Power and Motion Transmission Devices

Power Transmission:
o From prime mover to machine
o From one shaft to another
 Machine

Machine is a device consisting of various elements

arranged together, so as to perform the prescribe task to
satisfy human needs

Input Machines
(source of (arrangement of Output
energy) elements) (prescribed task)
 Machine Elements
Machine Elements

Holding Elements Supporting Elements Power transmitting Elements

Example: nuts and bolts, screw, Examples: bearings, axles, Examples: gears, shafts, clutches and
keys, couplings, pins, revettes. brackets, hangers brakes, pulleys, belts, chain, and sprocket
 Objectives of Power Transmission
➢ Transmit power from motor shaft to driven shafts.

➢ To change the rotational speed/direction.

➢ Transmit power from one source to different shafts.

➢ Provide a shock absorbing cushion between driver and driven.

➢ Converts rotational movement into linear reciprocating motion

 Power and Motion Transmission Devices
o Power is transmitted from one shaft to the other by means of belts, chains and gears

✓ Belts and ropes are flexible members which are used where distance between the two shafts is large

✓ Chains are also flexible, but they are preferred for intermediate distances

✓ Gears are used when the shafts are very close with each other
 Belt drives
General Applications:
➢ Used in conveying system

➢ Used for transmission of power

➢ Sock and vibration absorbing capacity

➢ Can take care of some degree of misalignment

➢ Replacement of a rigid type power transmission system

 Belt drives
➢ To Transmit the power through belt, pulleys are connected on the shaft

➢ Connected belt or rope is kept in tension so that the motion of

the one pully is transferred to other without slip

➢ Power transmission is due to frictional resistance between the

belt and pulleys.

❖ Why pulleys are bigger in diameter than the

shaft?
➢ The speed of the driven shaft can be varied by varying
the diameters of the pulleys ✓ Sufficient friction
✓ Speed variation
 Classification of belts
a) According to Drives

i. Light drives belt

o Transmit small power at belt speed up to 10 m/s.
o Used in agriculture machines.

ii. Medium drives belt

o Transmit medium power at belt speed 10 to 22 m/s.
o Used in machine tools.

iii. Heavy drives belt

o Transmit heavy power at belt speed more than 22 m/s.
o Used in compressors and generators.
 Classification of belts Contd..

b) According to Shape

(a) Flat type belt

o Flat in shape

o Used where need to transmit moderate power.

o Used where distance between two pulleys is not more than 8 meters.

o Joint by Pin.
 Classification of belts Contd..

(b) V type belt

o Used where need to transfer moderate power.

o Used where two pulleys are very near.

o Groove angle of the pulley is generally 40 degree

o Belts are made of fabrics impregnated and covered with rubber and moulded

to a trapezoidal shape.
 Classification of belts Contd..

(c) Circular type belt

o Circular shape belt like rope.

o Used where need to transfer large amount of power.
o Used where distance between pulleys are more than 8 meters.
o The groove angle of pulley is usually 45 degree
 Types of Flat Belt Drives Contd..

Open Belt Drive Crossed Belt Drive

o Shaft arranged in parallel and rotates o Shaft arranged in parallel and rotates in opposite direction.
in same direction. o More contact with pulleys
o As there is no rubbing point, the life o Require more length of belt
of the belt is more
 Types of Flat Belt Drives Contd..

Tight Side
Belt drive with idler pulleys

o Shaft arranged in parallel and rotates in same direction Slack Side

o Open belt can not be use because of the small contact angle

o Placed on the slack side of the belt and nearer to the smaller pully

o Idlers can be used to reduce belt vibration by supporting a

segment of belt that is prone to vibration/oscillation.

o Used to improve belt drive performance.

o Example: in car engines for clutching action from engine

to transmission.
 Types of Flat Belt Drives Contd..

Compound Belt drive

o Power is transmitted on more than one shaft

o Power is transmitted through number of pulleys

o A particular shaft holds two or more pulleys

o Required to have a large velocity ratio

 Types of Flat Belt Drives Contd..

