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FOUNDATIONS
o f

MOBILE RADIO
ENGINEERING

Michel Daoud Yacoub

University of Campinas
Sao Paulo, Brazil

(0
CRC Press
Boca Raton Boston London New York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Yacoub, Michel Daoud.

Foundations of mobile radio engineering / Michel Daoud Yacoub.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-8677-2
1. Mobile radio stations. 2. Mobile communication systems.
I. Title.
TK6570.M6Y33 1993
621.3845—dc20 92-38563
CIP

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted
material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed.
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion,
for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press
LLC for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.

T radem ark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are only used for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

© 1993 by CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-8493-8677-2
Library of Congress Card Number 92-38563
Printed in the United States of America 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
 Preface

In the past few years that I have been involved with mobile radio communica­
tions I have felt the need for a textbook or a reference that would treat the
various topics related to this challenging area in an accessible and com pre­
hensive way. However, mobile radio engineering involves virtually all the
areas of telecommunications, and a book covering the subject thoroughly
would require many volumes and several authors.
Some of the phenom ena of mobile radio communications have already
been explored in various classic textbooks, where mobile radio would appear
just as an advanced application case. Moreover, many techniques, initially
used in other applications, are found to be perfectly suited to mobile radio
needs. Therefore, writing a specialized book on this area would require a
careful compilation of the various m aterials in the well-established literature.
This is only partially true. Since the emergence of the first cellular systems,
a great deal of research has been undertaken and a significant am ount of
interesting results obtained. W hat initially used to belong to a very restricted
area of research has now become the main part of most of the investigations.
It seems to me that all the communications research and development
activities are steering toward mobile radio applications.
To compile both the basic and the more advanced materials in a one-
volum e-one-author book is literally impossible. In this book I have endeav­
ored to address what I consider to be a useful and broad subset of this vast
field.
Intended for use by advanced students and professional engineers involved
in mobile communications research, the book includes both basic and ad­
vanced m aterials covered in considerable depth. The chapters are ordered so
that knowledge is acquired in a logical and progressive way. The reader will
find, in sequence, an introduction to the subject, the description and analysis
of the basic phenom ena, some practical solutions to the problems, and more
advanced m aterials. Each chapter starts with a preamble, abstracting the
topics to be found in it, and ends with a section of summary and conclusions,
where the main results and general comments are included. The m athem ati­
cal derivations are m eant to be clear, logical, and thorough; whenever
necessary, additional inform ation is appended at the end of the correspond­
ing chapter, providing a self-contained book.
The book covers both analog and digital systems, making use of analytical
as well as M onte Carlo simulation solutions to the various problems. The
problem of cell coverage area is tackled on a determ inistic and on a statistical

iii
 PREFACE

basis, whereas adjacent-channel and cochannel interference problems take

into account the system traffic load. Digital techniques include speech coding
and m odulation schemes, with emphasis given to those used by the American
and European systems. Multiple-access architectures, such as FDM A, TDM A,
and CDM A, are investigated and the A LOH A access protocol is analyzed in
a mobile radio environment. The book also explores the traffic engineering
aspects, studying several channel allocation techniques where some new
algorithms are included.
The book is divided into six parts.
Part I Introduction comprises Chapters 1 and 2.
C hapter 1 traces a brief history of mobile radio communications engi­
neering, bringing up the main events that have contributed to its develop­
ment. It also describes the various mobile radio services and explores the
spectrum allocation problems.
C hapter 2 addresses the basic principles of cellular mobile radio systems,
giving an overview of the main points to be considered in a system design.
Part II Mobile Radio Channel comprises Chapters 3 and 4.
C hapter 3 analyzes the mobile radio propagation phenom ena, such as path
loss, shadowing, and m ultipath propagation, and their statistics. The problem
of cell coverage area is tackled on a deterministic and statistical basis. The
boundaries between cells are also investigated, with the aim of determ ining
the proportion of overlapped service areas.
C hapter 4 is entirely devoted to the various topics related to m ultipath
propagation phenom ena, such as time delay, delay spread, D oppler effect,
coherence bandwidth, random FM, etc. It outlines the main points to be
considered in field measurem ents. Finally, it describes some analog and
digital mobile radio channel simulators.
Part III Diversity-Combining Methods comprises Chapters 5 and 6.
C hapter 5 analyzes the various diversity schemes used to combat fading.
The problem is first approached from the macroscopic side and then from
the microscopic side. The chapter also investigates envelope-combining
methods, where they are assessed by a measure of the SNR obtained at the
output of the combiners.
C hapter 6 examines the perform ance of digital transmission over a fading
environment where several diversity techniques are used and compared. The
chapter also includes an appendix on channel coding.
Part IV Noise, Interference, and Modulation comprises Chapters 7, 8,
and 9.
C hapter 7 is concerned with noise and with cochannel and adjacent-chan-
nel interference problems. It investigates the influence of the traffic load on
the adjacent-channel and cochannel interferences. M onte Carlo simulation is
used to approach the problem of cochannel interference in a more realistic
way.
C hapter 8 examines the analog modulation schemes, such as AM, SSB, and
FM, in a mobile radio environment.
 PREFACE v

