LABELLING DIAGRAMS

In the exam, you may be asked to label a diagram with a limited range of words from
the passage. The information may not always be in the same order as the questions; however,
the answers will be placed close by.
You should read the text carefully to find the right words to illustrate the diagram.
You must use the exact words from the text. Do not change the form or change the
order of any words.
Reading 1:
Coffee Rust
Under British rule, the island of Ceylon was stripped of its forests to turn over every available acre
to coffee production. By the 1870s, Ceylon was, exporting nearly 100 million pounds of coffee a year, much
of it to England. This empire, however, was swiftly devastated by the arrival of the coffee rust fungus. The
rust organism can be recognized by the presence of yellowish powdery lesions on the undersides of the
leaves of the coffee plant. Occasionally green shoots and even the green coffee berries can be infected.
The infected leaves drop prematurely, leaving long expanses of bare twigs. This defoliation causes shoots
and roots to starve and consequently to die back, reducing the number of nodes on which coffee can be
produced the following season.
Exercise 1: Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

nodes

green shoots
yellowish powdery lesions

the green coffee

the infected leaves

bare

defoliation

sai câu 5
Reading 2:
The Carbolic Smoke Ball
vòi
The carbolic smoke ball was a hollow rubber ball, 5 centimetres across, with a nozzle covered
by gauze. Inside was a powder treated with carbolic acid, or phenol. The idea was to clutch it close to the
nose and squeeze gently, inhaling deeply from the emerging cloud of pungent powder. This, the company
claimed, would disinfect the mucous membranes, curing any condition related to “taking cold”. In the
summer of 1890, sales were steady at 300 smoke balls a month. In January 1891, the figure skyrocketed
to 1,500.
Exercise 2: Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

gauze
gạc
nozzle

power

rubble ball
Reading 3:
The Sun: Our Nearest Star
The Sun’s core is approximately 15,000,000 degrees Celsius and is the site of the nuclear fusion.
The energy from the core travels outwards through the radiation zone by the transfer of the energy from
one molecule to another. Heated gases move the energy from the radiation zone through to the convection
zone, where the gases start to cool and this causes them to sink back down to the radiation zone. Outside
the convection zone is the photosphere, which is approximately 500 kilometres thick and is the surface
layer of the sun. Beyond, there is a thin layer of gas that surrounds the photosphere called the
chromosphere. Finally, the corona is another layer of gas that extends a long way outside of the Sun.

Exercise 3: Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

the corona
(22) _____

The photosphere

The ation Zone

Reading 4:
The Story of Coffee
Although wild plants can reach 10 - 12 metres in height, the plantation one reaches a height of
around four metres. This makes the harvest and flowering easier, and cultivation more economical. The
flowers are white and sweet-scented like the Spanish jasmine. Flowers give way to a red, darkish berry. At
first sight, the fruit is like a big cherry both in size and in colour. The berry is coated with a thin, red film
(epicarp) containing a white, sugary mucilaginous flesh (mesocarp). Inside the pulp there are the seeds in
the form of two beans coupled at their flat surface. Beans are in turn coated with a kind of resistant, golden
yellow parchment, (called endocarp). When peeled, the real bean appears with another very thin silvery
film. The bean is bluish green verging on bronze, and is at the most 11 millimetres long and 8 millimetres
wide.
Exercise 4: Choose your answer from the text for this diagram of a coffee bean below

mesocarp

epicarp

endocarp
Reading 5: extracted: chiết xuất

Hunting Perfume in Madagascar

With most flowers or fruits, the hunters used a technique originally designed to trap and identify air
pollutants. The technique itself is relatively simple. A glass bell jar or flask is fitted over the flower. The
fragrance molecules are trapped in this “headspace” and can be extracted by pumping the air out over a
series of filters which absorb different types of volatile molecules. Back home in the laboratory, the
molecules are flushed out of the filters and injected into a gas chromatograph for analysis. If it is impossible
to attach the headspace gear, hunters fix an absorbent probe close to the source of the smell. The probe
looks something like a hypodermic syringe, except that the ‘needle’ is made of silicone rubber which soaks
up molecules from the air. After a few hours, the hunters retract the rubber needle and seal the tube,
keeping the odour molecules inside until they can be injected into the gas chromatograph in the laboratory.
Exercise 5: Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

