APRINCIPLETHOFEINHERITENCEMANDIVARIATIONEN

Gregor J Mendel fatherofgenetics Gt

workedbetween 18561863Clyears segmentofDNAwhichsynthesise RNA and mmmm
Er's IT'oÉMÉÉÉL LAWOFDOMINA've
iIIIIIID
workedon contrastingcharacters
anycharacter i
control

Xjtji1
É it I factors occurinpair

I
why pistonsativum j
11 Inapairofdissimilarfactorsthecharacterwhich
smallplantcangrowinsmallarea expressitselfisdominants andrepresented by
shortlifecycle about 3 4months

Iwof
dearvariation in character dig'Iffomiance pairedfactors
easilyselfpollinatedandcrosspollinated of
differentforms genes variants ofgene and
Singlematingcanproducelargeno of seeds
T T Punnets
easilyobtainpurelinetruebreedingplant square
Dominant Receive REGEN
HARACTER TRAIT in a heterozygouscondition in a heterozygouscondition t Tt Tt LDCPUNNET
anyfeature typeofcharacter Itexpresses itdoesnotexpressitself
goodnature t it tt iaiiiiiiiijg.is ai
g
Nature badnature
S ETER
second.it wonEpqngytYgpatIon
Mendel hasselected characters
CHARACTER TRAIT www.jjj
samegametes
T
different gamete
Tt ge aonotsnownenaing

geed
colour My Homozygous tall Heterozygoustall characterwhichdisappear inFigen reappear in F
t gen
shape am gg factors segregateatthetimeofgameteformatio
Homozygous willform similartypegametesan
agreen yellow MONOHYBRID DIHYBRID Heterozygous willformdifferenttype game
pod
colour
g
onecharacterselected twocharactersselected Tt X Tt of
shape e fell constricted
p forhybridisation forhybridisation T t
violet white v GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE 3

si
flower geneticmakeup physicalappearancedue T TT Tt Tall Dwarf
position togenotype genotypicalratio
samegenotype canhavedifferentphenotype 1 2 I
planthieght A Tall short t asphenotype isalsodependentonenvironmental tall tall Dwarf
factors
ow to know ifgameteisHetero Homo now Fagen RrYyxRrYy SEEING
ByTESTCROSS RY Ry ry ry
Advantage
method choicetoobtain
of accumulation
ofun
cross it withRessecivehomozygousgamete Pureiveofirvebreeding erlylingreceive
g Tt x tt RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Homozygyous undesirablecharade
Monohybridcross Mendelused14truebreeding dueto continues
t t PR GR 1 Ry RRyy RRyy RrYy Rryy pm selfing
la
T Tt Tt RY RrYY RrYy WHY V INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
ly
501dwarf anomaly exception againstlaw ofDomiance
t tt H ry Rrly Rryy
Heterozygous rrly tryy Thedominantaffetyzggesunofaieppressitself
fully in
I
2RrYy4RrYy1RRYYIrryyIrryy1Rryy.am
2RR.ly RRYY
genotypicratio inmonohybrids generation
2 1 was confirmedwith thehelpof y­1
Roundtyellow round wrinkled
yellow
wrin
green whiteflower

j
green flower
Red
Testcross a 3 3 1 yjyf.gg 19 1 Antiriumspecies
snapdragon
ftgen

II
Dogflower
ORMULA
typesofgametes
2h40heterozygouspair
Typesofgamete notypeofphenotype
phenotypicratio GR
p
iii.li 2 MirriabillisJalapa
uoclockplant
couleban
setting
IHYBRIDCROSS Roundsgreen 3 1 27 Fagen

É
wocharactertacken wrinkledsyellow 3 1 2

eg Roundandyellow
seeds
or
x wrinkledandgreed
seeds
wog RR Rr Rr
érr
RRYY
rryy 1 Dihybridcross 2 monohybrid RR x rr
unnetsquare P R of DC PRafMe XPRafMc F1 Rhd RR Rr rr
3 1 3 1 2 1
RY RY 9 3 3 1 F2 Red Pinkwhite
R RR pi Rr
p
1 2 1
ry Rryy Rryy E
assortment
ry RrYy RrYy In dihybridcross whentwopairoftraits are BB x 66 10 2
combined in a hybrid thensegregation
of
ufigeneration allare heterozygousRoundand onepairoftraitisIndependentof one 3
w anothertrait
CO DOMINANCE NON ALLELIC INTERACTION
DOMINANT Recess
resembeledboththeparent s A T C G 3 epistasis epistas
Green x orange 9
go 3 s
Ga oo a a
B Alle segment of DNA 123
I
a 33 a
go
Ena whichsynthesisRNA
REE at t
ios
ROAN
to
ROAN
PRETIEN

