the Duration and Intensity of smoking of Grade

11 and 12 students was assessed using four categories: Strongly agree, Agree, Disagree,

Strongly Disagree. This criterion had one (1) point as the lowest and four (4) points as

the highest: Strongly Agree (3.25-4.00), Agree (2.50-3.24), Disagree (1.75-2.49),

Strongly Disagree (1.00-1.74). The results were collected and interpreted based on the

following categories.

Scale Range Category Verbal Description

4 3.25-400 Strongly Respondents always perceived that the duration and

Agree
intensity of their smoking had health consequences

on them.

3 2.50- Agree Respondents frequently feel that the duration and

3.24
intensity of their smoking had health consequences

on them.

2 1.75- Disagree Respondent seldom feels that the duration and

2.49
intensity of their smoking had no health

consequences on them.

1 1.00- Strongly Respondents feel that the duration and intensity of

1.74 Disagree
their smoking have nothing to do with health

consequences.
 Definition of Terms

Cigarette Smoking - The act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning

tobacco encased in a cylindrical roll wrapped in paper or other materials.

Detrimental Health Effects - Negative impacts or consequences on physical

and mental well-being resulting from cigarette smoking, including but not limited to,

increased risk of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.

Survey Questionnaire - A tool used to collect data from respondents, typically

consisting of a series of questions designed to gather information on specific topics.

Likert Scale - A type of rating scale used in survey questionnaires where

respondents indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with a statement,

typically ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.

Social Cognitive Theory - A theory that emphasizes the role of observational

learning, social influences, and cognitive factors in shaping behavior, particularly

relevant to understanding how adolescents develop habits and make decisions.

Statistical Treatment - The process of organizing, analyzing, and interpreting

data using statistical methods to draw meaningful conclusions and make inferences

about the research questions.

Personal Information - Data related to an individual's identity, including age,

gender, grade level, and other demographic characteristics.

 Transmittal Letter - A formal document sent to request permission, approval,

or cooperation from relevant authorities or stakeholders, outlining the purpose and

scope of the study.

Recommendations - Suggestions or proposals for actions or interventions

based on the findings of the study, aimed at addressing identified problems or

improving the situation.

Population - The entire group of individuals or objects that the researcher is

interested in studying, from which a sample is selected.

 CHAPTER 2

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies that the

researcher considered to strengthen the importance of the present study. It provides a

synthesis of the literature to gain a better understanding of the research.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Mental health is a condition of mental well-being that allows people to deal with

life's challenges, develop their potential, study and work effectively, and contribute to

their community. It is an essential component of health and well-being, supporting our

individual and communal capacity to make decisions, form connections, and influence

the world we live in. Mental health is a fundamental human right. And it is critical to

personal, communal, and socioeconomic development (World Health Organization,

2022). According to Psychological Medicine (2019), smokers were roughly twice as

likely to experience depression than nonsmokers. It concludes with the following:

"These findings suggest that the association between smoking depression is due, at least

in part, to a causal effect of smoking, providing further evidence for the detrimental

consequences of smoking on mental health."

According to Algahtani et al. (2023), smoking behavior has been linked to low

academic performance among adult students globally. However, the negative impact of

relying on several student's academic success measures is still undetermined. A

validated cross-sectional survey was undertaken, in which individuals answered

questions on cigarette usage, urge to consume and dependence, learning performance,

days of absence, and academic warnings. The prevalence of nicotine dependence (high

to extremely severe) was 50%. Overall, smokers had much higher absence rates. Heavy
smokers had considerably more days of absence and received more academic warnings

than light smokers.

Previous research has found a link between smoking behavior and academic

success in kids. In one study, it has been shown that cigarette smoking among Saudi

secondary school and medical students has been associated with low academic

performance, implying that students who smoke are more likely to perform poorly

academically. In line with these findings, smoking has been found to be inversely linked

with academic achievement among Norwegian teenagers and students at a public

institution in Islamabad, Pakistan. This study found that students who smoke had poorer

average scores than students who do not smoke, demonstrating the link between

smoking habits and academic performance (et al, 2023).