C hapter 9 describes and analyzes some speech-coding and digital m odula­

tion techniques in a mobile radio environment. Emphasis is given to those
schemes used by the American and European mobile digital systems.
Part V Multiple Assess comprises Chapters 10 and 11.
C hapter 10 describes multiple-access architectures such as FDM A, TDMA,
and CDMA. In particular, CDM A systems are investigated in the light of the
information of spread-spectrum technology.
C hapter 11 analyzes the various multiple-access protocols such as CSMA,
slotted ALOHA, and PRM A. In particular, the perform ance of the slotted
A LOH A scheme is investigated in a mobile radio environment.
Part VI Traffic comprises C hapter 12.
C hapter 12 examines some of the main channel allocation techniques that
can be used in a mobile radio system. More specifically, it analyzes one global
approach by means of M onte Carlo simulation and a local approach by
m eans of analytical methods, using some well-known tools from queueing
theory.
T he tutorial value of this book would make it suitable for use both in the
classroom and as a reference. The book can be used as a textbook for a
two-term graduate course, with the first six chapters and the remaining six
comprising each term , respectively.
 Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Professor Attilio J. Giarola for his encouragem ent and

patient review of the m anuscript. I am indebted to my colleagues of the
D epartm ent of Communications, School of Electrical Engineering, at The
State University of Campinas (UNICAM P) for their assistance and helpful
inputs.
I have been privileged to share the wisdom and experience of the many
engineers attending my courses who stimulated discussions and gave me
valuable suggestions. In the same way, I have had the honor of supervising
the research projects of many students who have contributed with original
results, some of them partially included in this book. In particular, I thank
J. C. E. Mencia, O. C. Branquinho, J. L. A. D ’Annibale, G. Fernandes,
E. J. Leonardo, N. F. Keffer, A. A. Shinoda, A. F. Victoria, and E.
Nisembaum.
I acknowledge the support of the School of Electrical Engineering at
UNICAM P, the R & D C enter of Telebras (CPqD-Telebras), Serifa
Editora^ao e Informatica, CNPq, CAPES, and FAPESP.
Among those who have lent their help in different ways I would like to
mention Professor K. W. C atterm ole, Professor C. J. Hughes, Dr. J. Szajner,
Dr. B. S. Ramos, Dr. C. D. Yacoub, Mr. J. Claypool, Ms. Sarah W. Roesser,
and Ms. Janete S. Toma.
Finally, my w holehearted gratitude to my wife, M aria Nidia, and my
children, Alexandre, Helena, Carolina, Ricardo, and Vimcius, for enduring
the apparently endless writing period of this book.
To my dear parents, D aoud and Helena
 Table of Contents

Preface

Part I Introduction ..................................................................................... 1

1 Mobile Radio System...........................................................................3

1.1 In tro d u c tio n .................................................................................................3
1.2 Conventional Mobile System s..................................................................4
1.3 Technological E v o lu tio n ..........................................................................5
1.4 Mobile Radio S ervices.............................................................................11
1.5 System Design C o n sid e ra tio n s ............................................................. 15
1.6 Frequency Planning and Spectrum A llo c a tio n ................................. 16
1.7 Summary and C on clu sio n s.................................................................... 20
R eferences...........................................................................................................20