Normatonantity
µ
mygg
B i W E o
unnetsquare Dominant vs recesive
s ai ca s at ta si Phenotypical Genotypical
f phenotypicratio 3 s
Ratio Ra
GO GO 1 aa A Aa
Testcross
I
t
Produceno'rmalquantity producelessQuantity Incompletedominan
g o Genotypicratio codominance
enzyme
Objective oftestcross toidentifythenatureofunko

I f f I qq
genotype
fa G o objectiveofselfing toprovidepurelineHomozygous
G GG GO Green Roan
orange EPISTASIS
1 2 1 DominantEpistasis pp
0 GO 00 Genotypicratio j onedominantalleisdestroy Aa AQAa
ingtheeffectofothernon
RI RE WI allelic
gene
Do
12 3 1 so
Examples
gg.gg Y Ay zag
cattlehaircolour
lg
makes
caress Y t
awww fruitcolourinsummersquash
geneofsickelcelldiseaseanimia Y yellow Atytgellow colourless
Mn bloodgroup y green Aa y green colourless
AY yellow colourless 9 a Yellow yellow 3
12
Ay green colourless3 a
y green green I
Recessive Epitasis
DD DD SICKELCELLANEMIA
receivedestroyingthe
D Fa afQa S C A
g 88 88 Hbs
effectofothernonallelicgene
coatcolourinlabra substitution codominant Autonomalreceive Hba
B black c pp D disorder
Hba Hba
QQ 5 QQ to
gf
sicitierigniamptidttmaka't
b brown s Normalhemoglobin
B Black white 3
makesit
white
makesit
white 141 2 iz sa as in 2 iz sa no
go o g g
o brown white1 a peg is a egg a normal carrier sickelcelldiseas
glutamic valine SEESEE ABSENT S.EE
sEE ABSENTSIEEIsEE PRESENT

ouzo
9a RBC sicker codominant asinCarriesbothHbaandHosexpe
y water nonpoi polymerarishaiga themselves in Hetereogigouscondit
ng
AB Ab AB Ab NormalDNA ay Autosomalreceive Becausediseaseis
only innomozyg
AB AABB AABG AABB AaBb 111111111 1111111111 disorder condition
thgggicacid substitution t Caine
Ab AABG Aa66 AaB6 Aabf colaracamira
I nuetralnonpolar
ai 2 iz su as in 2 as a B
AB AABB AaBb AIBA AIBA peg B x egg123,4
glu valine
146
141
96 AaBB Aabb ABB Tak t
CN 16 CN 11
tomake a genepresent to B genepresent
COMPLEMENTARY GENEEFFECT ontheG on't
flowercolourin lathyrousodoratus sweet
mama
g pea

bstratea
Emet
substrates me'scoat'ptigment
No'malariafever
firstgeneration
nests CP purple
t HbaHba X HoHfs
CP 9 mn
againstmalaria father ypotherccarrier
white no
inhuman Ho AbabaH6AHbs carrier
56chromosomes
HAHAHAHA
111
Release
Haemozoinof
44 Big v
Autosomes sexchromosome malaria
fever
 2 HOAHGS X HBA HGS Fz Aapl X AaB6
father mother
OXIDATION
AB Ab AB at Dom
carrier carrier AdelineMelaniethyroxine AB AABB 2 DominantAllele
Aapl AaBB AaBf Tom
fÉair mental At AAA Aaa Aaa Aa
Hba Hbs dipigmentation Poor DominantAllele I
clauses
cafes Physical
AB Aarp AabbaaBB aaBb
kidney
growth
HA HAHA HAHbs 25 qq.mg ab papaya aap p
deceasedchild bydeppositing
Hos Hornos Hfsnos men
I planthieghtiscontrolledby2pairsofpolygon
Pleotrophic gene
SHENYL KETOUREA Cifsinglegeneproducesmanyeffects imtanfgystg
minimumhieght
Imaging
y
ofplant abb gam
zoom
eg 1 SCAgene sickelshapedRBC
mm Providenaturalimunityaf
hair effectof1DominantallelCAabboraaBb 4910cm
The door

