I E

chromium electronic configurations : 152 252 2p3 352 343 3ds 45' Sub-atomic particles Relative mass Relative charge Location

energy required to remove one electron from each atom , , , , ,

in one mole of
= ,

Nucleus

Proton i lo
.

copper electronic configurations : 1s2 ,

25 ? 2p6 3523p6 3910 4s , ,
Nucleus
element.
,

atoms of an
gaseous octet rule-electronic configuration of noble are stable .
shells

there is between the nucleus & gases

·
IE values are always positive as an attractive force electrons

-
which has to be overcome Cation = smaller than neutral atom

During ionization , elections are removed in order of their energies. Electron with highest energy in Anion =

bigger than neutral atom

In electric field
:
-

outermost shell is removed first

* For transition elements, electrons are removed from 45 first

·
Protons= attracted to
negative electrodes
2nd I E is to neutral atom
.
.
=
more
energy required to
pull an electron
away from
positive ion
compared ·
Electrons= attracted to positive electrodes
Factors I E Neutrons-not attracted to electrodes
affecting charged
·
.

1. Nuclear charge Nuclear charge + Attractive forces 4 1. E4 Angle of deflection depends charge of
particle
·
=
on + mass
, ,

sizet distance ↑
2
. Atomic radius =
,
,
I Et
.

Isotopes =
same atomic number ,
different mass number

same electronic
Shielding effect sizet ,
shielding ↑
·
.
3 I EN
configuration so same chemical
=
effect .

properties
,

4
.
Spin-pair repulsion
=
Electron
pair repulsion causes energy ↑ I Et ,
.

Atomic Structure
·
different relative atomic mass so different physical properties

ILe
Across a period :
There is a
general increase in first I E . principle quantam number-size of the Orbital energy level an electron is placed in

underminin
en
Nobel gases Down subshells
a
group of each shell = s p , d , f
,

-highest 1st I .
E
among elements in the same
period
-

increase in nuclear charge number of subshells in each shell-shell number

* Because it has strongest nuclear attraction

(highest no e-added to same shells but outer electrons are further orbital volume of space around the nucleus where electron of
particular
=
a subshell spent must of their time
.

Alkali (Group 1)
metals from the nucleus so less attractive forces
.
# 2 &
&
-

lowest 1st I E elements in the same ↓ nuclear charge number shells NI E Pz-orbital Orbital Pu-orbitals
among period of
s-orbitals B
-

. .

,
,

* Because increased cancelled by ctronic with the same

new shell further
away from charge is 2
species electronic configurations
=
nucleus nuclear
-

& higher shielding effect .

extra shell so it is easier for e- to be removed .

Aufbau Principle =
Electrons
always enters lowest energy level available .

Anomalies :
Relatively lower 1st I E .
Pauli's Exclusion Principle =
No single orbital can accommodate more than 2 electrons.

II-III to break V VI increased repulsion between occupying Hund's rule-orbitals of the

more
energy required ->
the electrons
parallel spins before
: :

occupied singly with

same
energy are

electron Pair in Group 2 s orbital than the is more easily

up the same p-orbital ,
1
so electron lost
.
pairing occurs.
single Outer electron of Group 3's orbital I is substable to remove 1
p .

so
slightly higher energy required electron
.