PREPARED BY: LUCAS, MOSMERA

LININDING, SALAMBAE M.
COURSE/YEAR & SECTION: BSED-E 3B

TOPIC: REVOLUTIONARY, AGE OF REASON, ENLIGHTENMENT

REVOLUTIONARY AGE (1765-1790)

Other terms:
- United States war of independence
- American revolutionary war

 The first anti-colonial democratic revolution in history. much of the

revolutionary cause or reasons came from the 'colonial challenge to
parliament's power of legislation'.
 It was the phrase 'taxation without representation' that was to draw many to
the cause of the American patriots against the mother country.

Defending the colonies against attack by the French and other had cost the British a
great deal of money.
They thus decided to shift some of their financial burden to the colonists. The stamp
act of 1765 which tax all legal documents newspaper and other documents was met
with the great uproar in the colonies.
In 1766, this tax was repeated but it was just the beginning of the problems between
the colonists in the British.
The Boston tea party in 1773 was an act of revolt against the British and their tax on
tea in the colonies. rebellion and this content were rampant.
There were many battles fought and there were 13 colonies of Great Britain's North
America gained their freedom and became the independent country of the United
States and went on to form the United States of America.

13 colonies rebelled against the British rule:

 Delaware
 Virginia
 Pennsylvania
 New jersey
 Georgia
 Connecticut
 Massachusetts
 South Carolina
 New Hampshire
 New York
 Rhode island
 North Carolina
 Maryland

The period of the American revolution was dominated by political writers.

beginning a decade before the revolutionary war and ending about 25 years later
this period includes the writings of Thomas Jefferson Thomas paine James Madison
and alexander Hamilton. this is arguably the richest period of political writing since
classical antiquity. Important works include the declaration of independence
definitely papers and the poetry of Joel Barlow and Philip Freneau.

Four facts of American revolution

 The first shot was on April 19, 1775 is called the shot heard around the world.
The American revolution was the united states longest military conflict before the
Vietnam war.
 The declaration of independence was in the 1776.
 Although the war was between the colonies in great Britain, other countries got
involved as well.
 The French where major ally to the colonies and there were French, German,
and Spanish soldiers who fought in the war.

'TAKEAWAYS'
Representation : one of the main reason that the colonists rebelled against Britain
because they felt they were not represented in the British government.
War : First they there were protest and arguments. then some small skirmishes
between the colonists and the local British army.

Independence : Each colony had its own local government. in 1774 the elected
officials to represent them at the first continental congress. This was the first effort
of the colonists to unite and make a single government. In 1776 the second
continental congress declared the independence of the united states from great
Britain.
New government : They decided that they didn't want to be ruled by a king
anymore. The new government would be democratic with leaders elected by the
people and balances of power to make sure that no one could become king.

Notable writers & Notable Works

Thomas Jefferson
born April 13, 1743
was an American statesman, diplomats, lawyer, architect and philosopher.
He had previously served as a second vice president of the united states under John
Adams between 1797 to 1801.
and was a proponent of democracy, republicanism and individual rights, motivating
American colonists to break from kingdom of great Britain and form a new nation.
Notable works:
Declaration of independence
(1776)
Summary view of the rights of British America
(1774)
Declaration of the causes and necessity of taking up arms
(1775)

Thomas Paine
was an English born American political activists philosopher political theorist and
revolutionary.
His ideas reflected in light mint which is the era of ideas of transnational human
rights.
According to Saul k. pad over, Jefferson is a corset marker by trade a journalist by
profession in the protagonist by inclination
Notable works:
Common Sense
(1776)
American Crisis
(1776-1783)

James Madison
was an American statesman diplomat expansionist philosopher in founding father
who served as the fourth president of the united states from 1809 to 1817.
He co-wrote the federalist papers along with Alexander Hamilton and he served as
the fifth United States Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809.
Notable works:
Federalist papers
1787-88
Virginia Resolution
(1798)

Alexander Hamilton
He was an American statesman, politician, legal scholar, military commander,
lawyer.
He is the founder of the nation's financial system, the federalist party, the United
States coast guard in the New York post newspaper.
He was also an influential interpreter in promoter of the us constitution.
Notable works:
Federalist papers
1787-88
The Reynolds Pamphlets
(1797)

Other writers during the

revolutionary age:
Timothy Dwight
John Trimble
Thomas Godfrey
Benjamin Franklin
Patrick Henry
Phillis Wheatley
Philip Freneau
Joel Barlow
 AGE OF REASON, ENLIGHTENMENT
The Enlightenment
The enlightenment, also known as age of reason was a philosophical movement
that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. It included a range
of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and
came to advance ideals, such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional
government, and separation of church and state
Enlightenment thinkers
1.Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Thomas Hobbes, a English philosopher, scientist, and historian, best known for his
political philosophy, especially as articulated in his masterpiece Leviathan (1651).
Hobbes viewed government primarily as a device for ensuring collective security.
Political authority is justified by a hypothetical social contract among the many that
vests in a sovereign person or entity the responsibility for the safety and well-being
of all.

