Goal and Scope Definition:

Scope: The study will consider the entire life cycle of concrete and cement, including
raw material extraction, transportation, manufacturing, construction, use,
maintenance, and end-of-life scenarios:

- Raw material extraction (e.g., limestone, clay, aggregates)

- Cement manufacturing (e.g., quarrying, crushing, grinding, kiln operations)

- Concrete production (e.g., mixing, transportation, curing)

- Construction processes (e.g., formwork, placement, finishing)

- Use phase (e.g., structural performance, durability)

- Maintenance and repair

- End-of-life scenarios (e.g., demolition, recycling, landfill disposal)

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis:

As stated earlier this stage will involves gathering data on energy consumption and
resource been used in all the processes stated above. The collected data is then
recorded in a structured inventory database, which serves as the foundation for
subsequent phases of the LCA

Life Cycle Impact Assessment:

LCIA aims to assess the magnitude and significance of the impacts on various
environmental categories throughout the life cycle stages:

o Global Warming Potential: calculating the greenhouse gas emitted (e.g., CO2, CH4)
in every life cycle stage and expressing in terms of CO2 equivalent emissions.

o Resource Depletion: Evaluate the depletion of natural resources (e.g., fossil fuels,
minerals) throughout the life cycle of concrete and cement production.
o Air and Water Pollution: Assess the emissions of pollutants (e.g., particulate matter,
nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide) to air and water bodies, considering their impacts on
human health and ecosystems.

o Eco toxicity: Analyze the potential toxicity of emissions to soil, water, and biota,
including the effects of heavy metals and other hazardous substances released
during the life cycle of concrete and cement.

o Human Health Impacts: Estimate the potential impacts on human health, including
respiratory effects, cancer risks, and other health outcomes associated with exposure
to pollutants emitted during concrete and cement production and use.

Conclusion

Evaluating the environmental impacts of construction projects across their entire life
cycle, life cycle assessment provides valuable insights for making informed decisions
that minimize environmental harm and promote sustainability in the built
environment. It helps stakeholders identify opportunities for improving the
environmental performance of buildings and infrastructure while balancing other
important considerations such as cost, functionality, and social impact.