Physics 347 Data and Midterm Formula Sheet Updated: Oct.

25
Data you should know/memorize: (will NOT be on formula sheet!)
Water molecule Dwater=0.3 nm; Vwater=0.03 (nm)3; ρwater=1 g/cm3=103 kg/m3
E. coli: dimensions=2 µm x 1 µm; VE. coli=1 (µm)3; AE. coli=6 (µm)2; mE.coli= 1 pg; generation~3000 s;
Nprotein=2.4x106; Ncarbon=1010.
S. cerevisiae: Dyeast=5 µm; Vyeast=60 (µm)3; Ayeast=75 (µm)2; myeast=60 pg
Typical amino acid mass = 100 Da; Typical number of amino acids/protein = 300
Genome sizes: E. coli 5x106 bp; human 3x109 bp; DNA: length~1/3 nm/bp; volume~1 nm3/bp
Human basal metabolic rate Γ0=100 W

Formula sheet:
S#T
Pheat = "T ; Prad = "#T 4 ; Q = mC"T ; "0 ( M ) # aM 3 / 4 ( a ~ 4 )
d
# $ 2 2
Probability: $ dx P ( x ) = 1; f ( x ) " % dx P ( x ) f ( x ) ; " 2 = ( x # x ) = x2 # x
P
"# #$
! ! 2 !
! 2
!
$
( x$ x )
0
$
(
M$ M )
1 2 1
PGaussian ( x ) = e 2" , PN ,M " e 8NpqN (discrete)
! " !2# 2!
#Npq
X2 3R 2
1 # 2 r # 3 &3 / 2 ) 2 1 "P
Random walks: PN ( X ) = e 2Na
()
(1D); PN R = % 2 ( e 2Na (3D); = # 2 P ; R 2 = 2dt ;
2 $ 2"Na ' D " t
!
2
! 2"Na 2
X 3/ 2 ) 1 X 2 +Y 2 +Z 2 3/ 2 ) R
1 # r # 1 & ( ) # 1 &
P ( X,t ) = ( )
e 4Dt (1D); P R,t = %
$ 4 Dt
( e 4Dt
'
=%
$ 4 Dt
( e 4Dt (3D)
!
4 "Dt
!
" "! ' !
Thermodynamics and Stat Mech: dQ = dE + dW ; TdS = dE + PdV " µdN ; E " TS + PV " µN = 0 ;
" 1 "E 1 2
VdP = SdT + Ndµ ; E c =
"#
ln Z, # = ;
k B T "T V ,N
# CV ,N =
kBT 2 (
E$ E c )
! ! c
1. Microcanonical ensemble: ! System isolated. ! All states between E!and E+ΔE weighted equally.
1 1 1 P µ
! Pn = = ; S ( E,V,N ) = k B lnW , k B ln" ; dS = dE + dV " dN
W ( E,V,N,
! ("E )) #( E,V,N )!"E T T T
Isolated system maximizes entropy.
2. Canonical ensemble: System in contact with heat bath at temperature T.
En !" En
! 1 " kBT !
Pn = e , Z (T,V,N ) = # e kBT ; F (T,V,N ) = "kT ln Z = E " TS ; dF = "SdT " PdV + µdN
Z n
System minimizes F at fixed T.
3. Grand (canonical) ensemble: System in contact with heat bath T and particle reservoir µ.
1 ! µN !
! 1 # kBT ( En # µN n ) k BT
Pn = e , "(T,V, µ) = $ e Z (T,V,N ) ; "(T,V, µ) = #kB T ln$ = #PV
" N
System minimizes " at fixed T and µ.
4. Constant pressure ensemble: System in contact with heat bath T and subject to constant pressure P.
1 PV
"!
! 1 " kBT ( En +PVn )
Pn = e! , Z (T,P,N ) = # dVe kBT Z (T,V,N ) ; G(T,P,N ) = "kB T lnZ = µN dG = "SdT + VdP + µdN
Z V
System minimizes G at fixed T and P.

! !
!
!
 µ
3
Ideal Monatomic Gas: PV = Nk B T ; E = NkB T ; # "
1
% $
N ( )( ) ; n = e
d 3 pk d 3rk k BT
;
3N
2 n N! V k=1 (2&h) "3th
p2
1 %dp $
mk B T ) " E 3 / 2V % 3 " m % 5 , 1#V &
2mk BT .; Z (T,V,N ) = %%
= & e! = ; S ( (E,V,N ) = Nk B +ln$$ '' + ln$ ' + (
"th $% 2#h #h 2
2! +* # N 5 / 2 & 2 # ! 3(h 2 & 2 .- N! $ "3th ('
!
Chemical reactions/ideal solns:
# µ
" s
k BT k BT "C " D
! z (T )e $e nC nD
" A µ A + " B µB = " C µC +!" DµD ; n = ; = Keq ;!Pos = c s kB T
%3th n "AA n "B B
Constants: σ=5.67x10-8 W/m2K4, kB=1.38x10-23 J/K, NA=6.02x1023; 1 amu=1.67x10-27 kg; 1 cal = 4.185 J;
Troom=300 K;
! " !
$ax 2 1 " 1 d
Math: In ( a) = # dx x n e! ; I0 ( a) = ; I1 (!a) = ; In ( a) = "In+2 ( a)
0 2 a 2a da
$ 1 '
N!= 2"N N N e#N &1+ + ...)
% 12N (
! ! ! !