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Bonding
Bonding
Bonding
What is the correct Lewis structure for hypochlorous acid, a compound containing chlorine,
hydrogen and oxygen?
.. ..
A. : Cl : O : H :
.. ..
.. ..
B. : Cl : H : O :
.. ..
.. ..
C. : Cl : O : H
.. ..
.. ..
D. O : Cl : H
.. ..
(Total 1 mark)
A. C2H5OH
B. CHCl3
C. CH3CHO
D. (CH3CH2)3N
(Total 1 mark)
X Y
A. low ionization energy high electronegativity value
B. low ionization energy low electronegativity value
C. high ionization energy high electronegativity value
D. high ionization energy low electronegativity value
(Total 1 mark)
A. Anions
B. Cations
C. Electrons
D. Protons
(Total 1 mark)
6. Explain why:
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(2)
(ii) sodium oxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
7. Describe and compare three features of the structure and bonding in the three allotropes of
carbon: diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene.
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(Total 6 marks)
8. Draw the Lewis structure of CO2 and predict its shape and bond angle.
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(Total 2 marks)
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(Total 2 marks)
10. Explain why silicon dioxide is a solid and carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature.
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(Total 2 marks)
11. Describe the bonding within the carbon monoxide molecule.
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(Total 2 marks)
12. How many σ and π bonds are present in a molecule of propyne, CH3CCH?
σ π
A. 5 3
B. 6 2
C. 7 1
D. 8 0
(Total 1 mark)
A. CH3CH2O–
B. CH3CO2–
C. O3
D. NO3–
(Total 1 mark)
14. The Lewis structure of SO2 is given below.
.. ..
:O ―S O:
.. ..
A. Bent (V-shaped)
B. Linear
C. T-shaped
D. Triangular planar
(Total 1 mark)
15. The graph below illustrates how the vapour pressures of ethoxyethane, CH3CH2OCH2CH3,
benzene, C6H6, and water, H2O, change with temperature.
(a) Using data from the graph, explain the difference in vapour pressure of ethoxyethane,
benzene and water at 30 °C.
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(4)
(b) Use the graph to determine the boiling point of benzene at standard pressure.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
16. Describe the delocalization of pi (π) electrons and explain how this can account for the
structure and stability of the carbonate ion, CO32–.
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(Total 3 marks)
17. Explain the meaning of the term hybridization. State the type of hybridization shown by the
carbon atoms in carbon dioxide, diamond, graphite and the carbonate ion.
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(Total 5 marks)
18. Explain the electrical conductivity of molten sodium oxide and liquid sulfur trioxide.
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(Total 2 marks)
19. Which molecule has a non-bonding (lone) pair of electrons on the central atom?
A. BF3
B. SO2
C. CO2
D. SiF4
(Total 1 mark)
20. When C2H2, C2H4 and C2H6 are arranged in order of increasing carbon-carbon bond strength
(weakest bond first), what is the correct order?
21. The number of electrons in the valence shell of elements A and B, are 6 and 7 respectively.
What is the formula and type of bonding in a compound formed by these elements?
A. A2B, covalent
B. AB2, covalent
C. A2B, ionic
D. AB2, ionic
(Total 1 mark)
22. Lewis structures are represented in different ways in different parts of the world. Two ways of
drawing the Lewis structure for H3O+ are shown below.
23. Which particles are responsible for the conduction of electricity in molten aluminium?
A. Cations
B. Anions
C. Electrons
D. Protons
(Total 1 mark)
24. The element antimony, Sb, is usually found in nature as its sulfide ore, stibnite, Sb2S3. This ore
was used two thousand years ago by ancient Egyptian women as a cosmetic to darken their eyes
and eyelashes.
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(1)
(ii) Deduce one other common oxidation number exhibited by antimony in some of its
compounds.
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(1)
(b) One method of extracting antimony from its sulfide ore is to roast the stibnite in air.
This forms antimony oxide and sulfur dioxide. The antimony oxide is then reduced by
carbon to form the free element.
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(2)
(ii) Identify two different environmental concerns associated with this method of
extraction.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
25. Methoxymethane, CH3OCH3, and ethanol, C2H5OH, have the same relative molecular mass.
Explain why methoxymethane has a much lower boiling point than ethanol.
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(Total 3 marks)
26. Ammonia, NH3, is a weak base.
(i) Draw the Lewis structure of ammonia and state the shape of the molecule and its bond
angles.
