4x4 Array Multiplier - Construction, Working and Applications

5/17/24, 9:26 AM 4x4 Array Multiplier : Construction, Working and Applications
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What is 4×4 Array Multiplier and Its Work

Multipliers are used in a wide range of digital signal processing and other app
advancements in current technologies, many researchers have mainly concentrated on t
for better performance. Some of the design targets are – high speed, accuracy, low po
the regularity of layout, less area.DSP processor has various computational blocks,
adders, MAC. The speed of operation and execution of these blocks have advanced w
previous versions. The execution speed of multipliers depends on two factors, semicond
and multiplier architecture. Adders are the basic building block of digital multiplexers, wh
series of repeated additions, to speed up the multiplier operation, the adder’s operation
increased. There are many digital signal processing applications, where critical de
performance of the processor lies in the multiplier. There are different types of multipl
4×4 array multiplier is an advanced one which is described in this article.
Multiplication Schemes in 4×4 Array Multiplier

There are two types of multiplication schemes they are
https://www.elprocus.com/4x4-array-multiplier-and-its-working/ 1/13
Serial Multiplication (Shift–Add): The serial multiplication operation can be solved

products and then adding partial products together. The implementations are prim
architecture
Parallel Multiplication: The parallel products are generated simultaneously in parallel m

high – performance machine Parallel implementations are applied, latency is minimized.
Multiplication Algorithm
Multiplication process has three main steps:
Partial product generation

Partial product reduction
Final addition.
The common multiplication method is the “add and shift “algorithm. The multiplication alg
multiplier is shown below.
4-by-4-multiplication
4 – by – 4 – multiplication 1
example-2
Partial Products are generated using AND gates, where
Multiplicand = N-bits
Multiplier = M-bits
partial products = N*M.
The multiplication of two 8-bit numbers, which generates the 16-bit product.
The equation of addition is
P ( m + n ) = A( m ) . B ( n ) = i=0 m-1∑ j=0n-1∑ ai bj 2i+j ……. 1
A, B = 8 bits;
Steps in Multiplication
The following are the steps for any multiplication
If LSB of Multiplier is ‘1’. then add the multiplicand into an accumulator multiplier bit is s
the right and multiplicand bit is shifted one bit to the left.
Stop when all bits of the multiplier is zero.
Less hardware is used if partial products are added serially. We can add all PP by a pa
However, it is possible to use compression technique the number of partial products ca
before addition, is performed.
Different Types of Multipliers

The different types of multipliers are,
Booth Multiplier
The function of the booth’s multiplier is, to multiply 2 signed binary numbers which are re
complement form. The advantages of booths multipliers are Minimum complex, Multiplica
up. The disadvantages of booths multipliers are Power consumption is high.
Combinational Multiplier
The combinational multiplier performs multiplication of two unsigned binary numbers. The
combinational multiplier is that it can easily generate intermediate products. The main dis
combinational multiplier is it occupies large areas.
Sequential Multiplier
Multiplication is divided into the sequence of steps, where the partial product generate
accumulator partial sum now is shifted to the next step. The advantage of this is it occup
disadvantage os a sequential multiplier is it is a slow process.
Wallace tree Multiplier
It reduces the number of partial products and uses carry select adder for the addition o
The advantage of the Wallace tree multiplier is a high speed and medium complex
disadvantage of Wallace tree multiplier is the layout design is irregular and occupies a lar
Array Multiplier
The multiplier circuit is based on the add shift algorithm. The main advantage of the arr
simple in design and regular in shape. The disadvantage of an array multiplier is the dela
power consumption.
Shift and Add Multiplier
It is similar to the normal multiplication process, which we do in mathematics, from ar

