Week2Lecture 91644

Lecture 2
Internet of Things (IoT) Principles,

Fundamentals and Business Context
CS5068NI - Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things
Sugat Man Shakya

sugatman.shakya@islingtoncollege.edu.np
Lecture Objectives
• What is IoT?
• How does it work?
• Architecture of IoT
• IoT Applications
• IoT Challenges
February 22, 2023 Lecture 2 – IoT Principles, Fundamentals and Business Context | 2
What is Internet of Things (IoT)?
• IoT is the ever-growing network of physical objects or “Things” equipped with embedded sensors, actuators,
processors and transceivers, that are accessible remotely through the Internet, allowing these devices to
generate, collect and exchange data of their internal states or external environment, with minimal human
intervention.
• “The Internet of Things is a term referred for physical devices talking to each other without any human
intervention for the purpose of monitoring, analysis and control.”
• In simple words, the term ‘IoT’ refers to devices that are smart and connected.
History of IoT
• 1970 - The actual idea of connected devices was proposed.
• 1990 - John Romkey created a toaster which could be turned on/off over the Internet.
• 1995 - Siemens introduced the first cellular module built for M2M.
• 1999 - The term "Internet of Things" was used by Kevin Ashton during his work at P&G which
became widely accepted.
• 2004 - The term was mentioned in famous publications like the Guardian, Boston Globe, and
Scientific American.
• 2005 - UN's International Telecommunications Union (ITU) published its first report on this topic.
• 2008 - The Internet of Things was born.
• 2011 - Gartner, the market research company, include "The Internet of Things" technology in
their research.
Potential of IoT
• IoT is more than just computers connected
to each other (traditional internet).
• It has the potential to connect every smart
thing to every other smart thing, and to
the Internet.
• IoT allows connectivity anytime, from any
place connectivity for anything.
• Have the potential to make a significant
difference in human life, especially for the
differently abled and the elderly.
IoT Today
• Cisco IBSG estimates IoT was “born”
sometime between 2008 and 2009.
• Since the beginning, the growth of
IoT has accelerated so quickly.
• Looking to the future, Cisco IBSG
predicts there will be 75 billion
connected devices by 2025.
IoT Characteristics
• Connectivity : IoT devices may support several communication protocols which allow them to communicate with
other devices as well as with the infrastructure.
• Identity: Each device has a unique identity and a unique identifier (such as, IP address or a URI)
• Dynamic and Self-Adapting: IoT systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing contexts
based on their operating conditions, user’s context or sensed environments and take actions accordingly.
• Intelligence: Based on collected data and processing capability, IoT system can obtain valuable insights and drive
important decisions.
• Scalability: As the number of connected devices are increasing day by day, the scalability of the IoT system should
be enough to handle the changes.
Components of IoT (How IoT works)
IoT infrastructure includes the combination of
the following:
• Sensors / Actuators
• Connectivity Protocols
• Data Processing
• User Interface (UI)
Components of IoT Contd ……
Sensors/Actuators
• Sensor is a device that can sense the changes in physical properties or
environmental variables like movement, pressure, temperature,
distance, etc. and convert sensed energy into usable electric energy
which then can be processed as data to give specific information.
• Temperature sensors, pressure sensors, proximity detection, RFID tags,
Light intensity detectors, gyroscopes, etc. are some of the common Fig 1: PIR Sensor
examples of sensors
• Actuator is an electrically or mechanically controlled mechanical device
that takes instruction from the control unit and provide some movements
or positioning to make the task done in a real environment.
• Electric motor, stepper motor, servo motor, solenoid valve, hydraulic
press, air pressure brakes, relay etc. are some of the common examples
of actuators.
Fig 2: Electric motor (actuator)
Connectivity Protocols
Some common connectivity protocols used by IoT system
are:
• Near Field Communication (NFC)
• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
• Bluetooth
• Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)
• Zigbee
• Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
• WebSocket
• Z-Wave
• LoRaWAN
Data Processing
• Raw data collected from the sensors needs to be processed to get useful insights.
• The insights can be used for better decision making with increased efficiency.
• Data can be processed using on-premises processing unit or cloud service.
• Big enterprises can utilize the insights for their future business opportunities.
• A careful analysis will help organizations to predict trends in the market and plan for a
successful implementation.
User Interface
• It is the visible and interactive part of the IoT system which
can be accessible by users.
• After processing the received data, based on the situation,
some actions need to be initiated either automatically or
manually.
• It allows user to view the insight, change the system settings
or ability to manually override some instructions.
• It also notifies user about the action using mobile
notification, or an alert message.
• The design of the user interface ensures that they are very
user friendly and compatible.
• It can also allow the user to control the IoT system remotely.
For example, the user at office could turn on/off heating
elements at home using mobile application.
Typical IoT Ecosystem
Architecture of IoT
• There is no single universally agreed architecture for IoT;

different researchers have proposed different architectures.
• The most basic architecture is a three-layer architecture as
shown in the following figure ‘A’.
Architecture of IoT Contd ……
• The perception layer is the physical layer, which has sensors for gathering data from physical parameters and
actuators to make any physical changes.
• The network layer is responsible for connecting to other smart things, network devices, and servers. This layer is
also used for transmitting and processing data.
• The application layer is responsible for delivering application specific services to users. It defines various
applications in which the Internet of Things can be deployed, for example, smart homes, smart cities, smart health,
etc.
IoT Enabled Applications
• Industrial IoT is the essential component of
Industry 4.0.
• It enables intelligent industrial operations
using advanced data analytics for
transforming and creating industrial
processes and business models
• Some of the major IoT enabled domains are:
• Manufacturing operations
• Smart home automation
• Transportation
• Smart Agriculture
IoT Application in Manufacturing
• A network of sensors is deployed to collect
critical production data, get valuable insights
and automate various complex process with
greater efficiency.
• Key application areas in manufacturing are:
• Energy optimization
• Production Flow Monitoring
• Inventory Management
• Quality Control
• Packaging Optimization
• Supply Chain Optimization
IoT Application in Home Automation
• Key application areas in home
automation are:
• Lighting manage
• Smart locks
• Home safety and security
• Thermal control
• Smart switches
• Lawn/Gardening management
• Fire detection
IoT Application in Transportation
• Key application areas in transportation
are:
• Fuel level and efficiency
• GPS tracking
• Traffic surveillance and management
• Traffic congestion detection
• Smart traffic lights
• Intelligent parking management
• Accident detection applications
• Road safety management
IoT Application in Agriculture
• IoT enables farmers better control over
process of growing crops and rearing
livestock.
• Much efficient utilization of resources.
• Key application areas in agriculture are:
• Precision Farming
• Smart Irrigation
• Safety and security
• Greenhouse management
Benefits of IoT - Business context
• Adequate data can be collected for better decision making with increased efficiency.
• Better analysis of customer behavior and needs.
• Efficient resource utilization.
• Automation and control: minimizing human efforts.
• Availability of remote working options.
• Reduce operating costs.
The IoT Challenges
• With the projection of extreme data, billions of devices, and trillions of digital entities, the challenge on IT are
bound to rise sharply.
• Some of them are as follows:
• Privacy and Security issues
• Regulation challenges
• Computational challenge for real-time analysis
• Connectivity and bandwidth challenges
• Storage issues
• Lack of skill set
End of Lecture 2
23
Thank you !
Any questions ?
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Lecture 2

Internet of Things (IoT) Principles,

Sugat Man Shakya

• There is no single universally agreed architecture for IoT;

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