i) The Lux-Flood Concept

The Lux-Flood concept is particularly relevant in the field of high-temperature chemistry and
geochemistry. According to this concept:

Acid: An oxide ion acceptor

Base: An oxide ion donor

Example: Consider the reaction between calcium oxide (CaO) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂), both
common components in ceramic and geological processes.

Reaction:
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
​ ​

Here, CaO acts as a Lux-Flood base because it can donate oxide ions (O²⁻). SiO₂ acts as a Lux-Flood
acid because it accepts oxide ions, forming calcium silicate (CaSiO₃).

ii) The Usanovich Concept

The Usanovich concept is one of the most general theories for acids and bases, allowing for a
broad range of chemical species to be classified as acids or bases beyond protons and hydroxide
ions.

Acid: A substance capable of donating a proton or accepting an electron pair

Base: A substance capable of accepting a proton or donating an electron pair

Example: Consider the reaction between ammonia (NH₃) and boron trifluoride (BF₃).

Reaction:
NH3 + BF3 → F3 B -NH3
​ ​ ​ ​

In this reaction, ammonia acts as a Usanovich base because it donates an electron pair to boron
trifluoride. Boron trifluoride acts as a Usanovich acid because it accepts an electron pair, forming an
adduct.