Spirituality Religiousness and Health

From Research to Clinical Practice

Giancarlo Lucchetti
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Religion, Spirituality and Health: A Social Scientific Approach

Giancarlo Lucchetti
Mario Fernando Prieto Peres
Rodolfo Furlan Damiano Editors

Spirituality,
Religiousness
and Health
From Research to Clinical Practice
Religion, Spirituality and Health: A Social
Scientific Approach

Volume 4

Series Editors
Alphia Possamai-Inesedy, University of Western Sydney, Penrith,
New South Wales, Australia
Christopher G. Ellison, The University of Texas at San Antonio,
San Antonio, Texas, USA

Editorial Board
Amy Ai, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
Maureen Benjamins, Sinai Urban Health Institute, Chicago, USA
Alex Bierman, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Matt Bradshaw, Baylor University, Waco, USA
Alexander Broom, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
George Fitchett, Rush University, Chicago, USA
Paul Heelas, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, UK
Terrence Hill, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
Ellen Idler, Emory University, Druid Hills, USA
Harold Koenig, Duke University, Durham, USA
Neal Krause, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
Jeff Levin, Baylor University, Waco, USA
Pranee Liamputtong, Latrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
Keith Meador, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
Doug Oman, University of California-Berkeley, Oakland, USA
Kenneth Pargament, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, USA
Crystal Park, University of Connecticut, Storrs, USA
Jenny Trinitapoli, Pennsylvania State University, State College, USA
The relationship between religious/spiritual belief or behaviour and health behaviour
has been explored over several decades and across various disciplines. Religious
variables have consistently been found to have a direct relationship to physical and
mental health. At the same time - research has also indicated potential societal
tensions that can exist between religion and health – we have seen this in relation to
family planning, HIV/AIDS, and reproduction. This book series aims to uncover the
impact of religion on individual health behaviours and outcomes but also the
influence of religion on health practices at the community level. This book series
uncovers the impact of religion on individual health behaviors and outcomes, as
well as the influence of religion on health practices at the community level. It
consists of volumes that are based on multi-methodological approaches, provide
quantitative and qualitative forms of analysis, and advance the understanding of the
intersection between religion and health beyond the correlation of religious belief
and health outcomes. Building on earlier research, the series explores the direct
relationship between religious variables and physical and mental health, as well as
the potential societal tensions that have been shown to exist between religion and
health – for example in relation to family planning, HIV/AIDS, and reproduction.
Spoken values are often shared within religious communities; however, religious
influence can at times be extended outside of the community in instances of service
provisions such as hospital ownership, various research active think tanks, political
action, and the development of community mores.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13437

Giancarlo Lucchetti
Mario Fernando Prieto Peres
Rodolfo Furlan Damiano
Editors

Spirituality, Religiousness
and Health
From Research to Clinical Practice
Editors
Giancarlo Lucchetti Mario Fernando Prieto Peres
School of Medicine Institute of Psychiatry
Federal University of Juiz de Fora University of São Paulo
Juiz de Fora, Brazil São Paulo, Brazil
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein
Rodolfo Furlan Damiano
São Paulo, Brazil
Institute of Psychiatry
University of São Paulo
São Paulo, Brazil

ISSN 2627-6011     ISSN 2627-602X (electronic)

Religion, Spirituality and Health: A Social Scientific Approach
ISBN 978-3-030-21220-9    ISBN 978-3-030-21221-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21221-6

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Giancarlo Lucchetti: To my parents, José Carlos
Lucchetti (in memoriam) and Margarete C. C.
Lucchetti, for being examples of honesty and
perseverance and for supporting my journey into my
medical career. To my lovely wife, Alessandra L. G.
Lucchetti, my partner in the good and not-so-good
moments of my life, this book is also your
achievement, and it would not happen without your
guidance. To my friends Mario Peres and Rodolfo
Damiano for believing in this project from the
beginning, I learnt a lot with you.
Mario F. P. Peres: To the opportunity of living with a
great family, having great education, working with
great people, having great examples in life, having
enlightened by great masters, and learning with my
mistakes and for whoever made all this possible.
Rodolfo F. Damiano: To my parents, Henrique
Damiano and Magali C. F. Damiano, who supported
me through this adventure in medicine. To Dr.
Lisabeth L. DiLalla and Dr. Giancarlo Lucchetti, both
who trusted in my capacity and became a role model
to me (and probably to all their students). To all my
friends, professors, and colleagues who did not
hesitate in showing my fragilities and helped me to
become a better person.
Foreword

Many studies have shown that spiritual and religious beliefs impact mental and
physical health outcomes. Spirituality and religiosity (S/R) are usually positively
associated with quality of life and well-being and negatively associated with depres-
sion, anxiety, suicidality, and drug use. Likewise, S/R is related to a variety of health
parameters including blood pressure, levels of body inflammation, susceptibility to
coronary artery disease, and overall survival.
There are currently thousands of S/R studies published in peer-reviewed indexed
journals in all psychological, social, public health, and medical fields, and several
high-profile research groups from all over the world are now investigating these
relationships. The studies are increasing in sample size, quality of methodology
(increasing numbers of prospective studies in randomized clinical trials), and over-
all scientific credibility, and the results have been quite promising.
In addition, there are a growing number of clinical applications in medicine and
healthcare. Hospitals are insisting that staff take a spiritual history on patients, phy-
sicians are being more and more attentive to these issues, and patients are being
referred to chaplains to address their spiritual and religious needs. All these advances
support a more integrative and patient-centered approach to healthcare.
Several national and international organizations (“Joint Commission:
Accreditation, Health Care, Certification,” “World Health Organization,” “American
Psychiatric Association,” “American College of Physicians”) have already begun to
include the addressing of S/R in medical training programs, including nine out of
ten medical schools in the USA.
Nevertheless, there remain many challenges. The definition of spirituality does
not have universal consensus, and the instruments to measure S/R are diverse and
include many different dimensions. The mechanisms underlying the association
between S/R and health are not yet completely understood. Many studies are cross-­
sectional in design (prohibiting statements about causal direction), most samples
are from Christian traditions, and the worldwide incorporation of S/R in clinical
practice and in medical education has yet to occur.
This is the context in which this book, Spirituality, Religiousness and Health: From
Research to Clinical Practice, is making its appearance, trying to link solid evidence-

vii
viii Foreword

based research to clinical practice. This approach is interesting because it embraces