filters

absorb

needle
headspace
Reading 6:
The Invention of Television
Baird’s initial work would not have been successful without the previous work of Paul Nipkow.
Nipkow came up with the idea of ‘scanning’ a television image by using a spinning disk with a spiral of small
pinholes. When spun at a high rate of speed, each hole would allow light to fall on a selenium cell on the
other side of the disk. The amount of voltage the cell generated would depend on the amount of light
reflected from the object being photographed. One rotation of the disk equalled one frame of “video”. At the
place where the signal was received, the process would be reversed. A similar disk spun in sync and a
neon lamp reacted to the changes in voltage with the speed required to keep up with the spinning disk and
projected the images onto a screen. Although Nipkow created the disk and acquired a patent for his
invention, he did not create the apparatus to project images. The patent expired after 15 years, as no one
was interested then in the work. Baird’s first practical television systems used an electro-mechanical picture
scanning method, the method that Nipkow had helped create with his disk. Nipkow became a celebrated
scientist in Germany for his work, but the mechanical nature of the Nipkow Disk caused the invention to
fade to obscurity with the use of the cathode ray tube.
Exercise 6: Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

small pinholes
hỏi các làm

(9) _____
selenium cell
(10) _____
neon lamp
Reading 7:
Raising the Mary Rose
An important factor in trying to salvage the Mary Rose was that the remaining hull was an open
shell. This led to an important decision being taken: namely to carry out the lifting operation in three very
distinct stages. The hull was attached to a lifting frame via a network of bolts and lifting wires. The problem
of the hull being sucked back downwards into the mud was overcome by using 12 hydraulic jacks. These
raised it a few centimetres over a period of several days, as the lifting frame rose slowly up its four legs. It
was only when the hull was hanging freely from the lifting frame, clear of the seabed and the suction effect
of the surrounding mud, that the salvage operation progressed to the second stage. In this stage, the lifting
frame was fixed to a hook attached to a crane, and the hull was lifted completely clear of the seabed and
transferred underwater into the lifting cradle. This required precise positioning to locate the legs into the
stabbing guides’ of the lifting cradle. The lifting cradle was designed to fit the hull using archaeological
survey drawings, and was fitted with air bags to provide additional cushioning for the hull’s delicate timber
framework. The third and final stage was to lift the entire structure into the air, by which time the hull was
also supported from below. Finally, on 11 October 1982, millions of people around the world held their
breath as the timber skeleton of the Mary Rose was lifted clear of the water, ready to be returned home to
Portsmouth.
Exercise 7: Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

lifting frame

hydraulic jacks

stabbing guides’

lifting cradle
air bag
Reading 8:
Roller coaster
At first glance, a roller coaster is something like a passenger train. It consists of a series of
connected cars that move on tracks. But unlike a passenger train, a roller coaster has no engine or power
source of its own. For most of the ride, the train is moved by gravity and momentum. To build up this
momentum, you need to get the train to the top of the first hill or give it a powerful launch. The traditional
lifting mechanism is a long length of chain running up the hill under the track. The chain is fastened in
a loop, which is wound around a gear at the top of the hill and another one at the bottom of the hill. The
gear at the bottom of the hill is turned by a simple motor. This turns the chain loop so that it continually
moves up the hill like a long conveyer belt. The coaster cars grip onto the chain with several chain dogs,
sturdy hinged hooks. When the train rolls to the bottom of the hill, the dogs catches onto the chain links.
Once the chain dog is hooked, the chain simply pulls the train to the top of the hill. At the summit, the chain
dog is released and the train starts its descent down the hill.
Exercise 8: Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/ OR A NUMBER from the passage

for each answer.