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(3)
(ii) The conjugate acid of ammonia is the ammonium ion, NH4+. Draw the Lewis structure of
the ammonium ion and deduce its shape and bond angles.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
27. How many sigma and pi bonds are there in propyne, CH3CCH?
A. 2 sigma and 2 pi
B. 7 sigma and 1 pi
C. 6 sigma and 2 pi
D. 5 sigma and 3 pi
(Total 1 mark)
A. NO3–
B. NO2–
C. O3
D. C3H6
(Total 1 mark)
29. In which compound are all the carbon atoms sp2 hybridized?
(Total 1 mark)
30. Which combination of intermolecular forces, boiling point and enthalpy of vaporization is
correct?
31. Which is the best description of the bonding present in the ammonium ion, NH4+?
32. The formula of cerium(III) sulfate is Ce2(SO4)3. What is the correct formula of cerium(III)
phosphate?
A. CeP
B. Ce2(PO4)3
C. Ce3(PO4)2
D. CePO4
(Total 1 mark)
33. Which molecule has the shortest carbon-oxygen bond length?
A. CH3COOH
B. CH3CH2OH
C. CO2
D. CO
(Total 1 mark)
34. Which pair of compounds is arranged in correct order of relative boiling points?
35. Which statement about the bonding between carbon atoms is correct?
A. In C60 fullerene each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms.
B. In C60 fullerene each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms.
C. In graphite each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms.
D. In graphite each carbon atom forms a double covalent bond with three other carbon
atoms.
(Total 1 mark)
36. Which intermolecular forces exist between molecules of carbon monoxide, CO?
37. Chloroethene, C2H3Cl, is an important organic compound used to manufacture the polymer
poly(chloroethene).
(i) Draw the Lewis structure for chloroethene and predict the H – C– Cl bond angle.
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(2)
(1)
(iii) Outline why the polymerization of alkenes is of economic importance and why the
disposal of plastics is a problem.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
38. Which pair of compounds is arranged in correct order of relative boiling points?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
40. In which substance does a carbon atom have sp2 hybridization?
A. 2-methylbutan-1-ol
B. Propyne, CH3CCH
C. C60 fullerene
D. Diamond
(Total 1 mark)
A. Mg2F3
B. Mg2F
C. Mg3F2
D. MgF2
(Total 1 mark)
A. Trigonal planar
B. Trigonal pyramidal
C. Linear
D. V-shaped (bent)
(Total 1 mark)
43. Which molecule is polar?
A. CH2Cl2
B. BCl3
C. Cl2
D. CCl4
(Total 1 mark)
44. Which substance can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the liquid state?
A. CH3OCH3
B. CH3CH2OH
C. CH3CHO
D. CH3CH2CH3
(Total 1 mark)
A. MgO(s)
B. Al2O3(s)
C. P4O10(s)
D. SiO2(s)
(Total 1 mark)
46. One important property of a rocket fuel mixture is the large volume of gaseous products formed
which provide thrust. Hydrazine, N2H4, is often used as a rocket fuel. The combustion of
hydrazine is represented by the equation below.
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(2)
(2)
(c) Use the average bond enthalpies given in Table 10 of the Data Booklet to determine the
enthalpy change for the reaction in part (a) above.
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(3)
(d) Based on your answers to parts (a) and (c), suggest whether a mixture of hydrazine and
fluorine is a better rocket fuel than a mixture of hydrazine and oxygen.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
(ii) Explain the general increasing trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3
elements, Na to Ar.
(2)
(iii) Explain why sodium conducts electricity but phosphorus does not.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
A. [Ar]4s23d6
B. [Ar]3d5
C. [Ar]4s23d5
D. [Ar]4s23d3
(Total 1 mark)
49. Which species have a dative covalent bond?
I. CO
II. NH3
III. H3O+
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
50. The Lewis structure of XeF2 contains two bonding pairs of electrons and three non-bonding
pairs of electrons (lone pairs) around the central xenon atom. What is the shape of XeF2
molecule?
A. Bent
B. Trigonal bipyramidal
C. Square planar
D. Linear
(Total 1 mark)
A. 1
B. 4
C. 16
D. 17
(Total 1 mark)
52. The electronegativities of four different elements are given below (the letters are not their
chemical symbols).
Element W X Y Z
Electronegativity 0.9 1.2 3.4 4.0
A. W is a non-metal.
C. Y is a metal.
I. HCHO
II. CO
III. H3O+
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
54. Which substance is made up of a lattice of positive ions and free moving electrons?
A. Graphite
B. Sodium chloride
C. Sulfur
D. Sodium
(Total 1 mark)
55. Which order is correct when the following compounds are arranged in order of increasing
melting point?