different perspectives and so is relevant to both scientific researchers and healthcare
practitioners. Many important topics are addressed in the 15 chapters of this book,
divided into 2 parts: “Part I: Spirituality, Religiousness and Health Research” and
“Part II: Clinical Implications of Spirituality, Religiousness and Health.”
In Part I, scientific evidence demonstrating a link between S/R and health will be
summarized, including a description of a great number of studies that have examined
mental, social, and physical health. In addition, definitions and measures to assess S/R
will be reviewed, and the criticisms and challenges facing the field will be examined.
In addition, spiritual interventions for mental health problems, studies on S/R and
pain modulation, and the impact of S/R in the health of older adults will be reviewed.
Part II will examine the application of the research findings to clinical practice
and healthcare. Topics such as spiritual care in secular societies, spirituality-­
integrated psychotherapy, the role of healthcare chaplaincy, spiritual care at the end
of life, spirituality and creativity in clinical practice, and integrating spirituality into
medical education will be discussed.
These chapters were written by 36 contributors from many institutions all over
the world, scholars with research and clinical experience conducting research on
S/R and health and integrating S/R into clinical practice. The contributors are from
a wide number of different healthcare specialties, which increases the interdisciplin-
ary nature of this volume.
The editors of this book (Drs. Giancarlo Lucchetti, Mario Peres, and Rodolfo
Damiano) have for many years been conducting research on S/R and come from
some of the top research centers in Brazil. This reflects the international scope that
research on S/R has achieved worldwide, from North and South America to Europe,
the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. This topic has now become an area of global
discussion.
This book provides an important contribution to the field of spirituality, religion,
and health. Readers will find here a brief but comprehensive update on the influence
that S/R has on health and how it is integrally related to the health of populations
and necessary in providing whole person healthcare. This volume will help point
researchers to the highest-priority studies for future research and provide clues on
how to integrate S/R into clinical practice in a sensitive and sensible manner.

Center for Spirituality, Theology and Health

Harold G. Koenig
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC, USA
Department of Medicine
King Abdulaziz University
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Ningxia Medical University
Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
Preface

Dear Reader,
The field of “spirituality, religion, and health” has been constantly growing in the
scientific community, and, along the last years, there are several excellent contribu-
tions to the area. Seminal articles and important books have been published in the
last decades, showing the influence of spiritual and religious beliefs in individual’s
mental, physical, and social health.
The idea of this book appears in this context. However, why do we need another
scientific book concerning this topic? What is the difference between this and many
others works available out there? Why did we decide to carry out a project such as
this one? Trying to answer these questions, we are going to report our rationale for
creating another book in this field.
We – the editors – have been working in this field of research for more than 15
years, publishing hundreds of scientific articles and working as reviewers and edi-
tors of indexed journals. Two years ago, we were invited by Springer to develop
such work. At that date, we had decided that it was the perfect time to move forward
and write a book that could become a reference for the field.
In our first meeting, we decided to understand what was needed in this field and
how could we help other researchers and clinicians to deal with these issues. Some
important books, such as the Handbook of Religion and Health; Spirituality in
Patient Care: Why, How, When, and What; Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in
Healthcare; and The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research,
Practice, were extensively reviewed in order to achieve what you are going to read
in the next sections of this book.
Thus, our first goal was to make this book easy reading and shorter than the other
available handbooks, even though maintaining its comprehensiveness. We believe
this format could satisfy different readers, from the healthcare student/clinician to
the top researcher.
Our second goal was to present an international approach, including authors
from all around the world, from Brazil to the USA, from India to Germany. This
approach will help the reader to understand the global context of the “Spirituality
and Health” field worldwide, by the hands of many different authors.

ix
x Preface

Our third goal was to provide an interdisciplinary discussion, including several

professions such as physicians, psychologists, physical therapists, nurses, and chap-
lains, among others. The inclusion of all these different professions will help the
reader to understand many different facets of this field and how there are different
clinical implications for healthcare.
Our fourth goal was to bridge the research – very important to understand the
scientific evidence of the field with the clinical practice – important to guide future
interventions and practice in healthcare. For this matter, we included a section dedi-
cated to scientific studies and another more dedicated to implications to healthcare
and medical education.
Our fifth goal was to invite important authors in order to bring those who are
working seriously in this field. Several well-known researchers were invited and
accepted to participate in this project, including Dr. Harold G. Koenig (the most
important researcher in this field, who honored us with his foreword), and many
others from all around the world. We are very grateful to all of them for trusting our
project.
Our sixth goal was to include important researchers affiliated to universities from
all around the world, showing that this field has been in the agenda of important
settings, such as the Duke University, Harvard Medical School, Baylor College of
Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, University of Witten/Herdecke,
Coventry University, Rush University, and Washington University, among others.
All these aforementioned goals become more and more evident on each of our
meeting sections, and the results are seen in this book. The name, Spirituality,
Religiousness and Health: From Research to Clinical Practice, was created in order
to include both spiritual and religious aspects, as well as both scientific research and
clinical practice. This represents the idea of a more comprehensive approach that we
tried to achieve in this project.
Both parts of the book will help the reader to “navigate in different seas.” The
first one, a more “hard” content, includes the concept of spirituality and religion,
how to measure these constructs in health research, criticisms to this field, the study
of belief, the evidence concerning physical and mental health in adults and older
persons, and the scientific evidence of spiritual interventions. In this part, the reader
will be able to understand at which point we are right now in this field, what comes
next, and how to understand the evidence. To achieve these objectives, each author
provides a comprehensive list of references, including up-to-date studies.
The second part deals with a more practical approach, highlighting the clinical
implications of addressing spirituality and religiousness. For that matter, we invited
authors from different cultural, professional, and scientific backgrounds. Readers
will be able to understand how these issues are addressed in secular societies, in
psychiatric care, in chaplaincy, at the end of life, to foster well-being, and finally in
the field of medical education. Our objectives here are to bring a more “hands-on”
approach and help the reader to use these guidelines in practice.
It is important to note that all these chapters work as a continuum, and we recom-
mend readers to read the entire book in sequence. However, anyone can read a sin-
gle chapter and will also understand the context within. Finally, we believe this
Preface xi

project could help all types of healthcare and non-healthcare professionals and
researchers to understand and also to enhance their knowledge in the field, present-
ing an update, evidence-based, and integral view of the field.
We wish you a very pleasant reading!