Stepped or Cone Pully Drive

o To frequent change the speed of the driven shaft

o Driving shaft runs at constant speed

o Example: Lathe and milling machines

 Velocity Ratio in Belt drive
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕
Velocity Ratio (VR) =
𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕
D2
N1
D1

(1) Flat belt Drive N2

Length of the belt passes over the driving shaft/minute = πD1N1

Length of the belt passes over the driving shaft/minute = πD2N2 Peripheral velocity of the belt

Driving pulley= Driven pully

Length of the belt passes over both the pulleys in per minute will be same
𝑟1 × 𝜔1 = 𝑟2 × 𝜔2
𝑁2 𝐷1
πD1N1 = πD2N2 =
𝑁1 𝐷2
𝑁2 𝐷1 𝑁2 (𝐷1 +𝑡) Considering thickness of
= = 𝐷1 × 𝑁1
𝑁1 𝐷2 𝑁1 (𝐷2 +𝑡) belt 𝑁2 =
𝐷2
 Velocity Ratio in Belt drive
Compound Pully:

Shaft 1 and 2

𝑟1 × 𝜔1 = 𝑟2 × 𝜔2

𝑁2 𝐷1
= (1)
𝑁1 𝐷2

Shaft 3 and 4 From Equation 1 and 2

𝑟3 × 𝜔3 = 𝑟4 × 𝜔4 𝑁2 𝑁4 𝐷1 𝐷3
× = × N2 = N 3
𝑁1 𝑁3 𝐷2 𝐷4
𝑁4 𝐷3
= (2)
𝑁3 𝐷4 𝑁4 𝐷1
= for D2 = D3
𝑁1 𝐷4
 Belt Slip
o Motion of the belt with pully (pully with belt) is due to the frictional grip between the belt and pully

o Belt slippage occurs whenever torque demand exceeds the available friction

o Slip in the belt drive is a phenomenon of the relative motion between belt and pulley

o Slip is the difference between the linear velocities of pulley

(driver/driven) and belt.

✓ Forward motion of the driver without carrying the belt with it

✓ Forward motion of the belt without carrying the driven pully with it.
 Belt Slip Contd..

%S1 = Slip between the driver pully and belt

%S2 = Slip between the driven pully and belt D2

N1
D1
%S = Total Slip
N2

Peripheral speed of the driver pully = 𝑉1 = 𝑟1 × 𝜔1

𝑆1
Peripheral speed of the belt at Driver pully = 𝑉1 −𝑆1 𝑉1 /100 = = 𝑉1 1 −
100
𝑆1 𝑆2
Peripheral speed of the Driven pully = 𝑉1 1 − 1−
100 100
𝑆
In terms of total slip Velocity of the driven pully = 𝑉1 1 −
100

Hence
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2
𝑉1 1 − = 𝑉1 1 − 1− 𝑁2 𝐷1 100−𝑆
100 100 100
Velocity Ratio = =
𝑁1 𝐷2 100
S = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 − 0.01𝑆1 × 𝑆2
 Creep in belt drive
o When the belt passes from tight side to slack side, a certain portion of the belt extends and it contracts

o Due to these changes in length, there is a relative motion between the belt and the pulley surfaces.

o This relative motion is called as creep.

✓ Creep is due to the elastic property

of belt Tight Side

✓ Slip is due to insufficient frictional Pully release the belt

grip between the belt and pulley. Creep Begins here

Belt Contracts

Slack Side
Creep Ends here
 Length of Belt
Open Belt:

Total Length of the Belt =

Length in contact with smaller pully (arc HKF)

+
Length in contact with larger pully (arc GJE)
+
Length in not contact with either pully (EF+ GH)

Total Length of the Belt = 2 (arc JE + arc KF + EF)

Let: α = Angle subtended by the common tangent with O1 O2

Angle O1O2 M = α
 Length of Belt Cont.…

Total Length of the Belt = 2 (arc JE + arc KF + EF)

𝜋 𝜋
L0 = 2 𝑟1 + 𝛼 + 𝑟2 − 𝛼 + 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
2 2

L0 = 𝜋 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 2𝛼 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 + 2𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑂1 𝑂2 EF

𝑟1− 𝑟2
𝑂2 M = EF ; 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 1 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 2
𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1 −
𝑟1− 𝑟2 2 𝑥
𝛼=
𝑥

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
𝑟1 −𝑟2 2
1 L0 = 𝜋 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + + 2𝑥
= 1− 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 2 𝑥

1 From binomial theorem)

= 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + ⋯
 Length of Belt
Cross Belt:

Total Length of the Belt = 2 (arc JE + arc KF + EF)

𝜋 𝜋
LC = 2 𝑟1 + 𝛼 + 𝑟2 + 𝛼 + 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼
2 2

= 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝜋 + 2𝛼 + 2𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼

𝑟1+ 𝑟2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 =
𝑥
𝑟1+ 𝑟2
𝛼=
𝑥 𝑟1 +𝑟2 2
LC = 𝜋 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + + 2𝑥
𝑥

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
Difference in length of open and cross belt drive
2
1 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 1 − 4𝑟1 𝑟2
2 𝑥 𝐿𝐶 − 𝐿𝑂 =
𝑥
 Angle of Contact of belt over the pully
Angle of Contact
o Refers to the angle made by the portion of the belt in
contact with the pulley