2 Cellular Mobile Radio.........................................................................23

2.1 In tro d u c tio n .............................................................................................. 23
2.3 The Cellular Ja rg o n ................................................................................. 25
2.3 Essential Characteristics of the Cellular S y ste m s............................26
2.4 Basic Components of a Cellular Mobile S y s te m .............................. 27
2.5 System Architecture ...............................................................................29
2.6 The Theory of Cellular P a tte rn s ...........................................................31
2.7 System Expansion T e c h n iq u e s .............................................................38
2.8 Perform ance M easures and Efficiency................................................42
2.9 Traffic E n g in e e rin g ................................................................................. 45
2.10 Data and Control Signalling..................................................................45
2.11 Cellular System Requirem ents and E ngineering.............................. 51
2.12 Alternative Traffic Perform ance Enhancem ent Techniques . . . .52
2.13 Summary and C on clu sio n s.................................................................... 56
R eferen ces.......................................................................................................... 57

Part II Mobile Radio Channel................................................................ 59

3 Mobile Radio Propagation Model..................................................... 61

3.1 In tro d u c tio n ..............................................................................................61
3.2 A ntenna F u n d a m e n ta ls.........................................................................62
3.3 Propagation Path L o s s ........................................................................... 68
x CONTENTS

3.4 Statistical Distributions of the Mobile Radio S ig n a l..................... 88

3.5 Signal Coverage A rea (Cell A r e a ) .......................................................98
3.6 Boundaries Between C e l l s ................................................................. 103
3.7 Summary and C o n clu sio n s................................................................. 121
R e fe re n c e s.........................................................................................................123

4 Multipath Propagation Effects....................................................... 125

4.1 In tro d u c tio n ...........................................................................................125
4.2 Velocities of Wave P ro p a g a tio n .......................................................126
4.3 D oppler F re q u e n c y ............................................................................... 127
4.4 Delay S pread...........................................................................................129
4.5 Coherence B a n d w id th .........................................................................130
4.6 Level Crossing R a te ..............................................................................142
4.7 Average D uration of F a d e s.................................................................. 145
4.8 Random Frequency M o d u la tio n ........................................................146
4.9 Power Spectra of the Received S ig n a l.............................................149
4.10 Field M e a su re m e n t.............................................................................. 151
4.11 Radio Channel S im u latio n ................................................................. 155
4.12 Summary and C o n clu sio n s................................................................. 160
Appendix 4A Mean Distances Between F a d in g s ................................. 162
Appendix 4B Digital Low-Pass F i l t e r ..................................................... 164
Appendix 4C Sampling D istrib u tio n s..................................................... 165
R e fe re n c e s........................................................................................................ 167

Part III Diversity-Combining M eth ods..............................................169

5 Fading Counteractions.....................................................................171
5.1 In tro d u c tio n ...........................................................................................171
5.2 Long-Term Fading C o u nteraction .................................................... 172
5.3 Short-Term (Fast) Fading C o u n teractio n ........................................174
5.4 Diversity S c h e m e s................................................................................ 174
5.5 Combining S chem es..............................................................................181
5.6 Statistical Properties and Performance M easu re...........................185
5.7 Comparative Performance of Combining T e c h n iq u e s................ 197
5.8 O ther Relevant P o in ts .........................................................................199
5.9 Summary and C o n clu sio n s.................................................................202
Appendix 5A Correlation Factor of Two Signals at the
Base S ta tio n ......................................................................... 204
Appendix 5B Optim um Branch G ain for Maximal-Ratio
C om bining............................................................................206
Appendix 5C The Chi-Square D istrib u tio n ...........................................209
R e fe re n c e s........................................................................................................ 211

6 Data Transmission and Signalling............................................... 213

6.1 In tro d u c tio n .......................................................................................... 213
6.2 Digital M odulation Schem es.............................................................. 214
 CONTENTS xi