São Paulo, Brazil Giancarlo Lucchetti

January 6, 2018 Mario Fernando Prieto Peres
 Rodolfo Furlan Damiano
Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge all professors, preceptors, and supervisors who

helped us in building our career path.
We are especially grateful to all distinguish authors who believe in this ambitious
project and dedicated their time and efforts to write these chapters, especially Dr.
Harold Koenig, who gifted us with the foreword.
We would also like to express our gratitude to the publisher, Springer, for accept-
ing this book as part of the series “Philosophy and Religious Studies.”
Finally, we would like to acknowledge our students; you are the future of our
scientific community; we hope this book could serve as another step toward a more
humanistic, person-centered, and integrative medicine.

xiii
Contents

Part I Spirituality, Religiousness and Health Research

Conceptualizing Spirituality and Religiousness��������������������������������������������    3
Rodolfo F. Damiano, Mario F. P. Peres, and Marina A. B. Sena
Measuring Spirituality and Religiosity in Health Research������������������������   11
Arndt Büssing
Challenges and Criticisms in the Field of Spirituality,
Religiousness, and Health��������������������������������������������������������������������������������   33
Harald Walach and Niko Kohls
The Scientific Study of Belief and Pain Modulation:
Conceptual Problems��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������   49
Miguel Farias, Guy Kahane, and Nicholas Shackel
Spirituality, Religiousness and Mental Health: Scientific Evidence�����������   69
Alexandre de Rezende-Pinto, Cristiane Silva Curcio Schumann,
and Alexander Moreira-Almeida
Spirituality, Religiousness and Physical Health: Scientific Evidence����������   87
Marcelo Saad, Jorge Cecilio Daher Jr, and Roberta de Medeiros
Religious and Spiritual Interventions in Health: Scientific Evidence�������� 101
Juliane Piasseschi de Bernardin Gonçalves and Homero Vallada
Impact of Religion and Spirituality in Older Persons���������������������������������� 115
Giancarlo Lucchetti, Luciano Magalhães Vitorino, Fabio Nasri,
and Alessandra Lamas Granero Lucchetti

Part II Clinical Implications of Spirituality, Religiousness and Health

Religiousness, Spirituality and Health in Secular Society: Need
for Spiritual Care in Health Care?���������������������������������������������������������������� 133
Niels Christian Hvidt and Elisabeth Assing Hvidt

xv
xvi Contents

Fostering Well-being: Spirituality and Creativity in Clinical

Practice�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 153
Letícia Oliveira Alminhana and Claude Robert Cloninger
Spirituality in Psychiatric Care: An Example of Spiritually
Integrated Psychotherapy ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 167
James W. Lomax and Nathan Carlin
Spiritual Care: The Role of Health Care Chaplaincy���������������������������������� 183
George Fitchett, Annelieke Damen, Cheryl Holmes,
Allison Kestenbaum, and Steve Nolan
Understanding Clinical Chaplaincy Approach to Biomedical
Ethics: An Imminent Need and a Challenge������������������������������������������������� 207
Parameshwaran Ramakrishnan
Spiritual Care at the End of Life�������������������������������������������������������������������� 235
Bianca Sakamoto Ribeiro Paiva and Carlos Eduardo Paiva
Incorporating and Teaching Spirituality into Medical Education:
An Overview of the Field and Possible Educational Strategies ������������������ 249
Giancarlo Lucchetti, Lidia Maria Gonçalves,
Alberto Gorayeb de Carvalho Ferreira, Jorge Cecilio Daher Jr,
and Alessandra Lamas Granero Lucchetti
Contributors

Letícia Oliveira Alminhana School of Psychology, Post-Graduation Program,

Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil
Elisabeth Assing Hvidt Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public
Health, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark
Arndt Büssing Professorship Quality of Life, Spirituality and Coping, Institute of
Integrative Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
IUNCTUS – Center for Christian Spirituality, Philosophical-Theological Academy,
Münster, Germany
Nathan Carlin McGovern Medical School, McGovern Center for Humanities and
Ethics, Houston, TX, USA
Claude Robert Cloninger Washington University Medical School, St. Louis,
MO, USA
Cristiane Silva Curcio Schumann Research Center in Spirituality and Health
(NUPES), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz
de Fora, Brazil
Jorge Cecilio Daher Jr Instituto de Medicina do Comportamento Eurípedes
Barsanulfo, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
Central de Medicamentos de Alto Custo Juarez Barbosa, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
Annelieke Damen Department of Care Ethics, University of Humanistic Studies,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Rodolfo Furlan Damiano Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São
Paulo, Brazil
Alberto Gorayeb de Carvalho Ferreira Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de
Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

xvii
xviii Contributors

Roberta de Medeiros Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo, Brazil

Alexandre de Rezende-Pinto Research Center in Spirituality and Health
(NUPES), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz
de Fora, Brazil
Miguel Farias Brain, Belief, & Behaviour Lab, Coventry University, Coventry,
UK
George Fitchett Department of Religion, Health and Human Values, Rush
University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Juliane Piasseschi de Bernardin Gonçalves Department of Psychiatry (LIM23/
ProSER), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Institute of Psychiatry, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Lidia Maria Gonçalves Department of Internal Medicine, University of São
Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Cheryl Holmes Spiritual Health Association, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
La Trobe University, Melborne, VIC, Australia
Niels Christian Hvidt Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public
Health, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark
Guy Kahane Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
Allison Kestenbaum Doris A. Howell Palliative Care, University of California
San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
Niko Kohls Faculty of Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Coburg,
Coburg, Germany
James W. Lomax Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Alessandra Lamas Granero Lucchetti School of Medicine, Federal University
of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
Research Group on Medical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de
Fora, Brazil
Giancarlo Lucchetti School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz
de Fora, Brazil
Alexander Moreira-Almeida Research Center in Spirituality and Health
(NUPES), School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz
de Fora, Brazil
Section on Religion, Spirituality and Psychiatry, World Psychiatric Association,
Geneva, Switzerland
Contributors xix