chat where X = Multiplicand; Y = Multiplier; A = Accumulator, Q = Quotient. Firstly Q is c
no if it is 1 then add A and B and shift A_Q arithmetic right, else if it is not 1 directly sh
right and decrement N by 1, in the next step check if N is 0 or no. If N not 0 repeats fr
terminate the process.
shift-and-add-multiplier
Construction and Working of a 4×4 Array Multiplier
The design structure of the array Multiplier is regular, it is based on the add shift algorithm
Partial product = the multiplicand * multiplier bit……….(2)
where AND gates are used for the product, the summation is done using Full Adders
where the partial product is shifted according to their bit orders. In an n*n array multipli
compute the partial products and the addition of partial products can be performed by us
adders and n Half adders. The 4×4 array multiplier shown has 8 inputs and 8 outputs
4-by-4-array-multiplier
Building Blocks of 4×4 Array Multiplier
A full adder has three input lines and two output lines, where we use this as a basic bu
array multiplier. The following is the example of a 4×4 array multiplier. The leftmost bit
partial product.
adder-block-diagram
array-multiplier-block-diagram
The rightmost bit is the MSB bit of partial product. The partial products are now shifte
side on multiplication and they are added to get the final product. This process is repe
partial products exit for addition.
4-by-4-multiplication-1
logic-diagram-of-4-by-4 – array – multiplier
Where a0,a1,a2,a3 and b0,b1,b2,b3 are Multiplicand and Multiplier, summation of all p
products.The result of the sum of the partial product is a product.
For a 4×4 Array Multiplier, it needs 16 AND gates, 4 Half Adders(HAs), 8 Full Adde
Adders.
Advantages of 4×4 Array Multiplier
The advantages of array multiplier are,
Minimum complexity
Easily scalable
Easily pipelined
Regular shape, easy to place and route
Disadvantages of 4×4 Array Multiplier

The disadvantages of array multiplier are as follows,
High power consumption

More digital gates resulting in large areas.
Applications of 4×4 Array Multiplier
The applications of array multiplier are listed,
Array multiplier is used to perform the arithmetic operation, like filtering, Fourier
coding.
High-speed operation.
Thus, this is all about 4×4 array multiplier which is an advanced multiplier based on add
the performance can be easily increased using the pipeline technique with simple c
though it utilizes more logic gates where it can be implemented using Verilog. Here is
many logic gates are required to design 3*3 array multiplier?”.
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5/17/24, 9:26 AM 4x4 Array Multiplier : Construction, Working and Applications

HOME ELECTRICAL › ELECTRONICS › COMMUNICATION › ROBOTICS PRO

Projects › Project Ideas IC › Embedded Sensors Components Tools › I

What is 4×4 Array Multiplier and Its Work

Multiplication Schemes in 4×4 Array Multiplier

Serial Multiplication (Shift–Add): The serial multiplication operation can be solved

Parallel Multiplication: The parallel products are generated simultaneously in parallel m

Multiplication process has three main steps:

Partial product generation

Partial Products are generated using AND gates, where

The equation of addition is

P ( m + n ) = A( m ) . B ( n ) = i=0 m-1∑ j=0n-1∑ ai bj 2i+j ……. 1

The following are the steps for any multiplication

Different Types of Multipliers

Wallace tree Multiplier

Shift and Add Multiplier

It is similar to the normal multiplication process, which we do in mathematics, from ar

Construction and Working of a 4×4 Array Multiplier

Partial product = the multiplicand * multiplier bit……….(2)

Building Blocks of 4×4 Array Multiplier

logic-diagram-of-4-by-4 – array – multiplier

Advantages of 4×4 Array Multiplier

The advantages of array multiplier are,

Disadvantages of 4×4 Array Multiplier

The disadvantages of array multiplier are as follows,

High power consumption

Applications of 4×4 Array Multiplier

The applications of array multiplier are listed,

Facebook Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest

What is an Ultrasonic Flow Met

CATEGORIES RECENT COMMENTS

Communication K BALAJI on Simple Electronic Circuits for

Advertise With Us Disclaimer Report Violation Image Usage

Copyright 2013 - 2024 © Elprocus

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