6.3 E rror Rates for Binary System s......................................................... 215

6.4 Probability of Errors in a D ata S tream ............................................ 216
6.5 Improving the Performance of Digital T ran sm issio n...................216
6.6 Diversity and Digital T ra n sm issio n ................................................. 217
6.7 Error Detecting and Correcting C odes............................................ 220
6.8 M ultiple T ra n sm issio n ........................................................................ 222
6.9 Interleaving.............................................................................................224
6.10 Autom atic R epeat R eq u est................................................................ 224
6.11 Adaptive E q u a liz a tio n ........................................................................ 224
6.12 Comparative Performance and Combined T e c h n iq u e s ..............226
6.13 Choice of C o d e .....................................................................................228
6.14 Summary and C o n clu sio n s.................................................................229
Appendix 6A Channel Coding: A Basic
In trod uctio n.........................................................................230
R efe ren c es........................................................................................................249

Part IV Noise, Interference,

and Modulation..........................................................................251

7 Noise and Interference....................................................................253

7.1 In tro d u c tio n .......................................................................................... 253
7.2 N o is e .......................................................................................................254
7.3 Additive N oise....................................................................................... 254
7.4 Multiplicative N o ise............................................................................. 260
7.5 I n te rfe re n c e .......................................................................................... 262
7.6 Adjacent-Channel In terferen ce.........................................................263
7.7 Cochannel In te rfe re n c e ...................................................................... 271
7.8 Noise and Interference
C o u n te ra c tio n s......................................................................................283
7.9 Summary and C o n clu sio n s.................................................................289
Appendix 7A Thermal N o is e ....................................................................290
Appendix 7B Shot N o is e ............................................................................291
Appendix 7C Signal-to-Noise Ratio at the O utput
of a R e c e iv e r.......................................................................293
Appendix 7D Probability of Adjacent-Channel
In terferen ce.........................................................................294
Appendix 7E Distribution of the SNR in a Lognormal
Fading E nvironm ent..........................................................299
Appendix 7F Outage Probability for the “ Interference-Only”
C a s e ......................................................................................300
R e fe re n c e s........................................................................................................301

8 Analog Modulation for Mobile R a d io ........................................... 303

8.1 In tro d u c tio n .......................................................................................... 303
8.2 Perform ance M easures of M odulation T ec h n iq u e s ..................... 304
8.3 Am plitude M odulation........................................................................ 305
xii CONTENTS

8.4 Single-Sideband M odulation................................................................ 315

8.5 Frequency M odulation ...........................................................................321
8.6 Summary and C o n clu sio n s...................................................................340
Appendix 8A Power Spectral Density of a Narrowband
N oise....................................................................................... 341
Appendix 8B Signal-to-Signal-Suppression Noise Ratio
of AM System ..................................................................... 342
Appendix 8C Single-Tone M o d u la tio n ................................................... 343
R e fe re n c e s.........................................................................................................344

9 Digital Techniques for Mobile R a d io ............................................ 345

9.1 In tro d u c tio n ............................................................................................345
9.2 Speech Coding for Mobile R a d i o ......................................................347
9.3 Linear Predictive C o d in g .....................................................................349
9.4 Vector Quantization .............................................................................351
9.5 Some LPC T echniques..........................................................................352
9.6 Digital M odulation for Mobile R a d i o ..............................................356
9.7 QPSK and A-Shifted DQPSK Modulation S c h e m e s .................... 357
9.8 MSK and GMSK M odulation S c h e m e s ........................................... 367
9.9 Combined T e c h n iq u e s..........................................................................375
9.10 Summary and C o n clu sio n s.................................................................. 378
Appendix 9a Power Spectral D en sity ..................................................... 379
R e fe re n c e s........................................................................................................ 382

PartV Multiple Access..........................................................................385

10 Multiple-Access Architecture......................................................... 387

10.1 In tro d u c tio n ........................................................................................... 387
10.2 Narrowband and W ideband
A rchitectures........................................................................................... 388
10.3 Frequency-Division Multiple A c c e s s ................................................ 389
10.4 Time-Division Multiple A c c e ss.......................................................... 396
10.5 Code-Division Multiple ^ c c e s s .......................................................... 401
10.6 Two-Way Communication .................................................................. 411
10.7 Summary and C o n clu sio n s..................................................................412
R efe ren c es........................................................................................................413