According to Gioai et al. (2019) A recent study found that the exponential in the

logarithm of smoking intensity and its square is 15-20 cigarettes per day, pack-year

increased with intensity (direct exposure rate or enhanced potency effect), implying a

higher risk for a total exposure delivered at higher intensity (for a shorter duration) than

for an equivalent exposure delivered at lower intensity. Above 20 cigarettes per day, the

decreased with increasing intensity (inverse exposure rate or lowered potency impact),

implying that a total exposure provided at lower intensity (for a longer time) has a

higher risk than an equivalent exposure supplied at higher intensity. The purpose of this

study was to re-evaluate the strength and form of the dose-response connection between

the combined (or joint) effect of cigarette smoking intensity and duration We

investigated this issue using bivariate spline models, which regarded smoking intensity

and duration as interacting continuous exposures.

 REVIEW RELATED STUDIES

According to a study done in the United Kingdom, the incidence of smoking is

much greater among those with mental health concerns. The percentage of persons with

a mental health disease fell from 44.6% to 34.1%, while the frequency of those without

one fell from 29.3% to 19.6%. The study also found an association between current

smoking, heavy smoking, difficulty refraining, desire to stop, perceived difficulty

abstaining, and mental health disorders. Nonetheless, no significant associations were

found between specific situations and the outcome of quitting. (Richardson et al, 2019).

According to Gilbody et al. (2019), smoking is prevalent in mental health care, both

among personnel and patients. This attitude might explain why mental health providers

have historically underinvested in developing and delivering superior smoking

cessation treatments for this patient population. Many people feel that smoking

alleviates anxiety and depression, but the contrary is true: smoking adds to the overall

poor physical health of those with serious mental diseases. Cohort studies have found

that those with severe mental diseases will die 20-25 years sooner than those without

severe mental illnesses, with smoking being the most major modifiable risk factor for

this health disparity.

According to the study performed by Algahtani et al. 2023, smoking status

has a detrimental impact on students' grades, attendance, and academic warning. It is

noteworthy to notice that students who smoke do lower academically than non-

smokers. did not have a set time of day for cigarette usage (67.20%). The majority of

students (40.70%) lit their first cigarette more than half an hour after waking up.
 CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, DATA ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

This chapter deals with presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data. It

involves the demographic profile of the respondents, mental aspects of grade 11 and 12

student smoker, academic performance and duration and intensity of smoking to the

Grade 11 and 12 student smokers.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Table 1

Age of the Respondents

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

17 15 30

18 25 50

19 6 12

22 1 2

24 3 6

TOTAL 50 100

According to Table 1, which shows the age of the respondents, the majority of

the respondents were 18 years old, with a frequency of 25, representing 50% of the total

participants. The next is 17 years old with a frequency of 15, representing 30% of the
participants. Respondents who were 19 had a frequency of 6, representing 12% of the

total participants. Next respondents who were 24 had a frequency of 3, representing 6%

of the total participants. Lastly, the smallest age group was 22 years old, with only one

respondent, representing 2% of the total respondents.

Table 2

Grade Level of the Respondents

GRADE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

11 22 44

12 28 56

TOTAL 50 100

According to Table 2, which shows the grade level of the respondents, the data

reveals that the majority of the respondents in the study were in grade 12, with a

frequency of 28, representing 56% of the total participants. The grade 11 respondents

had a frequency of 22, representing 44% of the total participants.

Table 3

Section of the Respondents

SECTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

EIM 11 22

SMAW 33 66

HUMSS 6 12
 TOTAL 50 100

According to Table 3, which shows the section of the respondents, the data

reveals that the SMAW has the highest frequency, with 33 respondents, representing

66% of the total participants. On the other hand, EIM had a frequency of 11,

representing 22% of the total respondents. The least responses are from HUMSS with

a frequency of 6, representing 12% of the total participants.

Table 4

MENTAL HEALTH OF THE STUDENT SMOKERS

MENTAL HALTH WEIGHTED SD VERBAL

MEAN DESCRIPTION

1. Increase in Smoking Before 2.84 0.912 Agree

Important Events

2. Change in Smoking Habits as 2.6 0.9689 Agree

Coping Mechanism for Burnout

3. Shift in Smoking Habits During 2.62 0.987 Agree

Change or Adaptation

4. Physical Symptoms Related to 2.6 0.881 Agree

Smoking

5. Anxiety Symptoms Before or After 2.44 0.907 Disagree

Smoking
 6. Association of Anxiety Symptoms 2.54 0.952 Agree

with Smoking Triggers

7. Smoking as an Anxiety Alleviator 2.5 1 Disagree

8. Decrease in Interest or Pleasure in 2.74 0.92 Agree

Activities

9. Consistent Feelings of Sadness or 2.4 0.99 Disagree

Hopelessness

10. Correlation Between Smoking and 2.64 0.88 Agree

Feelings of Sadness or Hopelessness

GENERAL WEIGHTED 2.592 Agree

AVERAGE

Legend 1.00-1.74 = Strongly Disagree 2.50-3.24 = Agree

1.75-2.49 = Disagree 3.25-5.00 = Strongly Agree

Based on the survey responses regarding mental health. For item 1 which

indicates the Increase in smoking before important events. Respondents generally agree