Fabio Nasri Program of religiosity and Spirituality (PROSER) – Psychiatry

Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Steve Nolan Princess Alice Hospice, Esher, UK
The University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
Bianca Sakamoto Ribeiro Paiva Research Group on Palliative Care and Health-­
Related Quality of Life (GPQual) –Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
Teaching and Research Institute, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
Carlos Eduardo Paiva Research Group on Palliative Care and Health-Related
Quality of Life (GPQual) –Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
Teaching and Research Institute, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
Department of Clinical Oncology – Breast and Gynecology Division, Barretos
Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil
Mario Fernando Prieto Peres Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo,
São Paulo, Brazil
Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
Parameshwaran Ramakrishnan Harvard Divinity School, Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA, USA
Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, CA, USA
The AdiBhat Foundation, New Delhi, India
Marcelo Saad Spiritist-Medical Association of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Marina A. B. Sena Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo,
Brazil
Nicholas Shackel School of English, Communication, and Philosophy, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, UK
Homero Vallada Department of Psychiatry (LIM23/ProSER), Faculdade de
Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Luciano Magalhães Vitorino School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de
Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
Harald Walach Department of Psychology, University of Witten-Herdecke,
Witten, Germany
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Medical University Poznan, Poznan,
Poland
Measuring Spirituality and Religiosity in Health Research 13

religion. Religiosity can thus be the formal site of an open and diverse field of
individual experiences, attitudes, convictions, feelings and behaviors, which all
could be measured.
Inclusive definitions state that spirituality is “a search for the sacred” (Pargament
1997), whatever the sacred might be for a given person, or that it is an individual
search for meaning and purpose in life (Tanyi 2002; Underwood and Teresi 2002).
A more complex definition of spirituality was presented by Engebretson (2004):
Spirituality is the experience of the sacred other, which is accompanied by feelings of won-
der, joy, love, trust and hope. Spirituality enhances connectedness within the self, with
others and with the world. Spirituality illuminates lived experience. Spirituality may be
expressed in relationships, prayer, personal and communal rituals, values, service, action
for justice, connection with the earth. Spirituality may be named in new and redefined ways
or through the beliefs, rituals, symbols, values, stories of religious traditions.

Our group (Büssing and Ostermann 2004) used a similar approach and defined:
Spirituality refers to an attitude of search for meaning in life. The searching individual is
aware of its divine origin (…), and feels a connection with others, nature and the Divine etc.
Because of this awareness one strives towards the realization (either formal or informal) of
the respective teachings, experiences or insight, which has a direct impact on conduct of life
and ethical commitments.

Both definitions refer to a ‘core’ dimension of faith, and on resultant attitudes

and behaviors.
To exemplify this, Franciscan Spirituality has as central point the intention (or
‘vocation’) to “Live the Gospel” because of an inner resonance with or experience
of the Sacred (which also implies specific religious rituals and practices to connect
with the Sacred) (Büssing et al. 2017). Its concrete (external) expression is the
intention to develop a world-affirming spirituality, to live with respect in Creation
and in solidarity with the marginalized, to make peace and meet each other
fraternally, being of service to the world and everything that exists, but also to avoid
“possessing” things. Here we have a central intention which shapes the attitudes and
behaviors. These are not per se ‘spiritual’, but with the inspiring ‘core’ they indicate
the underlying ‘spirituality’. With this specification it is clear that the religious
intentions may influence not only spiritual attitudes and behaviors, their rituals and
practices, but also a person’s social behavior.
Spirituality may thus be expressed through formal religious but also other forms
of relational engagement, through an individual experience of the divine, and
through a connection to others, the creation (environment) and the transcendent
Sacred (Büssing 2012).
Another random document with
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 Proclamation of Sept. 22, 1862.

I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of America,

and Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy thereof, do hereby
proclaim and declare that hereafter, as heretofore, the war will be
prosecuted for the object of practically restoring the constitutional
relation between the United States and each of the States and the
people thereof, in which States that relation is or may be suspended
or disturbed.
That it is my purpose, upon the next meeting of Congress, to again
recommend the adoption of a practical measure tendering pecuniary
aid to the free acceptance or rejection of all slave States, so called, the
people thereof may not then be in rebellion against the United
States, and which States may then have voluntarily adopted, or
thereafter may voluntarily adopt, immediate or gradual abolishment
of slavery within their respected limits; and that the effort to colonize
persons of African descent with their consent upon this continent or
elsewhere, with the previously obtained consent of the Governments
existing there, will be continued.
That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves
within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof
shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of
the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof,
will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do
no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts
they may make for their actual freedom.
That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by
proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in
which the people thereof respectively, shall then be in rebellion
against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people
thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the
Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at
elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall
have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing
testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the
people thereof, are not in rebellion against the United States.
That attention is hereby called to an act of Congress entitled “An
act to make an additional article of war,” approved March 13, 1862,
and which act is in the words and figures following:
“Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That hereafter the
following shall be promulgated as an additional article of war, for the
government of the army of the United States, and shall be obeyed
and observed as such.
“Article —. All officers or persons in the military or naval service
of the United States are prohibited from employing any of the forces
under their respective commands for the purpose of returning
fugitives from service or labor who may have escaped from any
persons to whom such service or labor is claimed to be due, and any
officer who shall be found guilty by a court-martial of violating this
article shall be dismissed from the service.
“Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect
from and after its passage.”
Also to the ninth and tenth sections of an act entitled “An act to
suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize and
confiscate property of rebels, and for other purposes,” approved July
17, 1862, and which sections are in the words and figures following:
“Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That all slaves of persons who
shall hereafter be engaged in rebellion against the Government of the
United States or who shall in any way give aid or comfort thereto,
escaping from such persons and taking refuge within the lines of the
army; and all slaves captured from such persons or deserted by
them, and coming under the control of the Government of the United
States; and all slaves of such persons found on [or] being within any
place occupied by rebel forces and afterwards occupied by the forces
of the United States, shall be deemed captives of war, and shall be
forever free of their servitude, and not again held as slaves.
 “Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That no slave escaping into any
State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, from any other State,
shall be delivered up, or in any way impeded or hindered of his
liberty, except for crime, or some offence against the laws, unless the
person claiming said fugitive shall first make oath that the person to
whom the labor or service of such fugitive is alleged to be due is his
lawful owner, and has not borne arms against the United States in
the present rebellion, nor in any way given aid and comfort thereto;
and no person engaged in the military or naval service of the United
States shall, under any pretence whatever, assume to decide on the
validity of the claim of any person to the service or labor of any other
person, or surrender up any such person to the claimant, on pain of
being dismissed from the service.”
And I do hereby enjoin upon and order all persons engaged in the
military and naval service of the United States to observe, obey, and
enforce, within their respective spheres of service, the act and
sections above recited.
And the Executive will in due time recommend that all citizens of
the United States who shall have remained loyal thereto throughout
the rebellion shall (upon the restoration of the constitutional relation
between the United States and their respective States and people, if
that relation shall have been suspended or disturbed) be
compensated for all losses by acts of the United States, including the
loss of slaves.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the
seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the city of Washington this twenty-second day of
September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
sixty-two, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty-
seventh.
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

By the President:

William H. Seward, Secretary of State.