11 Access Protocols.............................................................................415
11.1 In tro d u c tio n ........................................................................................... 415
11.2 Protocol C a te g o rie s.............................................................................. 415
11.3 Performance E valuation...................................................................... 416
11.4 Access P ro to c o ls ................................................................................... 417
11.5 Some Comments on the P ro to co ls.....................................................421
11.6 Slotted ALOHA in a Mobile Radio E nvironm ent.........................422
11.7 Summary and C o n clu sio n s................................................................. 428
 CONTENTS xiii

Appendix 11A Slotted A LO H A in Mobile Radio

E n v iro n m e n t...................................................................... 429
R e fe re n c e s........................................................................................................432

Part VI Traffic.........................................................................................435

12 Traffic Aspects in Mobile Radio

Systems...........................................................................................437
12.1 In tro d u c tio n ........................................................................................... 437
12.2 Queueing and Traffic Theory
F u n d am en tals........................................................................................ 438
12.3 Traffic Performance Enhancem ent T echniques..............................446
12.4 Hybrid Channel A llocation................................................................. 449
12.5 Blocking Threshold V a riatio n .............................................................451
12.6 Summary and C o n clu sio n s................................................................. 459
Appendix 12A Three-Level Logic............................................................... 461
Appendix 12B Approximate M ean Blocking
Probability for the BTV
S trateg y .................................................................................463
Appendix 12C Blocking Probability T ab le................................................467
R e fe re n c e s........................................................................................................470

Index..........................................................................................................473
 PARTI
Introduction
14 MOBILE RADIO SYSTEM

handset operates for one-eighth of the time. Accordingly, the rest of the time
can be used for other applications.

1.4.4.4 DECT — The Third Generation

The digital E uropean cordless telephone (DECT) is also a third-generation
cordless telephone, specified to be used throughout Europe. It is very similar
to CT3, using TD M A architecture, 20-MHz bandwidth, 12 channels per cell,
and a total of 12 channels per carriers.

1.4.5 Personal Communications

Personal communications networks (PCN) aim at providing a “ go-any-

where telephone that can be used at any time with a guarantee of a quality
service” .21 The idea is to provide low-cost and high-quality mobile communi­
cations for the mass market. The cellular architecture is kept but the cells are
much smaller, with a consequent reduction of the handset power. On the
other hand, the num ber of base stations required for this service increases
drastically. Cell size may vary from a radius of 1 km in city centers to 6 km in
the country. The spectrum space planned to be allotted to PCNs is at
1.8 GHz, where the spectrum is fairly clean.

1.4.6 Mobile - Satellite Communications

“ M obile-Satellite Service provides communication between earth stations

and one or more space stations, or between mobile earth stations via one or
more space stations” .23 The earth stations can be located on board ships,
aircrafts, or terrestrial vehicles— characterizing the maritime, aeronautical,
or land m obile-satellite services, respectively. In addition, “ this service can
be used to detect and locate distress signals from survival craft stations and
emergency position-indicating radio beacon stations.” 23
Among the various international systems providing telecommunications (in
general) by satellite we mention INTELSAT (Internatioanl Telecom munica­
tions Satellite Organization), EUTELSAT (European Telecommunications
Satellite Organization), and INM ARSAT (International M aritime Satellite
Organization). These organizations are financed by their members (countries),
to whom the given services are hired out.
In particular, INM A RSAT’S primary mission is to provide data, voice,
and emergency communications to ships and platforms. M ore recently,
INM A RSAT is aiming at offering its services to be used for air traffic control
worldwide.
A global integration of the mobile services is likely to occur in the near
future and will certainly make use of satellites. M otorola has given a step
forward proposing the Iridium System, where 66 low-orbit satellites in
connection with 37 cells would cover the entire globe. The advantage of
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right. And first the president approacheth, and kisseth the
honourable cross, and the priest signeth him in the face with the
aspergillus with the sanctified water. Then the priests come forward
in their order. And after this all the brotherhood in order.
And the troparion,
In Jordan when thou wast baptized, O Lord.... is sung many times,
until all the brotherhood are sanctified with the sprinkling of the
water.
And straightway we go into the temple, singing the idiomelon, tone
vi.
Ye faithful, let us sing the greatness of God’s providence for us; for
he that for our sins became a man, in Jordan for our cleansing
cleansed was, himself alone being pure and uncorrupt, me hallowing
and the waters, and the dragons’ heads crushing the water in. Then,
brethren, let us water draw with joy; for unto them that draw in faith
the Spirit’s grace invisibly is given by Christ, the God and Saviour of
our souls.
Then, Blessed be the name of the Lord.... thrice.
And Psalm xxxiii. I will bless the Lord at all times....
And, first having drunk of the sanctified water, we receive the
antidoron from the priest. And he maketh the full dismissal.
He that vouchsafed to be baptized in Jordan for our salvation,
Christ our true God, through the prayers of his Most Pure Mother,
and of all the Saints, have mercy upon us and save us, as being
good and the lover of mankind.
 Chapter XXIV.
PRAYER AT THE BLESSING OR FLESH-MEAT ON
THE HOLY AND GREAT SUNDAY OF PASCHA.