with the mean of 2.84 that they tend to smoke more before important events or
deadlines, indicating a heightened state of stress. This suggests that smoking might be

a coping mechanism for stress in such situations. In item 2, indicates the Change in

Smoking Habits as a Coping Mechanism for Burnout. There is moderate agreement

with the mean of 2.6 that smoking habits change as a way to cope with burnout. This

implies that smoking could be seen as a coping mechanism for dealing with work-

related stress or exhaustion. Item 3, Shift in Smoking Habits During Change or

Adaptation. Respondents also tend to agree with a mean of 2.62 that smoking habits

change, either increasing or decreasing, during periods of change or adaptation. This

indicates that smoking behavior might be influenced by life transitions or adjustments.

For item 4, Physical symptoms related to smoking Most respondents agree, with a mean

of 2.6, that they experience shakiness or nausea specifically related to smoking. This

suggests that smoking might have physical effects on individuals beyond just the act

itself. In item 5, Anxiety symptoms before or after smoking While there is a slight

disagreement with a mean of 2.44, some respondents experience heightened symptoms

of anxiety, such as feeling like they might pass out, specifically before or after smoking.

This indicates a potential negative impact of smoking on anxiety levels for some

individuals.

For item 6, Association of Anxiety Symptoms with Smoking Triggers.

Respondents generally agree with a mean of 2.54 that they associate specific triggers

or circumstances with increased anxiety symptoms when it comes to smoking. This

suggests that smoking might be linked to situational anxiety for some individuals. Item

7, Smoking as an Anxiety Alleviator. Contrary to expectations, respondents tend to

disagree with a mean of 2.5 that smoking directly alleviates feelings of anxiety, such as

shakiness or unease. This suggests that while smoking might be associated with anxiety

triggers, it might not effectively alleviate anxiety symptoms for everyone. For item 8,
Decrease in interest or pleasure in activities. There is agreement with a mean of 2.74

that respondents experience a significant decrease in interest or pleasure in activities

they typically enjoy over the past month. This could indicate a potential association

between smoking habits and depressive symptoms. For the item 9, Decrease in interest

or pleasure in activities. There is agreement with a mean of 2.74 that respondents

experience a significant decrease in interest or pleasure in activities they typically enjoy

over the past month. This could indicate a potential association between smoking habits

and depressive symptoms. Lastly, for item 10, Correlation Between Smoking and

Feelings of Sadness or Hopelessness. Overall, there is agreement with the mean of 2.64

that there is a correlation between smoking habits and feelings of sadness or

hopelessness. This implies that smoking behavior might be influenced by or influence

negative emotional states to some extent.

According to table 4, the data indicates that smoking habits are associated with

various psychological and emotional states, including stress, burnout, anxiety, and

depressive symptoms. While smoking may serve as a coping mechanism for some

individuals, it also appears to be intertwined with negative emotional experiences for

others

Table 5

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENT SMOKERS

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE WEIGHTED SD VERBAL

MEAN DESCRIPTION

1. Missed Classes or Decline in 2.52 1.01 Agree

Attendance
 2. Direct Effect of Smoking on 2.4 1.03 Disagree

Attendance

3. Correlation Between Smoking and 2.42 1.144 Disagree

Class Attendance

4. Impact of Smoking Frequency on 2.36 0.98 Disagree

Punctuality

5. Negative Impact of Smoking on 2.54 0.862 Agree

Attendance.