chain

loop

vòng
bánh răng
gear

simple motor
Reading 9:
Elephant communication
As might be expected, the African elephant’s ability to sense seismic sound may begin in the ears.
The hammer bone of the elephant’s inner ear is proportionally very large for a mammal, but typical for
animals that use vibrational signals. It may therefore be a sign that elephants can communicate with seismic
sounds. Also, the elephant and its relative the manatee are unique among mammals in having reverted to
a reptilian-like cochlear structure in the inner ear. The cochlea of reptiles facilitates a keen sensitivity to
idbrations and may do the same in elephants.
But other aspects of elephant anatomy also support that ability. First, their enormous bodies, which
allow them to generate low-frequency sounds almost as powerful as those of a jet takeoff, provide ideal
frames for receiving ground vibrations and conducting them to the inner ear. Second, the elephant’s toe
bones rest on a fatty pad that might help focus vibrations from the ground into the bone. Finally, the
elephant’s enormous brain lies in the cranial cavity behind the eyes in line with the auditory canal. The front
of the skull is riddled with sinus cavities that may function as resonating chambers for vibrations from the
ground.

Exercise 9: Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

hammer

sinus cavities
bodies

pad
Reading 10:
Roman tunnels
The Romans, who once controlled areas of Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor, adopted
the construction techniques of other civilizations to build tunnels in their territories
The Persians, who lived in present-day Iran, were one of the first civilizations to build tunnels that
provided a reliable supply of water to human settlements in dry areas. In the early first millennium BCE,
they introduced the qanat method of tunnel construction, which consisted of placing posts over a hill in a
straight line, to ensure that the tunnel kept to its route, and then digging vertical shafts down into the ground
at regular intervals. Underground, workers removed the earth from between the ends of the shafts, creating
a tunnel. The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts, which also provided ventilation
during the work. Once the tunnel was completed, it allowed water to flow from the top of a hillside down
towards a canal, which supplied water for human use. Remarkably, some qanats built by the Persians 2,700
years ago are still in use today.
They later passed on their knowledge to the Romans, who also used the qanat method to construct
water-supply tunnels for agriculture. Roman qanat tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts dug at
intervals of between 30 and 60 meters. The shafts were equipped with handholds and footholds to help
those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid. To ensure that the shafts
were vertical, Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft and made sure
that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft. Plumb lines were also used to measure the
depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel. The 5.6 kilometer Long Claudius tunnel, built in
41 CE to drain the Fucine Lake in central Italy, had shafts that were up to 122 meters deep, took 11 years
to build and involved approximately 30,000 workers.

Exercise 10: Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

posts canal

ventilation

Lid

weight

climbing
Reading 11:
The Falkirk Wheel
A unique engineering achievement
The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms, attached about 25 metres apart to
a fixed central spine. Two diametrically opposed water-filled ‘gondolas’, each with a capacity of 360,000
litres, are fitted between the ends of the arms. These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they
are carrying boats. This is because, according to Archimedes’ principle of displacement, floating objects
displace their own weight in water. So when a boat enters a gondola, the amount of water leaving the
gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat. This keeps the Wheel balanced and so, despite its enormous
mass, it rotates through 180° in five and a half minutes while using very little power. It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-
hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate the Wheel -roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of
water.
Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth & Clyde Canal and then
enter the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off
from the water in the canal basin. The water between the gates is then pumped out. A hydraulic clamp,
which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel
to turn. In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central axle.
The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution
per minute. As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system.
Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs
travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs – so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level.
When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 metres above
the canal basin.
The remaining 11 metres of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of
locks. The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the
two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans
in the second century AD. Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to
the Union Canal.
Exercise 11: Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

gates

bánh quay
= removed
clamp
=turn
trục
locks
axle

Wall

beneath= under

cogs
aqueduct
Reading 12:
The Rainmaker design
The seawater greenhouse as developed by Paton has three main parts. They both air-condition
the greenhouse and provide water for irrigation. The front of the greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind
so that hot dry air blows in through a front wall. The wall is made of perforated cardboard kept moist by a
constant trickle of seawater pumped up from the ocean. The purpose is to cool and moisten the incoming
desert air. The cool moist air allows the plants to grow faster. And, crucially, because much less water
evaporates from the leaves, the plants need much less moisture to grow than if they were being irrigated
in the hot dry desert air outside the greenhouse.
The air-conditioning of the interior of the greenhouse is completed by the second feature: the roof.
It has two layers: an outer layer of clear polyethylene and an inner coated layer that reflects infrared
radiation. This combination ensures that visible light can stream through to the plants, maximizing the rate
of plant growth through photosynthesis but at the same time heat from the infrared radiation is trapped in
the space between the layers, and kept away from the plants. This helps keep the air around the plants
cool.
At the back of the greenhouse sits the third elements. This is the main water production unit. Here,
the air hits a second moist cardboard wall that increases its humidity as it reaches the condenser, which
finally collects from the hot humid air the moisture for irrigating the plants. The condenser is a metal surface
kept cool by still more seawater. It is the equivalent of the window on Paton’s Morcoccan bus. Drops of
pure distilled water from on the condenser and flow into a tank for irrigating the crops.
Exercise 12: Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
infrared radiation
moist condenser