56. Describe the bonding in iron and explain the electrical conductivity and malleability of the
metal.
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(Total 4 marks)
57. Ethene, C2H4, and hydrazine, N2H4, are hydrides of adjacent elements in the periodic table.
(a) (i) Draw Lewis (electron dot) structures for C2H4 and N2H4 showing all valence
electrons.
(2)
(ii) State and explain the H–C–H bond angle in ethene and the H–N–H bond angle in
hydrazine.
(5)
(ii) Compare the relative polarities of the C–H bond in ethene and the N–H bond in
hydrazine.
(1)
(iii) Hydrazine is a polar molecule and ethene is non-polar. Explain why ethene is
non-polar.
(1)
(c) The boiling point of hydrazine is much higher than that of ethene. Explain this difference
in terms of the intermolecular forces in each compound.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
58. The reaction between N2H4(aq) and HCl(aq) can be represented by the following equation.
59. The graph below shows the first four ionization energies of four elements A, B, C and D (the
letters are not their chemical symbols). Which element is magnesium?
(Total 1 mark)
A. SF6
B. PCl5
C. XeF4
D. BF3
(Total 1 mark)
61. Which species have delocalized electrons?
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
62. (a) But-2-ene is a straight-chain alkene with formula C4H8. The molecule contains both σ
and π bonds.
(i) Explain the formation of the π bond.
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(2)
(ii) For each of the carbon atoms, C(1) and C(2), identify the type of hybridization
shown.
C(1): ..................................................................................................................
C(2): ..................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) But-2-ene shows geometrical isomerism. Draw the structural formula and state the name
of the other geometrical isomer.
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(2)
(c) Identify the structural formula of an isomer of but-2-ene which does not decolorize
bromine water, Br2(aq).
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
63. The reaction between N2H4(aq) and HCl(aq) can be represented by the following equation.
(iii) Suggest the type of hybridization shown by the nitrogen atoms in N2H62+.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
65. What happens when magnesium metal reacts with chlorine gas?
A. Each magnesium atom loses two electrons and each chlorine atom gains two electrons.
B. Each magnesium atom gains one electron and each chlorine atom loses one electron.
C. Each magnesium atom loses two electrons and each chlorine atom gains one electron.
D. Each magnesium atom gains one electron and each chlorine atom loses two electrons.
(Total 1 mark)
66. Which is the best description of ionic bonding?
A. The electrostatic attraction between positively charged nuclei and an electron pair
B. The electrostatic attraction between positive ions and delocalized negative ions
67. Which is the best description of the bonding present in silicon dioxide, SiO2?
A. Each silicon atom forms four single covalent bonds to oxygen atoms.
B. Each silicon atom forms two double covalent bonds to oxygen atoms.
C. Each silicon atom forms two single covalent bonds to oxygen atoms.
D. Each silicon atom forms four double covalent bonds to oxygen atoms.
(Total 1 mark)
68. (i) Draw the Lewis structures for carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide, CO2 and methanol,
CH3OH.
(3)
(ii) List, with an explanation, the three compounds in order of increasing carbon to oxygen
bond length (shortest first).
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
69. Predict the shape and bond angles for the following species:
(i) CO2
(2)
(ii) CO32–
(2)
(iii) BF4–
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
70. Which statements best describe the structure of sodium chloride, NaCl?
II. The chloride ions are arranged octahedrally around each sodium ion.
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
A. HCN
B. H2O2
C. CO2
D. CO
(Total 1 mark)
72. Identify the hybridization of carbon atoms in this molecule
1 2 3 4
A. sp3 sp2 sp2 sp2
B. sp2 sp2 sp2 sp
C. sp3 sp sp2 sp
D. sp sp2 sp sp2
(Total 1 mark)
A. O3
B. CO
C. HCN
D. CO2
(Total 1 mark)
74. Draw the Lewis structures, state the shape and predict the bond angles for the following
species.
(i) PCl3
(3)
(ii) NH2–
(3)
(iii) XeF4
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
77. Metal M has only one oxidation number and forms a compound with the formula MCO3.
Which formula is correct?
A. MNO3
B. MNH4
C. MSO4
D. MPO4
(Total 1 mark)
78. Which molecule has the shortest bond between carbon atoms?
A. C2H6
B. C2H4
C. C2H2
D. C2H4Cl2
(Total 1 mark)
(iii) Describe the structure and bonding in silicon dioxide and carbon dioxide.