 Proclamation of January 1, 1863.

Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of

our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation
was issued by the President of the United States, containing among
other things, the following, to wit:
“That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves
within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof
shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then,
thenceforward, and forever, free; and the Executive Government of
the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof,
will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do
no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts
they may make for their actual freedom.
“That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by
proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in
which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion
against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people
thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the
Congress of the United States, by members chosen thereto at
elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States
shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing
testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the
people thereof, are then in rebellion against the United States.”
Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United
States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief
of the Army and Navy of the United States, in time of actual armed
rebellion against the authority and Government of the United States,
and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said
rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my
purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one
hundred days from the day first above mentioned, order and
designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people
thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United
States, the following, to wit:
Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the parishes of St. Bernard,
Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension,
Assumption, Terre Bonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and
Orleans, including the city of New Orleans,) Mississippi, Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia,
(except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also
the counties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City,
York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and
Portsmouth,) and which excepted parts are for the present left
precisely as if this proclamation were not issued.
And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do
order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said
designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be,
free; and that the Executive Government of the United States,
including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize
and maintain the freedom of said persons.
And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to
abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I
recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor
faithfully for reasonable wages.
And I further declare and make known that such persons, of
suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the
United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places,
and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.
And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice,
warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the
considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty
God.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the
seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the city of Washington this first day of January, in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and of the
independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.

Abraham Lincoln.

By the President:
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State.

These proclamations were followed by many attempts on the part

of the Democrats to declare them null and void, but all such were
tabled. The House on the 15th of December, 1862, endorsed the first
by a vote of 78 to 51, almost a strict party vote. Two classed as
Democrats, voted for emancipation—Haight and Noell; seven classed
as Republicans, voted against it—Granger, Harrison, Leary,
Maynard, Benj. F. Thomas, Francis Thomas, and Whaley.
Just previous to the issuance of the first proclamation a meeting of
the Governors of the Northern States had been called to consider
how best their States could aid the general conduct of the war. Some
of them had conferred with the President, and while that meeting
and the date of the emancipation proclamation are the same, it was
publicly denied on the floor of Congress by Mr. Boutwell (June 25,
1864,) that the proclamation was the result of that meeting of the
Governors. That they fully endorsed and knew of it, however, is
shown by the following
 Address of loyal Governors to the President.

Adopted at a meeting of Governors of loyal States, held to take

measures for the more active support of the Government, at
Altoona, Pennsylvania, on the 22d day of September, 1862.
After nearly one year and a half spent in contest with an armed
and gigantic rebellion against the national Government of the United
States, the duty and purpose of the loyal States and people continue,
and must always remain as they were at its origin—namely, to restore
and perpetuate the authority of this Government and the life of the
nation. No matter what consequences are involved in our fidelity,
this work of restoring the Republic, preserving the institutions of
democratic liberty, and justifying the hopes and toils of our fathers
shall not fail to be performed.
And we pledge without hesitation, to the President of the United
States, the most loyal and cordial support, hereafter as heretofore, in
the exercise of the functions of his great office. We recognize in him
the Chief Executive Magistrate of the nation, the Commander-in-
chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, their responsible
and constitutional head, whose rightful authority and power, as well
as the constitutional powers of Congress, must be rigorously and
religiously guarded and preserved, as the condition on which alone
our form of Government and the constitutional rights and liberties of
the people themselves can be saved from the wreck of anarchy or
from the gulf of despotism.
In submission to the laws which may have been or which may be
duly enacted, and to the lawful orders of the President, co-operating
always in our own spheres with the national Government, we mean
to continue in the most vigorous exercise of all our lawful and proper
powers, contending against treason, rebellion, and the public
enemies, and, whether in public life or in private station, supporting
the arms of the Union, until its cause shall conquer, until final
victory shall perch upon its standard, or the rebel foe shall yield a
dutiful, rightful, and unconditional submission.
And, impressed with the conviction that an army of reserve ought,
until the war shall end, to be constantly kept on foot, to be raised,
armed, equipped, and trained at home, and ready for emergencies,
we respectfully ask the President to call for such a force of volunteers
for one year’s service, of not less than one hundred thousand in the
aggregate, the quota of each State to be raised after it shall have filled
its quota of the requisitions already made, both for volunteers and
militia. We believe that this would be a measure of military
prudence, while it would greatly promote the military education of
the people.
We hail with heartfelt gratitude and encouraged hope the
proclamation of the President, issued on the 22d instant, declaring
emancipated from their bondage all persons held to service or labor
as slaves in the rebel States, whose rebellion shall last until the first
day of January now next ensuing. The right of any person to retain
authority to compel any portion of the subjects of the national
Government to rebel against it, or to maintain its enemies, implies in
those who are allowed possession of such authority the right to rebel
themselves; and therefore the right to establish martial law or
military government in a State or territory in rebellion implies the
right and the duty of the Government to liberate the minds of all men
living therein by appropriate proclamations and assurances of
protection, in order that all who are capable, intellectually and
morally, of loyalty and obedience, may not be forced into treason as
the unwilling tools of rebellious traitors. To have continued
indefinitely the most efficient cause, support, and stay of the
rebellion, would have been, in our judgment, unjust to the loyal
people whose treasure and lives are made a willing sacrifice on the
altar of patriotism—would have discriminated against the wife who is
compelled to surrender her husband, against the parent who is to
surrender his child to the hardships of the camp and the perils of
battle, in favor of rebel masters permitted to retain their slaves. It
would have been a final decision alike against humanity, justice, the
rights and dignity of the Government, and against sound and wise
national policy. The decision of the President to strike at the root of
the rebellion will lend new vigor to the efforts and new life and hope
to the hearts of the people. Cordially tendering to the President our
respectful assurance of personal and official confidence, we trust and
believe that the policy now inaugurated will be crowned with success,
will give speedy and triumphant victories over our enemies, and
secure to this nation and this people the blessing and favor of
Almighty God. We believe that the blood of the heroes who have
already fallen, and those who may yet give their lives to their
country, will not have been shed in vain.
The splendid valor of our soldiers, their patient endurance, their
manly patriotism, and their devotion to duty, demand from us and
from all their countrymen the homage of the sincerest gratitude and
the pledge of our constant reinforcement and support. A just regard
for these brave men, whom we have contributed to place in the field,
and for the importance of the duties which may lawfully pertain to us
hereafter, has called us into friendly conference. And now,
presenting to our national Chief Magistrate this conclusion of our
deliberations, we devote ourselves to our country’s service, and we
will surround the President with our constant support, trusting that
the fidelity and zeal of the loyal States and people will always assure
him that he will be constantly maintained in pursuing with the
utmost vigor this war for the preservation of the national life and the
hope of humanity.

