Quote of the Day

“The only way to learn

mathematics is to do
mathematics.” – Paul Halmos
 BASIC CALCULUS
STEM 11

Instructor:
ENGR. BENJIE P. ICAIN, MAT Mathematics
Basic
Calculus

Unit 1
Lesson 1.2
Limits Laws
The learner will be able to:

1. Distinguish between lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑐)

𝑥→𝑐
2. Illustrate the limit laws
3. Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic
functions (polynomial, rational and radical)
 Limit Laws

THEOREMS ON LIMITS

1. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐, 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 then lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐

𝑥→𝑎

Illustrations:

a. lim 4 = 4 b. lim 9 = 9
𝑥→2 𝑥→6
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

2. If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 then lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎

𝑥→𝑎

Illustrations:

a. lim 𝑥 = 5 b. lim 𝑥 = 4
𝑥→5 𝑥→4
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

Let lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛;

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

3. lim 𝑐. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝐴, 𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑥→𝑎

Illustration:

a. lim 4𝑥 = 4 lim 𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= 4 (2)
= 8
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

Let lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛;

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

4. lim 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐴 ± 𝐵

Sum and
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 Difference
Illustration:

a. lim 𝑥 + 7 = lim 𝑥 + lim 7 a. lim 𝑥 − 7 = lim 𝑥 − lim 7

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 2+7 = 2-7
= 9 = -5
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

Let lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛;

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

5. lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 Product

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Illustration:

a. lim 3(2𝑥 + 1) = lim 3 ∙ lim 2𝑥 + 1

𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= 3(5)
= 15
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

Let lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛;

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴
6. lim = 𝑥→𝑎
= 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐵 ≠ 0 Quotient
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
𝐵

2𝑥+5 lim 2𝑥+5

𝑥→2
Illustration: a. lim =
𝑥→2 𝑥+3 lim 𝑥+3
𝑥→2
9
=
5
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

Let lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛;

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑛
7. lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑛 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Power

3
3
Illustration: a. lim 3𝑥 + 4 = lim 3𝑥 + 4
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

= (7)3
= 343
THEOREMS ON LIMITS

Let lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐵 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛;

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑛 𝑛
8. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) Root
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

3 3
Illustration: a. lim 𝑥2 +4= lim 𝑥 2 + 4
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
3
= 8

=2