6. Decline in Ability to Concentrate 2.64 1.01 Agree

7. Negative Impact on Focus During 2.46 1.014 Disagree

Classes

8. Difficulty Staying Engaged Due to 2.44 1.05 Disagree

Smoking

9. Contribution of Smoking to 2.5 0.89 Agree

Academic Focus and Performance

10. Correlation Between Smoking and 2.6 0.97 Agree

Decline in Focus
 11. Negative Impact on Overall 2.74 1.12 Agree

Academic Performance

12. Direct Observation of Decline in 2.48 1.05 Disagree

Grades Due to Smoking

13. Impact of Smoking on Timely 2.52 0.91 Agree

Completion of Assignments

14. Correlation Between Smoking and 2.18 1.0004 Disagree

Overall Scholastic Achievements

15. Hindrance of Academic Progress 2.34 0.8947 Disagree

or Success

GENERAL WEIGHTED 2.476 Disagree

AVERAGE

Legend 1.00-1.74 = Strongly Disagree 2.50-3.24 = Agree

1.75-2.49 = Disagree 3.25-5.00 = Strongly Agree

The findings show that there is a complicated relationship between respondents'

smoking habits and their academic achievement. While there is widespread agreement

that smoking has negative consequences such as missing classes, impaired attention,

and difficulties completing assignments, there are differences in the perceived direct

influence of smoking on certain parts of academic life.

 Participants generally believe that smoking causes a drop in attendance,

attention, and overall academic performance. They also agree that smoking habits make

it difficult to concentrate on academic activities and fulfill deadlines. Furthermore, there

is a known link between increasing smoking and a decline in the capacity to concentrate

during study sessions.

However, there are several instances where responders differ about the direct

effects of smoking. While they believe smoking reduces academic interest, there is little

consensus on whether it directly contributes to missing classes, punctuality concerns,

or a drop in overall scholastic success. This implies that, while smoking may increase

academic difficulties, its function as a solitary predictor of academic achievement is not

widely acknowledged among responders.

In summary, the findings show a complex perspective of the link between

smoking behaviors and academic achievement, with smoking viewed as a significant

element but not the primary cause. This emphasizes the need of treating smoking

behaviors with other variables in order to improve academic performance.

Table 6

DURATION AND INTENSITY OF SMOKING

DURATION AND INTENSITY OF WEIGHTED SD VERBAL

SMOKING MEAN DESCRIPTION

1. Ever Tried Smoking 3.18 0.896 Agree

2. Negative Impact of Smoking on Health 2.84 0.997 Agree

 3. Ever smoked between one to three 2.52 1.03 Agree

cigarettes per day

4.Ever smoked between four and six 2.54 0.973 Agree

cigarettes per day

5. Change in Smoking Behavior and 2.28 1.031 Disagree

Health Perception

GENERAL WEIGHTED AVERAGE 2.672 Agree

Legend 1.00-1.74 = Strongly Disagree 2.50-3.24 = Agree

1.75-2.49 = Disagree 3.25-5.00 = Strongly Agree

Referring to the last table regarding the duration ang intensity of smoking. For

item 1, a significant majority of respondents, with a mean of 3.18, have tried smoking

at least once, even if it was just a single puff. This indicates a prevalent experimentation

with smoking among the surveyed population. For item 2, The Negative Impact of

Smoking on Health. The participants generally agree with the mean of 2.84 that

smoking has a negative impact on health. This suggests an awareness of the potential

health risks associated with smoking. For item 3, Respondents also agree, with the mean

of 2.52 that they have smoked between one to three cigarettes per day. This indicates a

subset of the population engaging in regular, albeit light, smoking habits. For item 4,

Similarly, respondents indicate that they have smoked between four and six cigarettes

per day. This suggests a portion of the population is engaging in slightly heavier
smoking habits compared to the previous group. For the last item, Interestingly,

respondents disagree that they have noticed an increase in the duration of their smoking

sessions over the past few months and believe it could have implications for their health.

This indicates a perception that changes in smoking behavior might not necessarily

correlate with health concerns, or a potential lack of awareness regarding the health

implications of increased smoking duration.

 CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings and conclusions derived from

the conducted study on the detrimental health effects of cigarette smoking among grade

11 and 12 students of Compostela national high school during the school year 2023-

2024. This chapter will also discuss different recommendations that can help mitigate

the detrimental health effects of cigarette smoking.

The study was conducted at Compostela National High school (Day Class) with

the respondents of 50 among grade 11 and 12 students in EIM, SMAW and HUMSS

students, 11 respondents from EIM, 33 respondents from SMAW and 6 respondents

from HUMSS. This Quantitative research utilized Descriptive research design and

gathered data thru questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to interpret

the data if cigarette smoking has significant effect to the health of the student smokers.

Summary of findings

The findings of this study were summarized according to the statement of the

problem that was stated in Chapter 1.