A. G. Curtin,
John A. Andrew,
Richard Yates,
Israel Washburne, Jr.,
Edward Solomon,
Samuel J. Kirkwood,
O. P. Morton,
By D. G. Rose, his representative,
Wm. Sprague,
F. H. Peirpoint,
David Tod,
N. S. Berry,
Austin Blair.
 Repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law.

The first fugitive slave law passed was that of February 12th, 1793,
the second and last that of September 18th, 1850. Various efforts had
been made to repeal the latter before the war of the rebellion,
without a prospect of success. The situation was now different. The
war spirit was high, and both Houses of Congress were in the hands
of the Republicans as early as December, 1861, but all of them were
not then ready to vote for repeal, while the Democrats were at first
solidly against it. The bill had passed the Senate in 1850 by 27 yeas to
12 nays; the House by 109 yeas to 76 nays, and yet as late as 1861
such was still the desire of many not to offend the political prejudices
of the Border States and of Democrats whose aid was counted upon
in the war, that sufficient votes could not be had until June, 1864, to
pass the repealing bill. Republican sentiment advanced very slowly in
the early years of the war, when the struggle looked doubtful and
when there was a strong desire to hold for the Union every man and
county not irrevocably against it; when success could be foreseen the
advances were more rapid, but never as rapid as the more radical
leaders desired. The record of Congress in the repeal of the Fugitive
Slave Law will illustrate this political fact, in itself worthy of grave
study by the politician and statesman, and therefore we give it as
compiled by McPherson:—
 [22]
Second Session, Thirty-Seventh Congress.

In Senate, 1861, December 26—Mr. Howe, of Wisconsin,

introduced a bill to repeal the fugitive slave law; which was referred
to the Committee on the Judiciary.
1862, May 24—Mr. Wilson, of Massachusetts, introduced a bill to
amend the fugitive slave law; which was ordered to be printed and lie
on the table.
June 10—Mr. Wilson moved to take up the bill; which was agreed
to—Yeas 25, nays 10, as follows:
Yeas—Messrs. Anthony, Browning, Chandler, Clark, Cowan,
Dixon, Doolittle, Fessenden, Foot, Grimes, Hale, Harlan, Harris,
Howard, Howe, King, Lane of Kansas, Morrill, Pomeroy, Simmons,
Sumner, Ten Eyck, Trumbull, Wade, Wilson, of Massachusetts.—25.
Nays—Messrs. Carlile, Davis, Latham, McDougall, Nesmith,
Powell, Saulsbury, Stark, Willey, Wright—10.[23]
The bill was to secure to claimed fugitives a right to a jury trial in
the district court for the United States for the district in which they
may be, and to require the claimant to prove his loyalty. The bill
repeals sections 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of the act of 1850, and that part of
section 5, which authorizes the summoning of the posse comitatus.
When a warrant of return is made either on jury trial or confession of
the party in the presence of counsel, having been warned of his
rights, the fugitive is to be surrendered to the claimant, or the
marshal where necessary, who shall remove him to the boundary line
of the district, and there deliver him to the claimant. The bill was not
further considered.
In House, 1861, December 20—Mr. Julian offered this resolution:
Resolved, That the Judiciary Committee be instructed to report a
bill, so amending the fugitive slave law enacted in 1850 as to forbid
the recapture or return of any fugitive from labor without
satisfactory proof first made that the claimant of such fugitive is loyal
to the Government.
Mr. Holman moved to table the resolution, which was disagreed to
—yeas 39, nays 78, as follows:
Yeas—Messrs. Ancona, Joseph Baily, Biddle, George H. Browne,
Cobb, Cooper, Cox, Cravens, Crittenden, Dunlap, English, Fouke,
Grider, Harding, Holman, Johnson, Law, Lazear, Leary, Lehman,
Mallory, Morris, Noble, Noell, Norton, Nugen, Odell, Pendleton,
Robinson, Shiel, John B. Steele, William G. Steele, Vallandigham,
Wadsworth, Webster, Chilton A. White, Wickliffe, Woodruff, Wright
—39.
Nays—Messrs. Aldrich, Alley, Arnold, Babbitt, Baker, Baxter,
Beaman, Bingham, Francis P. Blair, Samuel S. Blair, Blake,
Buffinton, Burnham, Chamberlain, Clark, Colfax, Frederick A.
Conkling, Roscoe Conkling, Cutler, Davis, Dawes, Delano, Duell,
Edwards, Eliot, Fessenden, Franchot, Frank, Gooch, Goodwin,
Gurley, Hale, Hanchett, Harrison, Hooper, Hutchins, Julian, William
Kellogg, Lansing, Loomis, Lovejoy, McKnight, McPherson, Marston,
Mitchell, Moorhead, Anson P. Morrill, Justin S. Morrill, Olin, Patton,
Pike, Pomeroy, Porter, John H. Rice, Riddle, Edward H. Rollins,
Sargent, Sedgwick, Shanks. Shellabarger, Sherman, Sloan,
Spaulding, Stevens, Benjamin F. Thomas, Train, Vandever, Wall,
Wallace, Walton, Washburne, Wheeler, Whaley, Albert S. White,
Wilson, Windom, Worcester—78.
The resolution was then adopted—yeas 78, nays 39.
1862, June 9—Mr. Julian, of Indiana, introduced into the House a
resolution instructing the Judiciary Committee to report a bill for the
purpose of repealing the fugitive slave law; which was tabled—yeas
66, nays 51, as follows:
Yeas—Messrs. William J. Allen, Ancona, Baily, Biddle, Francis P.
Blair, Jacob B. Blair, George H. Browne, William G. Brown,
Burnham, Calvert, Casey, Clements, Cobb, Corning, Crittenden,
Delano, Diven, Granger, Grider, Haight, Hale, Harding, Holman,
Johnson, William Kellogg, Kerrigan, Knapp, Lazear, Low, Maynard,
Menzies, Moorhead, Morris, Noble, Noell, Norton, Odell, Pendleton,
John S. Phelps, Timothy G. Phelps, Porter, Richardson, Robinson,
James S. Rollins, Sargent, Segar, Sheffield, Shiel, Smith, John B.
Steele, William G. Steele, Benjamin F. Thomas, Francis Thomas,
Trimble, Vallandigham, Verree, Vibbard, Voorhees, Wadsworth,
Webster, Chilton A. White, Wickliffe, Wood, Woodruff, Worcester,
Wright—66.
Nays—Messrs. Aldrich, Alley, Baker, Baxter, Beaman, Bingham,
Blake, Buffinton, Chamberlain, Colfax, Frederick A. Conkling, Davis,
Dawes, Edgerton, Edwards, Eliot, Ely, Franchot, Gooch, Goodwin,
Hanchett, Hutchins, Julian, Kelley, Francis W. Kellogg, Lansing,
Lovejoy, McKnight, McPherson, Mitchell, Anson P. Morrill, Pike,
Pomeroy, Potter, Alexander H. Rice, John H. Rice, Riddle, Edward
H. Rollins, Shellabarger, Sloan, Spaulding, Stevens, Train,
Trowbridge, Van Horn, Van Valkenburgh, Wall, Wallace,
Washburne, Albert S. White, Windom—51.
Same day—Mr. Colfax, of Indiana, offered this resolution:
Resolved, That the Committee on the Judiciary be instructed to
report a bill modifying the fugitive slave law so as to require a jury
trial in all cases where the person claimed denies under oath that he
is a slave, and also requiring any claimant under such act to prove
that he has been loyal to the Government during the present
rebellion.
Which was agreed to—yeas 77, nays 43, as follows:
Yeas—Messrs. Aldrich, Alley, Arnold, Ashley, Babbitt, Baker,
Baxter, Beaman, Bingham, Francis P. Blair, Blake, Buffinton,
Burnham, Chamberlain, Colfax, Frederick A. Conkling, Davis,
Dawes, Delano, Diven, Edgerton, Edwards, Eliot, Ely, Franchot,
Gooch, Goodwin, Granger, Gurley, Haight, Hale, Hanchett,
Hutchins, Julian, Kelley, Francis W. Kellogg, William Kellogg,
Lansing, Loomis, Lovejoy, Lowe, McKnight, McPherson, Mitchell,
Anson P. Morrill, Justin S. Morrill, Nixon, Timothy G. Phelps, Pike,
Pomeroy, Porter, Potter, Alexander H. Rice, John H. Rice, Riddle,
Edward H. Rollins, Sargent, Shanks, Sheffield, Shellabarger, Sloan,
Spaulding, Stevens, Stratton, Benjamin F. Thomas, Train, Trimble,
Trowbridge, Van Valkenburgh, Verree, Wall, Wallace, Washburne,
Albert, S. White, Wilson, Windom, Worcester—77.
Nays—Messrs. William J. Allen, Ancona, Baily, Biddle, Jacob B.
Blair, William G. Brown, Calvert, Casey, Clements, Cobb, Corning,
Crittenden, Fouke, Grider, Harding, Holman, Johnson, Knapp,
Maynard, Menzies, Noble, Noell, Norton, Pendleton, John S. Phelps,
Richardson, Robinson, James S. Rollins, Segar, Shiel, Smith, John B.
Steele, William G. Steele, Francis Thomas, Vallandigham, Vibbard,
Voorhees, Wadsworth, Webster, Chilton A. White, Wickliffe, Wood,
Wright—43.
 Third Session, Thirty-Seventh Congress.