hot dry air pure distilled water

Reading 13:
đuốc
The Olympic Torch
To improve safety, liquid fuels made their first appearance at the 1972 Munich Games. Since
then, torches have been using fuels which are pressurised into the form of a liquid. When the fuels are
burnt, they turn into gas to produce a flame. Liquid fuel is safer for the runner and can be stored in a
light container. The torch at the 1996 Atlanta Summer
rise
Olympics is equipped with an aluminium base
that accommodates a tiny fuel tank. As the fuel ascends through the modified handle, it is squeezed
through a brass valve that has thousands of little openings. As the fuel passes through the tiny
openings, it accumulates pressure. Once it makes its way through the openings, the pressure
decreases and the liquid becomes gas so it can bum up.
The torch in 1996 was fuelled by propylene, a type of substance that could give out a bright
flame. However, since propylene was loaded with carbon, it would produce plenty of smoke which was
detrimental to the environment. In 2000, the designers of the Sydney Olympic torch proposed a lighter
and cheaper design, which was harmless to the environment. For the fuel, they decided to go with a
combination of 35 per cent propane (a gas that is used for cooking and heating) and 65 per cent
butane (a gas that is obtained from petroleum), thus creating a powerful flame without generating
much smoke.
Both the 1996 and 2000 torches adopted a double flame burning system, enabling the flames
to stay lit even in severe weather conditions. The exterior flame bums at a slower rate and at a lower
temperature. It can be perceived easily with its big orange flame, but it is unstable.On the other hand,
the interior flame bums faster and hotter, generating a small blue flame with great stability, due to the
internal site offering protection from the wind. Accordingly, the interior flame would serve as a pilot
light, which could relight the external flame if it should go out.

hỏi
ascends=rise
descend: go down
descendant: thế hệ sau
Exercise 13: Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

double flame

openings

handle
= modified

propane and butane

fuel tank
bao bọc = accommodates

lớp nhôm
Reading 14: cờ neo

The Lake Erie Canal kênh

On April 15th, 1817, the New York State Legislature finally approved construction of the Erie Canal.
The Legislature authorised $7 million for construction of the 363-mile long waterway, which was to be 40
feet wide and eighteen feet deep. Construction began on July 4th 1817 and took eight years.
Like most canals, the Erie Canal depended on a lock system in order to compensate for changes
in water levels over distance. A lock is a section of canal or river that is closed off to control the water level,
so that boats can be raised or lowered as they pass through it. Locks have two sets of sluice gates (top and
bottom), which seal off and then open the entrances to the chamber, which is where a boat waits while the
movement up or down takes place. In addition, locks also have valves at the bottom of the sluice gates and
it is by opening these valves that water is allowed into and out of the chamber to raise or lower the water
level, and hence the boat.
Exercise 14: Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

sluice gates

phòng

the chamber

valves

van
Reading 15:
The electric revolution
The plan is simple but revolutionary. It starts with the installation of a home charge point, and
through this, the vehicle will be plugged into the electricity grid whenever it is in the garage, typically at
night. In the morning, with a fully charged battery, the car is capable of as much as 160 km in urban motoring
conditions. In addition to the home charge point, the battery can be topped up by charge points at work and
at supermarkets.
The battery is linked to a control centre by smart technology inside the vehicle. Better Place can
then ensure that the car is charged with electricity from renewable sources at the cheapest price. For longer
trips, a navigation system directs the driver to the nearest switch station, where the depleted battery can
be replaced with a charged one by a robot within a couple of minutes.
Exercise 15: Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/ OR A NUMBER from the
passage for each answer.

electricity gird
work
160km

navigation system
a robot

price