É
adeline PA 2 DefectivePait

Ii É
Dem
hyroxine
enaline I
c coon
tyrosine
gene
imttgnofhairs
mentalretardation
zone som
I
aabb Aabb 171766 TABB RABB
v12 CN12 POLYGENICINHERITENCE 20cm 30cm 40cm Soun Cooch
pygmy
manygeneproduce a single
Normalpart Defect
gene

I
Faitenzyme
Defective
airabrogge
NormalPatti outoffruit
lg 21 Human
o too Human skin colour Ouantativeinheritance CAABBce 100gm
enzyme Imax
min wtoffruitCaabbcc login
hight
ic coon me
Tyrosine
coo
naicoo effectsorphenotypes dependon effectof6Dominantallelsare 100 10 90gm
No afdominantAlles so ifnoafDominant effectof1 Dominalallesis
Thyroxinemelaninereline
tyrosine
tuminemeynighine
andtheintensity
ofexpressionT
Isgrm
tf ft
AaBbCc 3 IS I
mac s caualiameanag.is AabbCc 2 15 10
creation
ofphenylepynevicacid ketonebodiesfromurine aabba HIS I
to defectivePAHgenewhichsynthesisedefectivephenyl abb
due
lanineHydroxylaseenzyme
parkcolour wtofwt
plantiscontrolledbyzpairsofpolygene
min 30g max at
find
Fagen papf Aapa zog
metabolism so Maxwt AABB
MUis aninbornerror of Graph bellshape
2x a 30
2
70
40 u n 30
egintelligence 2spair 3 w 4 20 30
80 30 110grin
MULTIPLEALLE Sutton andBoveridiscoveredthat behaviours
of
IAIA X IB IB CHROMOSOMES are parallel to behaviourofMend
cities factors
. one.ba I'IB MINIMUM Mendel'sobservation SultonandBoveriObv
thesefactorage 2 alternatingform POSSIBILITIES 1 factorsoccurinpair 1 chromosomes occurin
9 FATHER MOTHER gene
characters are 2 factorssegregateat 2 Chromosomesegregate
contributors canbe EI
Butthesefactors hasmorethan2alternating IAIB AB
CHILD time
ofgeneformation at time
ofgeneform
Bloodgreup character form IA I A 3 Onepairsegregateindepe 3Independentpairsegue
g ndentlyfromotherpairs gate independently
Allyls
In IB III QFATHER MOTHER Sutton and Boveriarguedthatpairingandsepratio
mm a AB ofpairofchromosomeswouldlead tosegregation
I IB
Sno Blood
group gediffes iii
CHILD I 10
IAI A
0 SuttonUnitedthe knowledge
andbehaviourof
of Mendelianfactor
chromosomes and
phenotype
IAIA IAI gave
4 A IA IA IAIA A CHROMOSOMALTHEORYOFINHERITENCE
IA 10 IB Io B Why Mendels work remained unrecognised?
Cii B IBIB IBI • Communication was not easy in those days and
acceptor SELF INCOMPATIBILITY his work could not be widely publicised
Ciii
universal
IA B 1
• His concept of gene (or factors in mandel’s
pollination This characterisalsocontrolledbyMultiple word) as stable and discrete units that
i and prom.tn controlled a special and of trade and of pairs
s 9sYY.g s
of animals which did not blend with each other
of
incase Multipleallele4differenttypes allelsare
of r was not accepted by his contemporaries as an
findpossibleno genotype 10
of explanation for the apparently continuous
I
variation seen in the nature
IB IBI IBI IBI
• he failed to provide the physical evidence of
factor
Mendelpublishedhiswork
of
inheritance 1865
in Proceedings ofBrunnNaturalSciencesociety • Mendal approach of using mathematics to
No genotype in case multipleallele
of of but severalreasonsremainedtill 1900
for express biological phenomena was totally new
Mendeldiedat1884 and unacceptable to many biologist of that
n Cut
2
1 h noof alle's
In toooscientist devines Correns andvousTschermak time
independently rediscovered Meade's result
They Mendel observed discontinuous variation but
didthisduetopresence microscope
of Darwinandwalleckobservedcontinuesvariation
 HROMOSOMALTHEORY OFINHERITENCE
May
miniature
wing feta Y xYeifgddy
proposedbySUTTON Rounds
seed
yellow wrinkled
green
female É female
Y Mate
of
Pairing and segregation chromosomes would qq.qq.gg qq.gg
É andnormal

j
leadto pairing and segregation factors
of allareroundsyellow 8888dg
unpintieyegdings x Redeye
wing
genes arepresentover chromosomes

it fi
wrinkled
de serration Rgadowgilyget
j year iffy glib fellow gig 181 militating Your'thal
c.ms
pair Tt Tt tt 1 pair
É Gg
recombinant
parental
88
parental
types recombinant