The priest maketh,

Blessed be our God....
Christ is risen.... thrice.
Then, Let us pray to the Lord.
Lord, have mercy.
O Lord Jesus Christ, our God, look thou upon flesh-meat, and
sanctify it, as thou didst sanctify the ram which the faithful Abraham
brought unto thee, and as the lamb which Abel offered unto thee as
a holocaust, likewise also as the fatted calf which thou didst bid to be
killed for thy prodigal son when he returned again to thee, that as he
was counted worthy to enjoy thy grace, so may we also enjoy those
things that are sanctified and blessed by thee for the nourishment of
us all. For thou art the true nourishment, and the giver of good
things, and to thee we ascribe glory, with thine unbeginning Father,
and with thy most holy, and good, and life-creating Spirit, now and
ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
 Chapter XXV.
PRAYER AT THE BLESSING OF CHEESE AND
EGGS.

Master, Lord our God, author and creator of all things, bless thou the
curdled milk, and with this also the eggs, and preserve us in thy
goodness, that, as we partake of these, we may be filled with thine
ungrudgingly bestowed gifts, and with thine unspeakable goodness.
For thine is the might, and thine is the kingdom, and the power, and
the glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, now
and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
 Chapter XXVI.
PRAYER AT THE PARTAKING OF GRAPES ON
THE VIth DAY OF AUGUST.

Let us pray to the Lord.

Lord have mercy.
Bless, O Lord, this new fruit of the vine, which through the salubrity
of the air, and through showers of rain and temperate weather, thou
art well-pleased should at this time attain unto maturity. May our
partaking of this new growth of the vine be for gladness, and for the
offering of a gift unto thee for the cleansing of sins, through the
sacred and holy body of thy Christ, with whom thou art blessed,
together with thy most holy, and good, and life-creating Spirit, now
and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
And be it known that this prayer is said, where there are vineyards,
over grapes, and these are brought into the temple for a blessing on
this sixth day of August. But here in great Russia, where, vineyards
are not found, apples are this day brought into the temple, and the
prayer for them that offer first-fruits is said, of which the beginning is,
Master, Lord our God....
And likewise other fruits, let each be brought in their season to the
temple for a blessing, and then let the prayer be said over them.
 Chapter XXVII.
PRAYER FOR THEM THAT OFFER FIRST-FRUITS.

Master, Lord our God, who biddest everyone according to their

purpose to offer unto thee thine own of thine own, and bestowest
upon them in return thine everlasting blessings, who didst favourably
accept the offering of as much as she could of the widow; do thou
now also accept the things offered by thy servant, name, and
vouchsafe to lay up the same in thine eternal treasury, and grant
unto him abundant possession of thy worldly blessings, together with
all things that are serviceable unto him.
For blessed is thy name, and glorified is thy kingdom, of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, now and ever, and to
ages of ages. Amen.
 Chapter XXVIII.
PRAYER AT THE LAYING OF THE FOUNDATION
OF A HOUSE.

O God Almighty, who didst make the heaven in understanding, and

didst found the earth on its firmness, thou builder and creator of all;
look upon thy servant, name, who purposeth, in the might of thy
strength, to erect a house for habitation, and to set it up with a
building. Do thou stablish the same on a firm rock, and, according to
thy divine evangelical voice, so found it that neither wind nor water,
nor anything whatsoever may be able to injure it. Be pleased to bring
it to completion, and deliver them that desire to live therein from
every snare of the enemy.
For thine is the might, and thine is the kingdom, and the power,
and the glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost,
now and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
 Chapter XXIX.
PRAYER WHEN ONE ENTERETH INTO A NEW
HOUSE.