(4)
(Total 7 marks)
80. Draw the Lewis structure of NH3, state its shape and deduce and explain the H–N–H bond
angle in NH3.
(Total 4 marks)
81. The graph below shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 5. Discuss the variation in
the boiling points.
(Total 4 marks)
82. Explain, using diagrams, why CO and NO2 are polar molecules but CO2 is a non-polar
molecule.
(Total 5 marks)
83. How many bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons surround the sulfur atom in the SF4
molecule?
85. What is the hybridization of the carbon atom, and the number of σ and π bonds in the methanal
molecule?
(1)
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(1)
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(1)
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(3)
(v) The element selenium (Z = 34) has electrons in the 4s, 3d and 4p orbitals. Draw an
orbital box diagram (arrow-in-box notation) to represent these electrons.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
87. Draw the Lewis structures, state the shapes and predict the bond angles for the following
species.
(i) SiF62–
(3)
(ii) NO2+
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
A. LiSe
B. Li2Se
C. LiSe2
D. Li2Se2
(Total 1 mark)
90. How many non-bonding pairs of electrons are there in a nitrogen molecule?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
(Total 1 mark)
A. CH4
B. C2H2
C. C2H4
D. C2H6
(Total 1 mark)
92. Which compound does not form hydrogen bonds between its molecules?
A. CH3NH2
B. CH3COCH3
C. CH3COOH
D. CH3CH2OH
(Total 1 mark)
93. PF3, SF2 and SiF4 have different shapes. Draw their Lewis structures and use the VSEPR
theory to predict the name of the shape of each molecule.
Lewis structure
Name of shape
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(Total 6 marks)
94. What is the correct order if the compounds are arranged in order of increasing boiling point?
A. 104°
B. 107°
C. 109°
D. 120°
(Total 1 mark)
96. How many atoms is each carbon directly bonded to in its allotropes?
97. What is the type of hybridization of the silicon and oxygen atoms in silicon dioxide?
Silicon Oxygen
A. sp3 sp3
B. sp3 sp2
C. sp2 sp3
D. sp2 sp2
(Total 1 mark)
98. SF2, SF4 and SF6 have different shapes. Draw their Lewis structures and use the VSEPR theory
to predict the name of the shape of each molecule.
Lewis structure
Name of shape
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(Total 6 marks)
99. Transition elements form complexes such as [Fe(CN)6]4– and [FeCl4]–. Deduce the oxidation
number of iron in each of these complex ions.
[Fe(CN)6]4– ............................................................................................................................
[FeCl4]– ..................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
100. What is the formula of the compound formed when aluminium reacts with oxygen?
A. Al3O2
B. Al2O3
C. AlO2
D. AlO3
(Total 1 mark)
101. Which statement is true for compounds containing only covalent bonds?
A. They are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged
ions.
C. They are made up of a metal from the far left of the periodic table and a non-metal from
the far right of the periodic table.
A. 4
B. 6
C. 10
D. 12
(Total 1 mark)
A. CH3CH2CH3
B. CH3CH2OH
C. CH3OCH3
D. CH3CHO
(Total 1 mark)
104. What type of solid materials are typically hard, have high melting points and poor electrical
conductivities?
I. Ionic
II. Metallic
III. Covalent-network
A. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
105. (i) Outline the principles of the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
(3)
(ii) Use the VSEPR theory to deduce the shape of H3O+ and C2H4. For each species, draw
the Lewis structure, name the shape, and state the value of the bond angle(s).
(6)
(iv) Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, predict and explain which of the bonds O-H, O-N or
N-H would be most polar.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
106. Predict and explain which of the following compounds consist of molecules:
NaCl, BF3, CaCl2, N2O, P4O6, FeS and CBr4.
(Total 2 marks)
107. Diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene are three allotropes of carbon.
108. State two physical properties associated with metals and explain them at the atomic level.
(Total 4 marks)
109. How many sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds are present in the structure of HCN?
σ π
A. 1 3
B. 2 3
C. 2 2
D. 3 1
(Total 1 mark)
110. How many lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons surround xenon in the XeF4 molecule?
111. (i) Apply the VSEPR theory to deduce the shape of NO 2 , ICl5 and SF4. For each species,
draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure, name the shape, and state the value of the bond
angle(s).
(9)
(iv) State the hybridization involved in the NO 2 ion and comment on the nitrogen-oxygen
bond distances.
(2)
(v) Using Table 7 of the Data Booklet, predict and explain which of the bonds O-H, O-N or
N-H would be most polar.
(2)
(Total 18 marks)