Solution

 Solution :
 A homogeneous mixture of two or more pure non reacting substances whose
composition can be varied within certain limit is called solution.
 Solution is composed of by solute & solvent.

 Binary Solution.
 When solution is composed of only two components then it is called as binary
solution.
 Two components of binary solution

1. Solute : In smaller proportion or amount in a solution

2. Solvent : In larger proportion or amount in a solution

Classification Of Binary Solution On The Basis Of Sates Of Matter:

Sr. Nature Solute Solvent Examples
No
.
1. Solid Solution Gas Solid Hydrogen in Palladium
Liquid Solid Mercury in Zinc amalgam.
Solid Solid Alloys like bronze, brass etc
2. Liquid Gas Liquid Soft drinks in packed bottle,
solution dissolved oxygen in water etc.
Liquid Liquid Water in milk
Solid Liquid Salt in water
3. Gaseous Gas Gas Air
solution Liquid Gas Fog, mist, humidity in air
Solid Gas Smoke, dust in air

 Different terms related with the solution.

Saturated solution : A solution that cannot be dissolved any more of the solute at a given
temperature.

Unsaturated solution : A solution in which more of the solute can be dissolved at a given
temperature or after increase in temperature.

Supersaturated solution : A solution in which at a particular temperature contains more

solute than its saturated at that temperature.

Concentrated solution : A solution in which the amount of solute is relatively large for a given
mass of solvent.
Dilute solution : A solution in which the amount of solute is relatively small for a given mass of
solvent.

Aqueous solution :A solution in which solute dissolve in water.

Non-aqueous solution :A solution in which solute dissolve in any solvent rather than water.
 Example: Blended petrol in which petrol mixed with ethanol.

True solution :
 Homogenous solution
 size of solute particle is less than 10-9 m (i.e.10-9 m is one nanometer).
 cannot be distinguished even under a microscope.
 Example : Salt or Sugar dissolved in water and forms true solution.

Colloidal Solution :
 Heterogeneous mixture
 Size of solute particle lies between10-9m to 10-6 m (1 nanometer to 1 micrometer).
 Cannot be seen by naked eyes but they can be seen by microscope.
 Example : milk, gum, blood, ink etc.

Suspension solution :
 Heterogeneous mixture
 Size of solute particle is more than 10-6 m.
 Visible even to naked eyes or under microscope.
 Ex : sea coast sand in water, muddy water, chalk powder in water etc.

Hypotonic solution : A solution in which the concentration of solute is greater inside the cell
than outside of it.

Hypertonic Solution : A solution in which the concentration of solute is greater outside the cell
than inside of it.

Isotonic solution: A solution in which the concentration of solute is equal inside and outside of
the cell.

 Dispersion system :
 A system consisting of a substance distribute as a very small particles of solid, liquid or
gas in a suitable medium is called as dispersion system.
 The substance present in larger quantity is called dispersion medium.
 The substance present in smaller quantity is called dispersion medium.
No. Dispersion Dispersed Dispersion Examples
system phase medium
1. Sol Solid Liquid Blood,
pigmented ink,
cell fluids, milk
of magnesia
Mg(OH)2 etc.
 Solid Solid Colored
gemstones,
milky glass etc.
2. Aerosol Solid Gas Smoke, dust
storms,
automobile
exhaust etc.
Liquid Gas Fog, mist, cloud
3. Foam Gas Solid Foam, rubber,
sponge etc.
Gas Liquid Froth, shaving
cream etc.
4. Emulsion Liquid Liquid Milk, face
cream, luster
paints, butter
etc.
5. Gel Liquid Solid Cheese, Jelly,
Curd, shoe
polish etc.

 Brownian Movement:
 The continuous zigzag movement of particles in the dispersion medium of colloidal
solution.
 It occurs due to unequal bombardment of the moving particles of dispersion medium
on other colloidal particles of a solution.
 Observed by British botanist Robert Brown in 1827.

 Tyndall Effect :
 The scattering of a beam of light by colloidal particles is called Tyndall effect.
 The Tyndall effect is light scattering by particles in colloid or in a very fine suspension.
 This effect named after the 19th century physicist John Tyndall.
 Ex: Sky looks blue due to scattering of light.