2. John Locke
Locke was among the most famous philosophers and political theorists of the 17 th
century. He is often regarded as the founder of a school of thought known as British
Empiricism, and he made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited,
liberal government. He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious
toleration, and educational theory. In his most important work, the Essay
Concerning Human Understanding, Locke set out to offer an analysis of the
human mind and its acquisition of knowledge. He offered an empiricist theory
according to which we acquire ideas through our experience of the world. The mind
is then able to examine, compare, and combine these ideas in numerous different
ways. Knowledge consists of a special kind of relationship between different ideas.
Locke’s emphasis on the philosophical examination of the human mind as a
preliminary to the philosophical investigation of the world and its contents
represented a new approach to philosophy, one which quickly gained a number of
converts, especially in Great Britain. In addition to this broader project, the Essay
contains a series of more focused discussions on important, and widely divergent,
philosophical themes. In politics, Locke is best known as a proponent of limited
government. He uses a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have
obligations to their citizens, have only limited powers over their citizens, and can
ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances. He also provided
powerful arguments in favor of religious toleration. This article attempts to give a
broad overview of all key areas of Locke’s thought.

3. Montesquieu
Montesquieu was a French lawyer, man of letters, and one of the most influential
political philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment. His political theory work,
particularly the idea of separation of powers, shaped the modern democratic
government.
 The Spirit of the Laws is a treatise on political theory that was first published
anonymously by Montesquieu in 1748. Montesquieu covered many topics,
including the law, social life, and the study of anthropology, and provided
more than 3,000 commendations.
 In this political treatise, Montesquieu pleaded in favor of a constitutional
system of government and the separation of powers, the ending of slavery,
the preservation of civil liberties and the law, and the idea that political
institutions should reflect the social and geographical aspects of each
community.
 Montesquieu defines three main political systems: republican, monarchical,
and despotic. As he defines them, republican political systems vary
depending on how broadly they extend citizenship rights.
 Another major theme in The Spirit of Laws concerns political liberty and the
best means of preserving it. Establishing political liberty requires two things:
the separation of the powers of government, and the appropriate framing of
civil and criminal laws so as to ensure personal security.
 Montesquieu argues that the executive, legislative, and judicial functions of
government (the so-called tripartite system) should be assigned to different
bodies, so that attempts by one branch of government to infringe on political
liberty might be restrained by the other branches (checks and balances). He
also argues against slavery and for the freedom of thought, speech, and
assembly.
 Index Librorum Prohibitorum: A list of publications deemed heretical, anti-
clerical, or lascivious, and therefore banned by the Catholic Church.

 Glorious Revolution: The overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of

Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with
the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange).
William’s successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to
 his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his
wife Mary II of England, in conjunction with the documentation of the Bill of
Rights 1689.

 Separation of powers: A model for the governance of a state (or who controls
the state), first proposed in ancient Greece and developed and modernized
by the French political philosopher Montesquieu. Under this model, the
state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers
and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in
conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical
division of branches is legislature, executive, and judiciary.

 The Spirit of the Laws: A treatise on political theory first published

anonymously by Montesquieu in 1748. In it, Montesquieu pleaded in favor of
a constitutional system of government and the separation of powers, the
ending of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the law, and the idea
that political institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical aspects
of each community.

4. Voltaire
Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for
his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom
of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.
 Voltaire’s political and philosophical views can be found in nearly all of his
prose writings. Most of his prose was written as polemics, with the goal of
conveying radical political and philosophical messages.
 Voltaire’s works frequently contain the word “l’infâ me” and the expression
“écrasez l’infâ me,” or “crush the infamous.” The phrase refers to abuses of the
people by royalty and the clergy, and the superstition and intolerance that
the clergy bred within the people. His two most famous works elaborating
the concept are The Treatise on Tolerance and The Philosophical Dictionary.
 Voltaire had an enormous influence on the development of historiography
through his demonstration of fresh new ways to look at the past. His best-
known works are The Age of Louis XIV and The Essay on the Customs and the
Spirit of the Nations.
 In his criticism of the French society and existing social structures, Voltaire
hardly spared anyone. He perceived the French bourgeoisie to be too small
 and ineffective, the aristocracy to be parasitic and corrupt, the commoners as
ignorant and superstitious, and the church as a static and oppressive force.
 Voltaire distrusted democracy, which he saw as propagating the idiocy of the
masses. He long thought only an enlightened monarch could bring about
change, and that it was in the king’s rational interest to improve the
education and welfare of his subjects.
 Deism: A theological/philosophical position that combines the rejection of
revelation and authority as a source of religious knowledge, with the
conclusion that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to
determine the existence of a single creator of the universe.
 The Philosophical Dictionary: An encyclopedic dictionary published by
Voltaire in 1764. The alphabetically arranged articles often criticize the
Roman Catholic Church and other institutions. It represents the culmination
of Voltaire’s views on Christianity, God, morality, and other subjects.
 The Treatise on Tolerance: A work by French philosopher Voltaire, published
in 1763, in which he calls for tolerance between religions, and targets
religious fanaticism, especially that of the Jesuits (under whom Voltaire
received his early education), indicting all superstitions surrounding
religions.
 Ancien Régime: The monarchic-aristocratic, social, and political system
established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 15th century
until the latter part of the 18th century (“early modern France”), under the
late Valois and Bourbon Dynasties. The term is occasionally used to refer to
the similar feudal social and political order of the time elsewhere in Europe.

5. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer, and
composer. His political philosophy influenced the Enlightenment in France and
across Europe. It was also important to the French Revolution and the overall
development of modern political and educational thought.
 In common with other philosophers of the day, Rousseau looked to a
hypothetical state of nature as a normative guide. In The Discourse on the
Origins of Inequality Among Men, he maintained that the stage of human
development associated with what he called “savages” was the best or
optimal in human development.
 In his Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences, Rousseau
argued, in opposition to the dominant stand of Enlightenment thinkers, that
the arts and sciences corrupt human morality.
 The Social Contract outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a
framework of classical republicanism. Published in 1762, it became one of
the most influential works of political philosophy in the western tradition.
 Rousseau’s philosophy of education concerns itself with developing the
students’ character and moral sense, so that they may learn to practice self-
mastery and remain virtuous even in the unnatural and imperfect society in
which they will have to live.
 Rousseau was a believer in the moral superiority of the patriarchal family on
the antique Roman model. To him, ideal woman is educated to be governed
by her husband, while ideal man is educated to be self-governing.
 Noble savage”: A literary stock character who embodies the concept of an
idealized indigene, outsider, or “other” who has not been “corrupted” by
civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity’s innate goodness. In English,
the phrase first appeared in the 17th century in John Dryden’s heroic play The
Conquest of Granada (1672).
 The Discourse on the Origins of Inequality Among Men: A work by
philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau that first exposes his conception of a
human state of nature and of human perfectibility, an early idea of progress.
In it, Rousseau explains how, according to him, people may have established
civil society, which leads him to present private property as the original
source and basis of all inequality.
 State of nature: A concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion,
social contract theories, and international law to denote the hypothetical
conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies
came into existence. In some versions of social contract theory, there are no
rights in the state of nature, only freedoms, and it is the contract that creates
rights and obligations. In other versions the opposite occurs— the contract
imposes restrictions upon individuals that curtail their natural rights.
 Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences: A 1750 treatise by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, which argued that the arts and sciences corrupt
human morality. It was Rousseau’s first expression of his influential views
about nature vs. society, to which he would dedicate most of his intellectual
life.
  The Social Contract: A 1762 treatise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in which he
theorized the best way to establish a political community in the face of the
problems of commercial society. The work helped inspire political reforms
and revolutions in Europe. It argued against the idea that monarchs were
divinely empowered to legislate. Rousseau asserts that only the people, who
are sovereign, have that all-powerful right.
 General will: A philosophical and political concept, developed and
popularized in the 18th century, that denoted the will of the people as a
whole. It served to designate the common interest embodied in legal
tradition, as distinct from, and transcending, people’s private and particular
interests at any particular time.

6.Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights. She was the
major female voice of the Enlightenment. Until the late 20 th century, however,
Wollstonecraft’s life, received more attention than her writing.
 The majority of Wollstonecraft’s early works focus on education. She
advocates educating children into the emerging middle-class ethos: self-
discipline, honesty, frugality, and social contentment. She also advocates the
education of women, a controversial topic at the time and one which she
would return to throughout her career.
 In response to Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France
(1790), which was a defense of constitutional monarchy, aristocracy, and the
Church of England, Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Men
(1790) attacks aristocracy and advocates republicanism.
 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is one of the earliest works
of feminist philosophy. In it, Wollstonecraft argues that women ought to have
an education commensurate with their position in society, and claims that
women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and
because they could be “companions” to their husbands, rather than just
wives.
 Scholars of feminism still debate to what extent Wollstonecraft was, indeed, a
feminist; while she does call for equality between the sexes in particular
areas of life, such as morality, she does not explicitly state that men and
women are equal.
 Wollstonecraft addresses her writings to the middle class, and represents a
class bias by her condescending treatment of the poor.
 A Vindication of the Rights of Men: A 1790 political pamphlet written by the
18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft, which attacks aristocracy
and advocates republicanism. It was the first response in a pamphlet war
sparked by the publication of Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution
in France (1790), a defense of constitutional monarchy, aristocracy, and the
Church of England.
 Reflections on the Revolution in France: A political pamphlet written by the
Irish statesman Edmund Burke and published in 1790. One of the best-
known intellectual attacks against the French Revolution, it is a