Bones of fowl: • Fowl:

• Birds can fly:

• 1. Feathers/Wings
• 2. Lightness: Pneumatic bones
• 3. Strength and rigidity: Fusion of
bones, cranial bones are fused
completely, fore limb, hind limb and
vertebral column.
• 4. Air sacs: 9 - 11
➢ Clavicular- unpaired
➢ Cervical – Paired
➢ Anterior thoracic –paired
➢ Posterior thoracic- Paired
➢ Abdominal - Paired
Bones of fowl: • Fore limb:
• Pectoral girdle:
• Scapula: Sword / sickle shaped
• Coracoid: Most robust bone of shoulder
girdle.
• Clavicle: Furculum, Wish bone.
• Foramen triosseum, Supracoracoideus
muscle.
• Arm: Humerus: Large pneumatic foramen
• Fore arm: Radius & ulna
• Ulna is larger than radius
• Large interosseous space
• Manus:
• A. Carpus: (2) Radial carpal & ulnar carpal
• B. Carpo-metacarpal: (3), 1,2 & 3
• Digits: 3, 1,2 & 3
• Phalanges: 1 & 2: Two phalanges each
• 3rd digit – 1 phalanx
• 2nd digit – largest.
Bones of fowl:
• a forked bone (the furcula)
between the neck and
breast of a bird. According
to a popular custom, this
bone from a cooked bird is
broken by two people and
the holder of the longer
portion is then entitled to
make a wish.
Hind limb (Fowl): • Pelvic limb:
• Pelvic girdle: Ilium, ischium and pubis.
• Ilio-ischiatic foramen, acetabulum
perforated, antitrochanter. Pubis rod
shaped.
• Thigh: Femur, patella, Longitudinal axis of
patella is transverse direction.
• Tibial tarsal & fibula: Largest and longest
bone in fowl. Cranial aspect of proximal
extremity bears a cnemial crest.
• Tarsometatarsus: 4, 1,2.3 & 4.
• 4 Condyles, Hypotarsus, distal foramen and
Spur in male birds.
• Digits; 4
• 1st digit – 2 phlanges
• 2nd digit – 3 phalanges
• 3rd digit – 4 phalanges
• 4th digit – 5 phalanges
Bones of fowl: • Skull: Differences from mammals:
• i. Sutures absent
• Ii. Teeth absent
• iii. Interparietal absent
• iv. Paranasal sinuses absent
• v. Turbinates absent
• Vi. Ethmoturbinate absent
• vii. Occipital condyle single
• Viii. Quadrate bone present.
• ix. Beak present, premaxilla and
mandible
• x. Maxilla rudimentary
• xi. Malar – rod like
• xii. Palatine rod like
• xiii. Ethmoid – interorbital septum
Skull (Fowl): • Fowl:
• Cranial bone: (5), 3 paired and 2 unpaired
• i. Frontal
• ii. Parietal
• iii. Temporal
• iv. Occipital
• v. Sphenoid
• Vi. Ethmoid
• Facial bones: (11), 8 paired and 3 unpaired.
• i. Maxilla
• Ii. Premaxilla
• Iii. Palatine
• Iv. Pterygoid
• V. Malar/ Zygomatic
• Vi.Lacrimal
• Vii. Nasal
• Viii. Quadrate
• Ix. Vomer
• X. Mandible
• Xi. Hyoid
 • Vertebral formula:
Fowl (Vertebrae): • C14T7LS14Cy6
Cervical vertebrae:
Atlas: Ring like
The last two cervical vertebrae posses vertebral
segments of st 2 ribs , therefore first 2 ribs called as
cervical ribs.
Thoracic: 7
1st and 6th –free
2 -5 fused to form Notarium
7th fuses with Lumbo-sacral mass to form syn-
sacrum.
Coccygeal vertebrae:
1st fused with lumbosacral mass to form synsacrum.
2-5 fused together- no name
Last coccygeal vertebra: Longest, Pygostyle, Plow
share bone. It gives attachment to tail feathers and a
pair of Preen glands or Uropygeal glands.
Ribs: 7 Pairs. They have uncinate processes.
Sternum: proportionately large. Has 2 parts,
metastenum and costal sternum. Metasternum has a
keel bone.