In Senate, 1863, February 11—Mr. Ten Eyck, from the Committee

on the Judiciary, to whom was referred a bill, introduced by Senator
Howe, in second session, December 26, 1861, to repeal the fugitive
slave act of 1850, reported it back without amendment, and with a
recommendation that it do not pass.
 First Session, Thirty-Eighth Congress.

In House, 1863, Dec. 14.—Mr. Julian, of Indiana, offered this

resolution:
Resolved, That the Committee on the Judiciary be instructed to
report a bill for a repeal of the third and fourth sections of the “act
respecting fugitives from justice and persons escaping from the
service of their masters,” approved February 12, 1793, and the act to
amend and supplementary to the aforesaid act, approved September
18, 1850.
Mr. Holman moved that the resolution lie upon the table, which
was agreed to—yeas 81, nays 73, as follows:
Yeas—Messrs. James C. Allen, William J. Allen, Ancona,
Anderson, Baily, Augustus C. Baldwin, Jacob B. Blair, Bliss, Brooks,
James S. Brown, William G. Browne, Clay, Cobb, Coffroth, Cox,
Cravens, Creswell, Dawson, Demming, Denison, Eden, Edgerton,
Eldridge, English, Finck, Ganson, Grider, Griswold, Hall, Harding,
Harrington, Benjamin G. Harris, Charles M. Harris, Higby,
Holman, Hutchins, William Johnson, Kernan, King, Knapp, Law,
Lazear, Le Blond, Long, Mallory, Marcy, Marvin, McBride,
McDowell, McKinney, William H. Miller, James R. Morris,
Morrison, Nelson, Noble, Odell, John O’Neil, Pendleton, William H.
Randall, Robinson, Rogers, James S. Rollins, Ross, Scott, Smith,
Smithers, Stebbins, John B. Steele, Stuart, Sweat, Thomas,
Voorhees, Wadsworth, Ward, Wheeler, Chilton A. White, Joseph W.
White, Williams, Winfield, Fernando Wood, Yeaman—81.
Nays—Messrs. Alley, Allison, Ames, Arnold, Ashley, John D.
Baldwin, Baxter, Beaman, Blaine, Blow, Boutwell, Boyd, Brandegee,
Broomall, Ambrose W. Clark, Freeman Clark, Cole, Henry Winter
Davis, Dawes, Dixon, Donnelly, Driggs, Dumont, Eckley, Eliot,
Farnsworth, Fenton, Frank, Garfield, Gooch, Grinnell, Hooper,
Hotchkiss, Asahel W. Hubbard, John H. Hubbard, Hulburd, Jenckes,
Julian, Francis W. Kellogg, Orlando Kellogg, Loan, Longyear,
Lovejoy, McClurg, McIndoe, Samuel F. Miller, Moorhead, Morrill,
Amos Myers, Leonard Myers, Norton, Charles O’Neill, Orth,
Patterson, Pike, Pomeroy, Price, Alexander H. Rice, John H. Rice,
Edward H. Rollins, Schenck, Scofield, Shannon, Spalding, Thayer,
Van Valkenburgh, Elihu B. Washburne, William B. Washburn,
Whaley, Wilder, Wilson, Windom, Woodbidge—73.
1864, June 6, Mr. Hubbard, of Connecticut, offered this resolution:
Resolved, That the Committee on the Judiciary be instructed to
report to this House a bill for the repeal of all acts and parts of acts
which provide for the rendition of fugitive slaves, and that they have
leave to make such report at any time.
Which went over under the rule. May 30, he had made an
ineffectual effort to offer it, Mr. Holman objecting.