O God our Saviour, who was pleased to enter in under the roof of
Zaccheus, and didst bring salvation unto him and unto all his house;
do thou thyself now also preserve unhurt from every harm them that
have purposed to live here, and offer unto thee prayers and
supplications through us unworthy ones, blessing those whose
dwelling-place is here, and preserving their life without snares.
For to thee is due all glory, honour, and worship, with thine
unbeginning Father, and with thy most holy, and good, and life-
creating Spirit, now and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
 Chapter XXXIII.
PRAYER FOR ONE THAT PURPOSETH TO GO ON
A JOURNEY.

O God, our God, the true and living way, who didst journey with thy
servant Joseph; do thou journey with thy servant, name, and deliver
him from every storm and snare, and peace and vigour continually
provide. Be pleased that, having accomplished every intention of
righteousness, according to thy commandment, and being filled with
temporal and heavenly blessings, he may return again.
For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, now and ever, and to
ages of ages. Amen.
 FOOTNOTES
[1] The office for the laying on of hands of a bishop is not found
in the book here mentioned, and consequently no translation of
this office will be found in the present work.
[2] This work also contains the troparia for the day and other
matter not written at length in the text of the present one.
[3] See Euchology, chap. xxvii.
[4] These verses form no part of the proper Easter service, but
are sung at Matins on ordinary Sundays. See Euchology, page
25.
[5] This Doxology is the one sung at Matins on an ordinary
week-day when no festival is observed. See Euchology, page
105. And observe how the present office, with its Stichera, etc.,
takes the form of Matins.
[6] These Verses are proper for the Saturday of meat-
abstinence. See Euchology, page 261.
[7] This verse is proper to Matins, and serves as a keynote to
indicate whether the occasion is a joyful or a penitential one, it
being superseded by the singing of Alleluia in the latter case. See
Euchology, pages 23 and 94.
[8] An exclamation at the celebration of the Liturgy, after the
consecration and the intercession for the dead and living, and
before the ectenia that introduces the Lord’s prayer.
[9] Chap. vi., 3-11.
[10] Chap. xxxviii., 16 ad fin.
[11] The questions that follow, coming down from Byzantine
times, though retained in the Trébnik, are not now asked, but the
confessor waits for the penitent to reveal his or her offences, and,
when necessary, puts suitable questions, according to the
person’s condition, sex, and age.
[12] Here in the Trébnik follow some instructions respecting the
imposition of penance, which, according to the canons, consists
in prohibition from Holy Communion for a given time for certain
grave sins.
[13] Chap. v. 20, ad fin.
[14] Chap. ii. 1-11.
[15] James v: 10-16.
[16] Chap. x. 25-37.
[17] Chap. xv. 1-8.
[18] Chap. xix. 1-10.
[19] 1 Cor. xii. 27—xiii. 8.
[20] Chap. x. 1, 5-8.
[21] 2 Cor. vi. 16—vii. 1.
[22] Chap. viii. 14-23.
[23] 2 Cor. i. 8-11.
[24] Chap. xxv. 1-13.
[25] Chap. v. 22—vi. 2.
[26] Chap. xv., 21-28.
[27] 1 Thess. v., 14-23.
[28] Chap. ix., 9-13.
[29] Psalm xc.
[30] Psalm cxviii.
[31] 1 Thess. iv. 13-17.
[32] Chap. v. 24-30.
[33] Sun. chap. i. 1-8. Mon. chap. i. 12-17 21-26. Tues. chap. ii.
14-21. Wed. chap. ii. 22-36. Thurs. chap. ii. 38-43. Fri. chap. iii. 1-
8. Sat. chap. iii. 11-16.
[34] Matt. xxviii. 16-20.
[35] 1 Thess. iv. 13-17.
[36] Chap. v. 24-30.
[37] Chap. v. 12 ad fin.
[38] Chap. v. 17-24.
[39] Psalm xxiii.
[40] 1 Cor. xv. 1-11.
[41] Chap. vi. 35-39.
[42] Psalm lxxxiii.
[43] 1 Cor. xv. 20-28.
[44] Chap. vi. 40-44.
[45] Chap. xiv. 6-9.
[46] Chap. vi. 48-54.
[47] Psalms cxlviii, cxlix, and cl.
[48] Psalm xc.
[49] 1 Cor. xv. 39-45.
[50] Chap. vi. 35-39.
[51] Chap. ii. 11 ad fin.
[52] Chap. v. 1-4.
 APPENDIX.
THE LAYING ON OF HANDS.
 CONTENTS OF APPENDIX.
PAGE.