Angle of Contact (Open belt)

o Angle of contact = Angle created by the arc FKH = 180 - 2α

𝑂 𝑀 𝑂1 𝐸 −𝐸𝑀 𝑟1 −𝑟2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑂 1𝑂 = =
1 2 𝑂1 𝑂2 𝑥

Angle of Contact (Cross belt)

o Angle of contact = 180 + 2α

𝑂 𝑀 𝑂1 𝐸+𝐸𝑀 𝑟1 +𝑟2
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑂 1𝑂 = =
1 2 𝑂1 𝑂2 𝑥
 Belt Tension
Initial belt Tension:

Tension in tight side T1= T0 +△T

T0 + △T
Tension in tight side T2= T0 -△T

T0 = (T1 + T2)/2

T0 - △T
 Ratio of the Driving Tension for Flat Belt Drives
T = Tension
𝞵 = friction coefficient between the belt and pully
θ = Angle of contact of belt over the pully

Resolving the forces in the tangential direction

𝛿𝜃 𝛿𝜃
𝑇 + 𝛿𝑇 𝐶𝑜𝑠 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑠 − 𝜇𝑅 = 0
2 2
For small 𝛿𝜃
Slack Side Tight Side
𝑇 + 𝛿𝑇 − 𝑇 − 𝜇𝑅 = 0

𝛿𝑇 = 𝜇𝑅 (1)
Resolving the forces in the Radial direction 𝑇𝛿𝜃 𝛿𝑇𝛿𝜃 𝛿𝜃
𝑅− − −𝑇 =0
2 2 2
𝛿𝜃 𝛿𝜃
𝑅 = 𝑇 + 𝛿𝑇 𝑆𝑖𝑛 + 𝑇𝑆𝑖𝑛
2 2 𝑅 = 𝑇𝛿𝜃 (2)
For small 𝛿𝜃
Ratio of the Driving Tension for Flat Belt Drives
𝛿𝑇
=𝜇𝛿𝜃
𝑇

𝑇1 𝜃
𝑑𝑇
න = 𝜇 න 𝑑𝜃
𝑇2 𝑇 0

𝑇1
log 𝑒 = 𝜇𝜃
𝑇2

𝑇1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃
𝑇2
𝑒 𝜇𝜃 > 1
 Power Transmitted by Belt
Effective force at the circumference of the Driven pully
= T1 – T2

Power transmitted = force X velocity

= (T1 – T2 ) × V

V = Velocity of the belt (m/s)

 Maximum Power Transmitted by Belt
Centrifugal Effects on the belt
✓ Centrifugal effect due to its own weight tends to lift the belt from the pully

𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣2
= (𝑟𝛿𝜃 × 𝑚) ×
𝑟
2
= 𝑚𝑣 𝛿𝜃 (1)

𝛿𝜃
𝐹𝑐 = 2𝑇𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 m= mass per unit length of the belt
2 Tc= centrifugal tension on the tight side
𝛿𝜃 Fc = Centrifugal force on the element
𝐹𝑐 = 2𝑇𝑐
2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑇𝑐 𝛿𝜃 (2)

From Equation 1 and 2

𝑇𝑐 𝛿𝜃 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝛿𝜃 o Independent on tight and slack side tension

𝑇𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣 2 o Depends only on the velocity
 Maximum Power Transmitted by Belt
For the maximum power transfer
o Larger tension must reach the maximum permissible value for the belt
o The belt should be on the point of slipping, i.e., maximum frictional force is developed in the belt

➢ The maximum tension T in the belt should not exceed

𝑃 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑣 the permissible limit. Hence T is constant and
differentiating power wrt. to v
𝑇2
= 𝑇1 1 − v
𝑇1 𝑑𝑝
𝑇1 = 𝑘𝑇 − 3𝑘𝑚𝑣 2 = 0
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃 𝑑𝑣
𝑇2
1
= 𝑇1 1 − 𝑣 𝑇
𝑒 𝜇𝜃 𝑇 = 3𝑚𝑣 2 = 3 𝑇𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑐 =
3
= 𝑇1 𝑘𝑣 𝑇 2
𝑇1 = 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇 − = 𝑇
3 3
𝑃 = 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐 𝑘𝑣 Total power T = T1 +Tc 𝑇
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
3𝑚
= 𝑇𝑘𝑣 − 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑘𝑣
Chain Drives o Chain is used to connect two sprockets/pulleys.
o One sprocket is the driver sprocket. The other
• Apart from power transmission, also used for conveying sprocket is the driven sprocket
goods, as well as lifting and dragging objects

Why Chain Drive?