98.7 1.3 62.8 37.2 98.7 1.3

it
segregation
I s
ifstesEresosis t ss sÉ7
Et
E
T H
I I If
t
3 independentassortment p Distancebetweengenes More Distancebetweengenes less
37.240 lessno Recombination I
Independentassort 88
Moreno
of Recombination
of
RnYy 88 88 88 88 y y gg
am dominant

xperimentalverification
of
chromosomaltheory
8 8 8 8
y y I 8 8 8
got yucetygan g
wasgivenby THOMASHUNT MORGAN
binants
CresaHoeErossingLRe.com

BrownBodyand
x q g
male Yow bodywhite

iesi
histone pyredeye eye
female

isi
1 io
Iiisiiiiiingeing
why
Becauseitcaneasily
medium
legfruit
growin simplesynthetic
Bodyand
Brown
BrownBodyand
i red
lifecycle 2weeks
short D
www.noemeenmaieaigieemaiecsmaniiia.im'iisiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnisiliinisiasisinxtitiitts fa Redeyefemale eyeMale

aswellastheircharacters
i

singlematingcanproducelargeoffspring
yy withoutcrossingover withcrossingover

e ii
ii oi
cc
easilycrossed
whiteeye d colour
É y
edge
cat
I
Base
all ofspringRedeyes al offspringwith qq.intent i
greybody u n is
i
i iii
deyeisdominantoverwhite Greybodycolours is É
qt Ift É
y dominantover
yellow
i panama type 98
 3rdcross linkage Thephysical association onchromoso
Reciprocal
Term coined by MORGAN
A on samechromosomeso
theyare linked
awny Morgan didnotgetmendeltyperesult
Because which were selected
characters
byMorgan thier genes werepresentonthe
same chromosomes theywerelinked

Because characters selected Mendel were

by
Cross B
ofMorgan independentlyassociated presenton
chromosome
diff
whitebodyand
miniature
X Redeye andnormal Recombinants nonparientaltype arethe
wings
Y in Ying it iii
result
of CROSSINGOVER
iii

cross it in recomina.is watoafrecotiiinaits

100
frequency tote af offspring
p

Distancebetweengene Distance betwe

white
eye and less gene MORE
Normal
Redeyeand miniaturewing
wing STURDWENT
student ofMorgan
Cross without CO withcrossingover used the R f to measuredistance betwe
Y Y Y thegenesandlocation GENETIC MAP
It m Y I
t int if Rf Nyo then distancebetweenge
I nunits
it
It it
Parentaltype 62.8
m it
y I
m at
Recombinant
m
37.2
thprokaryote
Makunits
In Eukaryotes
Centimorgan
ecombinationa Distancebetween
gene 2nd cross
white colourappears
so distancetRecombination t
if eye notatosome
in female maleneterogamity female'heterogamig
with.it iimoYI8Ytige
Macefrome
diff
typesofgametes
femalefrom
diff
ofgamete
types
Lavage y y
geneisnotpresentony

FR fr testers xylnn Xo xx
Xo xx 2W 22 Zo

S
zz
y 18181,99918 0000
Iiiiiigegenet tooooo
male female male female
female male
female ma

andy randy again

grasshopper age
qq.g.gg SEXDETERMINATION IN HONEY BEE
Randynottogelter Randytogether worker Queen
www.msn.i.a.am Male Female
geneswhich Fenton
homologous chromosomes
onepairaf
arealsolinked
only
pair
ableto express in a Homologous
itself
or withY majority
4 16 24 32
meiosis
sotheyform linkagegroup mitosis
no no n l6 4 16
linkage group onlyonmales onbothsex bothsext
itcharacterisogtaigggistituaracterison Dione Dtrone
nHuman female in human male gene of
that
character
andneffect andresultswerechange
of 24 32
shouldiepresent cross
Reciprocal duetoresprocalcros male male
22 pairof
apitosome Idf pigging typing onmores
autosome
geneate on
n chromosome
female male lats royaljelly eatsfruits
22group group 22 141 femalexmale

mm mm Oden Workers
Holandni sex sex Dronesdevelopfromgamete
www.ygygggnnynnmyy by
genespresenton Getter're t infedeatigienmale
Parthenogenesis
Ychromosome femaleintue
eggene.fi
influence Development of an organism
egsry gene
pp t withoutfertilisation
harmaggacter
male
development bothsexout onbothsex but
Effie's in
TDF'gene only onesex onesex
egpanernoalaingDroue male honeybee dont have
crestisaturaining
fementob
father butthey have grandfather
 MENDELIAN DISORDER Inn COLOUR BLINDNESS

