The Agenda for today

(1) Definition of Scalars and Vectors

The Agenda for today

(1) Definition of Scalars and Vectors

(2) Terminology of Vectors
The Agenda for today

(1) Definition of Scalars and Vectors

(2) Terminology of Vectors
(3) Adding Vectors Graphically
The Agenda for today

(1) Definition of Scalars and Vectors

(2) Terminology of Vectors
(3) Adding Vectors Graphically
(4) Subtracting Vectors Graphically
The Agenda for today

(1) Definition of Scalars and Vectors

(2) Terminology of Vectors
(3) Adding Vectors Graphically
(4) Subtracting Vectors Graphically
(5) Trigonometry Review
The Agenda for today

(1) Definition of Scalars and Vectors

(2) Terminology of Vectors
(3) Adding Vectors Graphically
(4) Subtracting Vectors Graphically
(5) Trigonometry Review
(6) Adding and Subtracting Vectors Component Wise
The Agenda for today

(1) Definition of Scalars and Vectors

(2) Terminology of Vectors
(3) Adding Vectors Graphically
(4) Subtracting Vectors Graphically
(5) Trigonometry Review
(6) Adding and Subtracting Vectors Component Wise
(7) The Dot Product and Cross Product of Vectors
(Along with their geometric interpretations)
Typical Definition of Scalars and Vectors

Scalars - are single numbers with just a Magnitude (Absolute Value)

Vectors - are numbers (or pairs of numbers) that have both Magnitude and
Direction
Better Definition of Scalars vs. Vectors

Scalars - are quantities that can be completely summarized with one number
(whether it be positive or negative)
Vectors - are quantities that in limited cases can be completely summarized with
(whether it be positive or negative) one number but are more generally
described with 2-3 numbers as a directed arrow in space
Chart Summary

Scalars Vectors
Length displacement
mass (also density) velocity
speed acceleration
energy
temperature
Vector Terminology
!
A
!
B Parallel vectors have same direction

!
A
!
B Anti-Parallel vectors have opposite direction

!
B

!
A
Equal vectors have same direction and magnitude
Adding Vectors Graphically (1)

!
B ! =A
C !+B
! !
B

!
A !
A
Adding Vectors Graphically (2)

!
A
!
B !
B

! =B
C ! +A
!

!
A
Adding Vectors Graphically (3)

!
A
!
B !
B

! =A
C !+B
!
! =B
C ! +A
!

!
A

!+B
Adding vectors is commutative: A ! =B
! +A
!=C
!
Multiplying a vector by a scalar

!
A !
2A !
−A
Subtracting Vectors Graphically
!
B

!
A !
A !
A

!−B
A ! = ?
! =A
D !−B
!

!
−B !
−B

! "
!−B
A ! =A
! + −B
!
Vector Components (1)

y − axis

!
V ! = 〈Vx , Vy 〉 = Vx iˆ + Vy jˆ
V

# # $
# # #!#
#!#
V y = #V #V # = V = Vx2 + Vy2
# sin θ

θ ! "
Vy
# # x − axis θ = tan−1 Vx
#!#
V x = #V # cos θ
Vector Components (2)....Beware of Quadrant Number

y − axis

!2 = 〈− |V2 | cos θ, |V2 | sin θ〉

V !1 = 〈|V1 | cos θ, |V1 | sin θ〉
V

θ θ
x − axis
θ θ

!3 = 〈− |V3 | cos θ, − |V3 | sin θ〉

V !4 = 〈|V4 | cos θ, − |V4 | sin θ〉
V
Vector Components (3)
z

! = 〈Vx , Vy , Vz 〉 = Vx iˆ + Vy jˆ + Vz k̂
V

k̂

jˆ
y
iˆ

x
Adding Components Vector Wise (1)
y-axis

! = 〈Bx , By 〉 = 〈4.5 cos 37, 4.5 sin 3

B

4. 5
#
# # !# # = By = 4.5 sin 37
#B

! = 〈−3, 0〉
A θ = 37
x-axis
Bx = 4.5 cos 37
Computation

! =A
C !+B
! = 〈Ax , Ay 〉 + 〈Bx , By 〉 = 〈Ax + Bx , Ay + By 〉

= 〈−3 + 4.5 cos 37, 0 + 4.5 sin 37〉

!+B
A ! = 〈0.5938, 2.708〉
# # √
#! !#
#A + B # . = 0.59382 + 2.7082 = 2.761
! " % 2.708 &
C
θc = tan−1 Cy = tan−1 0.5938 ≈ 77.6
x
Adding Components Vector Wise (2)
y-axis

! =A
C !+B
! ! = 〈Bx , By 〉 = 〈4.5 cos 37, 4.5 sin 3
B

4. 5
#
# # !# # = By = 4.5 sin 37
#B

! = 〈−3, 0〉
A θ = 37
x-axis
Bx = 4.5 cos 37
”Same Result Graphically”

! =A
C !+B
! !
A

!
B

! =B
C ! +A
!

!
A !
B
”Scalar Product” or ”Dot Product” (1)

!·B
A ! = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz (Dot Product or Scalar Product)
! !2 ! ! ! !
!·A
Notice A ! = A2 + A2 + A2 = !!A!!! = !!A
!!! !!A
!!! cos (0)
x y z

more generally
! !
!·B
A ! = |!a| !!!b !! cos θab

!
B

θ
! ! !
A
! Â = !!B
projA! B ! !! cos θ
”Scalar” or ”Dot Product” (2) Quick note about Unit Vectors

! and is defined as follows  = !

A !
 is the unit vector of A = √A .
|A!| !A
A· !
Named because it has a length/magnitude of 1
A!

Â
”Scalar” or ”Dot Product” geometric property proof via Law of Cosines

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !
! ! ! !2 ! ! !2 ! ! !2 ! !! ! ! !
from law of cosines !A − B ! = !A ! + !B ! − 2 !A ! !B ! cos θ
! !2 " # " #
!! !! !−B ! · A !−B! =A !·A! − 2A!·B ! +B ! ·B !
but !A − B! = A
comparing like terms
! !
!·B
A ! = |!a| !!!b !! cos θab

!
B !−B
A !

θ
!
A
Determinant of a 2x2 matrix

! !
!a b !!
! = ad − bc (Determinant of 2 x 2 matrix)
!c d!
Definition of Cross Product

! !
! iˆ jˆ k̂ !!
!
C! = A×
! B ! = !Ax Ay Az ! = 〈Ay Bz −Az By , Az Bx −Ax Bz , Ax By −Ay Bx 〉
! !
!B x B y B z !
! !
!A A z !
Cx = !! y ! = Ay Bz − Az By
By Bz !
! !
!A A z !
Cy = − !! x ! = − (Ax Bz − Az Bx ) = Az Bx − Ax Bz
Bx Bz !
! !
!A A y !
Cz = !! x ! = Ax By − Ay Bx
Bx By !
Cross Product visualized (1)

!×B
A ! (thumb)

θ
! (middle finger)
B
! (index finger)
A
Cross Product visualized (2)

θ
B! (index finger )
! (middle finger)
A

! "
! ×A
B !=− A!×B
! (thumb)
Cross Product Area Interpretation

!
B

# # # ## #
# ! ! # # !# # ! #
Area = #A × B # = #A# #B # sin θ

θ
!
A