The office for the appointment of a reader and singer 5
The office that is used at the laying on of hands of a
subdeacon 9
The office that is used at the laying on of hands of a deacon 12
The office that is used at the appointment of an archdeacon
and a protodeacon 17
The office that is used at the laying on of hands of a
presbyter 18
The order of the office for the making of a protopresbyter 23
The office that is used at the appointment of an abbot 24
The office that is used at the appointment of an
archimandrite 27
 THE OFFICE FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF A
READER AND SINGER IS PERFORMED ON THIS
WISE.
He that is to be made a taper-bearer is brought by two
subdeacons into the middle of the church, and he maketh three
reverences. And, turning himself, he boweth thrice to the Archpriest;
and, having been conducted to the Archpriest, he boweth his head,
and the Archpriest signeth him crosswise with the hand upon his
head thrice. And after this, placing his hand upon his head, he saith
this prayer.
Lord, who with the light of thy wonders enlightenest all Creation, who
knowest the intention of each before it is formed, and strengthenest
them that desire to serve thee; do thou thyself adorn with thine
unspotted and undefiled robes thy servant, name, who is minded to
precede thy holy mysteries as a taper-bearer, that, being enlightened
and meeting thee in the world to come, he may obtain an
incorruptible crown of life, rejoicing with thine elect in everlasting
blessedness.
Exclamation. For hallowed is thy name, and glorified is thy
kingdom, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, now
and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.
And be it noted that, if the liturgy be not celebrated, the Archpriest
maketh the beginning, Blessed be our God.... and then is sung, O
heavenly King.... Trisagion. O most holy Trinity.... Our Father.... For
thine is the kingdom.... And the troparion of the day is said.
But if the liturgy be celebrated, O heavenly King.... and Trisagion
and Our Father.... are not sung, and only these troparia are said.
O holy apostles, pray the merciful God that he may grant our souls
remission of sins.
 The grace of thy mouth, shining forth like fire, hath illuminated the
universe, hath offered the world treasures of liberality, and hath
shewed to us the height of humility. And as thou instructest by thy
words, O father John Chrysostom, pray Christ, the Word of God, to
save our souls.
Thy sound is gone forth into all the earth, which hath received thy
word, whereby thou hast divinely taught, hast explained the nature of
things that are, and brightened the customs of men, O royal divine,
venerable father: pray thou Christ God to save our souls.
The shepherd’s reed of thy divinity hath overcome the trumpets of
the orators; for as to him that seeketh the deep things of the spirit, so
was the grace of language accorded thee. Then, father Gregory,
pray Christ God to save our souls.
Glory. Both now.
Through the prayers, O Lord, of all the saints, and of the God-
bearing one, grant thy peace to us, and have mercy upon us, as
being alone compassionate.
Then the Archpriest sheareth his head crosswise, saying, In the
name of the Father. A protodeacon and a reader, or a singer, say,
Amen. Archpriest. And of the Son. Protodeacon. Amen. Archpriest.
And of the Holy Ghost. Protodeacon. Amen.
Then the Archpriest putteth the short phelonion on him, and again
thrice signeth him crosswise on his head with the hand, and layeth
his hand upon him, and prayeth thus,
O Lord God almighty, elect this thy servant, and sanctify him, and
grant unto him, in all wisdom and understanding, to practise the
study and reading of thy divine words, preserving him in a blameless
course of life.
Exclamation.
Through the mercy, and compassions, and love to man of thine
only-begotten Son, with whom thou art blessed, together with thine
all-holy, and good, and life-creating Spirit, now and ever, and to ages
of ages. Amen.