1. How does cigarette smoking influence mental health.

For the responses regarding mental health shown in Table 4 generally yielded

grand mean of 2.592, indicating that respondents Agreed that cigarette smoking can
influence mental health problems such as stress, anxiety and depression. The research

gives a generally favorable view of the association between smoking behaviors and

mental health indicators. Respondents indicate an increase in smoking before key

events and during periods of burnout or adaptation, indicating a stress-related coping

technique. There is also understanding of physical symptoms associated with smoking,

which correspond with established health risks. Despite accepting the link between

smoking triggers and anxiety, there is still dispute on smoking's role in reducing

anxiety. Interestingly, while respondents agree that smoking reduces interest or

enjoyment in activities, they differ on constant emotions of despair or hopelessness.

Overall, the weighted average trends towards agreement, demonstrating a complicated

interplay between smoking practices and mental health views, underscoring the

importance of holistic methods.

2. Are there variations in academic performance between student

smokers and non-smokers.

For the findings about the variation in academic performance tabulated in Table

5 it garnered a grand mean of 2.476. The findings provide an in-depth understanding

on the relationship between smoking behaviors and academic achievement. While most

respondents believe that smoking has a detrimental influence on attendance,

attentiveness, and overall academic focus and performance, there is some debate over

how smoking affects particular academic outcomes such as grades and total scholastic

achievements. Despite conceding the negative impacts of smoking on particular parts

of academic life, the overall weighted average reveals a bias toward disagreement,

demonstrating that respondents' perspectives differ. This highlights the complexities of

the issue and the necessity for comprehensive initiatives to address smoking's possible

influence on academic achievement.

3. How does the duration and intensity of smoking contribute to the severity of

health consequences among student smokers.

In terms of the duration and intensity of smoking experienced by the student

smokers as depicted in table 6 garnered a grand mean of 2.672. Data indicate that most

people agree on the impact of smoking duration and intensity on health. Respondents

consent to ever attempt smoking, recognizing the possible health risks. Furthermore,

there is unanimity on the harmful health consequences of smoking between one and six

cigarettes per day. However, there is debate over the relationship between changes in

smoking behavior and health perception, revealing divergent views on the relationship

between smoking practices and perceived health outcomes. Overall, the weighted

average trends toward agreement, emphasizing the understanding of smoking's negative

impacts on health at all degrees of smoking intensity.

Conclusion

The study's findings shed light on the complicated interaction between smoking

behavior and other elements of health and well-being, such as mental health and

academic achievement. While respondents generally agree on the negative

consequences of smoking on mental health, such as stress, anxiety, and depression,

there are differences in beliefs of smoking's role as a coping method and its impact on

particular mental health outcomes. Similarly, while there is agreement on the harmful

impact of smoking on academic attendance, attentiveness, and performance, there is

disagreement over its effect on specific academic measures such as grades.

Furthermore, the research demonstrates a broadly acknowledged awareness of the

detrimental health implications of smoking at all degrees of intensity. Overall, the study

emphasizes the necessity of holistic methods to addressing smoking-related concerns,

as well as comprehensive activities targeted at increasing health and well-being among

persons influenced by smoking behaviors.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the researcher

recommends the following:

1. Implement programs and services targeted at raising mental health awareness

and coping mechanisms among individuals, with a special emphasis on alternate stress

management practices other than smoking.

2. Create and promote smoking cessation programs that are personalized to

individuals' unique needs and problems, offering assistance and resources to help them

quit smoking and improve their overall health.

3. Launch educational initiatives aimed at students and the general public to

promote awareness about the harmful impacts of smoking on mental health, academic

performance, and overall well-being.

4. Implement academic support efforts focused at addressing smoking's

influence on academic performance, including resources and interventions to assist

students in overcoming smoking-related obstacles and improving their educational

achievements.
 5. Advocate for changes in policy and laws that will reduce smoking prevalence

and provide smoke-free settings in educational institutions and public areas, resulting

in a healthier and more supportive environment for all people.

In implementing these recommendations, a comprehensive approach that

includes collaboration among educational institutions, healthcare providers,

government agencies, and community organizations is required. This includes creating

educational materials and activities to promote awareness about smoking's detrimental

impacts on mental health and academic performance, as well as providing accessible

counseling services and smoking cessation programs in school settings. Enforcing

smoke-free rules in public places and lobbying for community participation activities

help to provide a supportive atmosphere for healthy behaviors. Continuous evaluation

of implemented efforts allows for modifications and improvements, assuring efficacy

in treating smoking-related concerns and boosting community well-being.