If Yg
NormalfemaleCoudarried
cone cell responsibleforcolouredvision
Disorders duetto singlegene
n normal
female
tunability to see particularcolourdueto
no of conecell
AutosomalRecessive
genes tinstonisigmosome Phenylketonuria Bad Dad Dad
anddiseasewillonly
expressinHomozygous
genes are presenton
autosomes
Gene Phylalaninehydroxylase
lay me x link recessivedisorder
forminggene
linked diseaseonlyexpressed present on 12 Chr
Patagonia
linked
tertian
in HOMOZYGOUSCOND Tyrosine n'n colourblindfemale
g
eamophillia Calotobhain
achenemasala
n a Normalbutcarrierfemale
n n Normalfemale
c gateptitis

y
male
P PKU phenylketonuria distropy
A Albinism Polydacy
jjgj.ly1
enzyme phenylpynevicacid neh
S Sicklecelldisease probability of diseasedmass arm
T thalassemia so Phylpyruviciwill accumilate in the higher thanfemales in caseof n tin
brain which is harmful andurine Receivedisorder
ISEASES Reason
Clottingfactors sithesizedin liver lessinfemale more in male
QueenVictoria was acarrier
Tissue
ca nun x
of Haemophilia o producediseased toproducedisease
n male
y female
XI XICal X X x ly
cat
bothparents
d
d
mmmm
jpgp x y F s v
which is ararepossibility
possibilitymuch
itaintiintiia ofX diseased son or50 higher
bleeders disease tBleedingandclottingtime X x x
Royal'sdiseaseoflondon
ydsieagetembryol CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
n link Recessivedisorder xnxx.gg
dead
cferth Idleat
Haemophilia Aneuploid Polyploidy
neamophillicmale
HaemophiliaA Haemophilia B go Anaphase failure onlyint
Deficiency
factorno
of Deficiency
factorno
of of
laterstage life cytokinesis
Antiltamophilic
dieinAdolescence lossorgainofchromosome increasein noafcho
ago oofdicasedson orsoo
classicallteamopui.li mum
 w d
mm
cellcycle
Anaphase Ég Anueploidy
s Anaphasefain
Conantative
shorteningofglobulin chain
nondisjunction
NOMI 2

i
É of
segregation q.gg

i
forThalasamia
21 ins
g qq.gg12,34

UGG Tryptophan
24 1
an my IÉÉÉi
UAG stop Condon
emanation Jonantative
Anaphasic shorteningofglobulinchain
failure
gf awaydoesthisoccur
in E x
y
breastdevelopment
poor
n'ofemale Turner'ssyndrome Absence or reduced Absence or reduced
underdeveloped

pain ma
ayy peep x chain
for
precipitate

i
Klinefelter syndrome RBCRuptures RBErupted
tallmale
Chromosome 16 Chromose heyy
TFetmaietype
pubichairpattern It B A1 metati it BB mutase
www it BA2
d
me.si eiseesimiii ij i cu 16 A on cut
HOB
2 closelylinkedgenes geneon
single
symptoms Chr't
statured
short Fits smallrounded head presentoncum io
Mutationtof thesegens Mutation
Furrowed tongue withpartiallyopenmouth leadsto thalesemia
haltasimia
Broadpalmwithcharacteristicpalmcrass 1 GAI chainsynthesis
HbAz H613 Bcha
conjunitalheartdisease Teanoglobin synthesis
 2 Autosomal Vs Senlinked
ifallmales ta malefemale ifsomemale
affected affected affected
to
linked linked
Y Autosomal X

RuleNoz Makegenotype

RuleNou startfromchildto parents

PEDIGREANALYSIS
Normalar Healthymale

Normalar Healthy female

Diseased male

Diseased female

cross

Incest 98sethelative

gendernot specified
s 5 unaffectectedchildren

B carrierfemale

carrier male

ULES TO SOLVE PEDIGREE

1 Dominant Is Recessive
f disease is present ineverygeneration Dominant
f Healthyparents havediseasedchild Recessio