REPEALING BILLS.

1864, April 19, the Senate considered the bill to repeal all acts for
the rendition of fugitives from service or labor. The bill was taken up
—yeas 26, nays 10.
Mr. Sherman moved to amend by inserting these words at the end
of the bill:
Except the act approved February 12, 1793, entitled “An act
respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the
service of their masters.”
Which was agreed to—yeas 24, nays 17, as follows:
Yeas—Messrs. Buckalew, Carlile, Collamer, Cowan, Davis, Dixon,
Doolittle, Foster, Harris, Henderson, Hendricks, Howe, Johnson,
Lane of Indiana, McDougall, Nesmith, Powell, Riddle, Saulsbury,
Sherman, Ten Eyck, Trumbull, Van Winkle, Willey—24.
Nays—Messrs. Anthony, Brown, Clark, Conness, Fessenden,
Grimes, Hale, Howard, Lane of Kansas, Morgan, Morrill, Pomeroy,
Ramsey, Sprague, Sumner, Wilkinson, Wilson—17.
Mr. Saulsbury moved to add these sections:
 And be it further enacted, That no white inhabitant of the United
States shall be arrested, or imprisoned, or held to answer for a
capital or otherwise infamous crime, except in cases arising in the
land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of
war or public danger, without due process of law.
And be it further enacted, That no person engaged in the
executive, legislative, or judicial departments of the Government of
the United States, or holding any office or trust recognized in the
Constitution of the United States, and no person in military or naval
service of the United States, shall, without due process of law, arrest
or imprison any white inhabitant of the United States who is not, or
has not been, or shall not at the time of such arrest or imprisonment
be, engaged in levying war against the United States, or in adhering
to the enemies of the United States, giving them aid and comfort, nor
aid, abet, procure or advise the same, except in cases arising in the
land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of
war or public danger. And any person as aforesaid so arresting, or
imprisoning, or holding, as aforesaid, as in this and the second
section of this act mentioned, or aiding, abetting, or procuring, or
advising the same, shall be deemed guilty of felony, and, upon
conviction thereof in any court of competent jurisdiction, shall be
imprisoned for a term of not less than one nor more than five years,
shall pay a fine of not less than $1,000 nor more than $5000, and
shall be forever incapable of holding any office or public trust under
the Government of the United States.
Mr. Hale moved to strike out the word “white” wherever it occurs;
which was agreed to.
The amendment of Mr. Saulsbury, as amended, was then
disagreed to—yeas 9, nays 27, as follows:
Yeas—Messrs. Buckalew, Carlile, Cowan, Davis, Hendricks,
McDougall, Powell, Riddle, Saulsbury—9.
Nays—Messrs. Anthony, Clark, Collamer, Conness, Doolittle,
Fessenden, Foster, Grimes, Hale, Harris, Howard, Howe, Lane of
Indiana, Lane, of Kansas, Morgan, Morrill, Pomeroy, Ramsey,
Sherman, Sprague, Sumner, Ten Eyck, Trumbull, Van Winkle,
Wilkinson, Willey, Wilson—27.
 Mr. Conness moved to table the bill; which was disagreed to—yeas
9, (Messrs. Buckalew, Carlile, Conness, Davis, Hendricks, Nesmith,
Powell, Riddle, Saulsbury,) nays 31.
It was not again acted upon.
1864, June 13—The House passed this bill, introduced by Mr.
Spalding, of Ohio, and reported from the Committee on the
Judiciary by Mr. Morris, of New York, as follows:
Be it enacted, etc., that sections three and four of an act entitled
“An act respecting fugitives from justice and persons escaping from
the service of their masters,” passed February 12, 1793, and an Act
entitled “An act to amend, and supplementary to, the act entitled ‘An
act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from their
masters,’ passed February 12, 1793,” passed September 18, 1850, be,
and the same are hereby, repealed.
Yeas 86, nays 60, as follows:
Yeas—Messrs. Alley, Allison, Ames, Arnold, Ashley, John D.
Baldwin, Baxter, Beaman, Blaine, Blair, Blow, Boutwell, Boyd,
Brandegee, Broomall, Ambrose W. Clarke, Freeman Clark, Cobb,
Cole, Creswell, Henry Winter Davis, Thomas T. Daavis, Dawes,
Dixon, Donnelly, Driggs, Eckley, Eliot, Farnsworth, Fenton, Frank,
Garfield, Gooch, Griswold, Higby, Hooper, Hotchkiss, Asahel W.
Hubbard, John K. Hubbard, Hulburd, Ingersoll, Jenckes, Julian,
Kelley, Francis W. Kellogg, O. Kellogg, Littlejohn, Loan, Longyear,
Marvin, McClurg, McIndoe, Samuel F. Miller, Moorhead, Morrill,
Daniel Morris, Amos Myers, Leonard Myers, Norton, Charles O’Neill,
Orth, Patterson, Perham, Pike, Price, Alexander H. Rice, John H.
Rice, Schenck, Scofield, Shannon, Sloan, Spalding, Starr, Stevens,
Thayer, Thomas, Tracy, Upson, Van Valkenburgh, Webster, Whaley,
Williams, Wilder, Wilson, Windom, Woodbridge—86.
Nays—Messrs. James C. Allen, William J. Allen, Ancona,
Augustus C. Baldwin, Bliss, Brooks, James S. Brown, Chanler,
Coffroth, Cox, Cravens, Dawson, Denison, Eden, Edgerton,
Eldridge, English, Finck, Ganson, Grider, Harding, Harrington,
Charles M. Harris, Herrick, Holman, Hutchins, Kalbfleisch, Kernan,
King, Knapp, Law, Lazear, Le Blond, Mallory, Marcy, McDowell,
McKinney, Wm. H. Miller, James R. Morris, Morrison, Odell,
Pendleton, Pruyn, Radford, Robinson, Jas. S. Rollins, Ross,