✓ Slipe in belt drive
✓ High transmission efficiency
✓ Higher load

Applications:
o Distance between the center of the shaft is short
o Used in cycles, motor-cycles, cement manufacturing machinery, printing machine, agriculture machines,
road rollers, textile machines and paper making machines
 Advantage and Disadvantage
Advantage of Chain drive over flat belt

✓ No slip, constant velocity ratio, high transmission efficiency

✓ No effect of overload on velocity ratio
✓ Oil and grease on the surface does not effect the velocity ratio
✓ Chain occupied less space
✓ Lesser load puts on the shaft
✓ Through one chain, motion can be transmitted to several shaft

Disadvantage of Chain drive over flat belt

✓ Gradual stretching and increase in the length of the chain. Time to time some of the link needs to be
removed
✓ Lubrication of its parts is required
✓ Chains are costlier compared to the belt
 Term used in the belt Drive
Sprocket:
o The wheels over which chains are run, corresponding the pully of belt drive
o Sprocket have a projected tooth which fit in to recesses in the chain

Pitch:

o Distance between roller centre of two adjacent links is known as pitch

b1: chain width

 Term used in the belt Drive
Pitch circle diameter of chain
o A circle drawn through the roller centres of the wrapped chain round a
sprocket, is known as pitch circle and its diameter as pitch circle dia.
𝜑

Relation between pitch and pitch circle diameter

𝜑
𝑝(𝐴𝐵) = 2 𝑟 sin
2
360
360 𝜑= ; T is number of the teeth
𝑝 = 2 𝑟 sin 𝑇
2𝑇

180
𝑝 = 2 𝑟 sin d = pitch circle diameter
𝑇

180
𝑑 = 𝑝 cosec
𝑇
 Length of Chain
Length of the belt for the open belt system
𝑟1 −𝑟2 2
L0 = 𝜋 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + + 2𝑥
𝑥

o Chain of the length would be smaller than the belt

o Relation between pitch and pitch circle diameter

180
𝑑 = 𝑝 cosec
𝑇

First Term
𝜋𝑟1 + 𝜋𝑟2 = half of circumference of larger sprocket + half of circumference of smaller sprocket
𝑇1 𝑇2
= p× + p×
2 2
𝑝
= (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )
2

Second Term 𝑝2 2
𝑇 − 𝑇2
4𝜋 2 𝑥 1
 Chains Classification
Types of Chain Drives
o Hoisting and Hauling (crane) chains

o Conveyor chains

o Power Transmission chains

Hoisting and Hauling (crane) chains

o It is used to lift or lowering a load
o Shifting of some heavy product from one place to another place in a
workstation.
o Can be used upto 0.25m/s

Types
1. Oval Link Chains
2. Square Link chains
3. Stud Link Chains
 Hoisting and Hauling (crane) chains
Oval-Link Chains
o Oval shape
o Links join each other by welding
o Do not kink easily

Square link chain

o Cost is lesser than oval link chain.
o Easily kinks on overloading condition

Stud link chain

o Used to minimize the deformation

o Round bar or stud is used to fit inside the oval-link chains to provide
more strength to the chain
o Used in Ship and some crane hoist where we need to lift a very high
amount of load
 Conveyor chains
o Chains are well shaped that it can easily run over the sprocket.

o Transportation of heavy and bulky material

o Moving product is assembly line

o Run at low speed about 2 m/s.

o Motion of the chain is not smooth, there are chances of wear and tear out
 Conveyor chains
(1) Detachable or Hook joint type
o Detachable or Hook Joint types Conveyor chains are used in a conveyor where the length for
power transmission is short

(2) Closed joint type

 Power Transmission chains
✓ Used for power transmission for small distances
✓ provision of lubrication

Block Chain:

o This type of chain is used in low-speed areas and will produce noise due to the sudden
contact between sprocket and chain.
o Rubbing action takes place between teeth and the links.
o Also used to some extent as conveyor chains at comparatively low speed.
 Power Transmission chains
Roller Chain:

o It has roller ‘R’ around the bushes ‘B’ and held between roller link plates.
o A pin link plate P2 is provided on both sides to join the two central pins and keep them in position.
o Roller is made of a hardened material and is free to turn on the bushing.
o Only sliding motion between the pin and the bushing.
 Power Transmission chains
Roller Chain:
 Power Transmission chains
Silent chain

o Used where maximum quietness is desired.

o These chains don’t have rollers.
o Links are so shaped as to engage directly with the sprocket teeth.
o Used where high power transmission is required