MIDZZY CBT EXAM GUIDES

INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY (AGR 203)

Time: 1 hour Maximum Marks: 100

NB:Compiled by Gbadamosi Muizz Ajibola (Midzzy) to

aid AGR 203 EXAM & TEST preparation and to enhance
easy assimilation study,I hope you find this
helpful....Best of luck!
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SECTION A Your Number One Success Partner (Midzzy)

1. _______________ refers to the use of scientific methods on living materials or organisms to
produce new products or new form of organisms ?
A) Nanotechnology B) Midzzytechnology
C) BIOTECHNOLOGY D) Human Biology

2. All these are important aspects of biotechnology except ?

A) To improve plants or animals B) To develop microorganisms for specific uses
C) To make or modify a product D) NONE OF THE ABOVE

3. Manipulation of genes is called "Genetic Engineering"

A) TRUE B) False

4. GMO is an acronym for ?

A) GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS B) Genetic Modification Organs

5. GEO is an abbreviation for?

A) GENETICALLY ENHANCED ORGANISMS B) Genetically engineered Organs

6. Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary course ?

A) False B) TRUE

7. All these are bases found in a DNA molecule except?

A) Adenine(A) B) Thymine(T)
C) Guanine(G) D) NONE OF THE ABOVE

8. A DNA molecule consist of ____________ strands wound around each other?

A) Three B) TWO

9. DNA molecule strands are held together by _____________ between the bases?
A) Oxygen bond B) Midzzy Bond
C) Van dear wall force of attraction D) HYDROGEN BONDS
10. GENE is a portion of the DNA molecule?
A) TRUE B) False

11. ______________ carries the instructions needed to assemble a protein?

A) GENE B) Chromosomes

12. Adenine(A) pairs with ?

A) THYMINE(T) B) Cytosine(C)
C) Midzzy D) Guanine(G)

13. The TWO purine nucleobases are ?

A) Adenine and thymine B) ADENINE AND GUANINE
C) Guanine and cytosine D) None of the above

14. The sequence of the four DNA bases encodes the cell's genetic instructions?
A) False B) TRUE

15. Adenine binds with Thymine via __________ hydrogen bonds?

A) 1 B) TWO
C) 3 D) 4

16. In RNA Adenine(A) binds with ?

A) URACIL B) Viracil

17. All these are forms of cellular respiration except?

A) Atp B) Nad
C) Fad D) NONE OF THE ABOVE

18. NAD is an abbreviation for ?

A) NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDES B) Nitrogenous Amylase Diphosphate

19. FAD is an acronym for FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDES?

A) TRUE B) False

20. Adenine forms ADENOSINE, a nucleoside,when attached to ribose. And DEOXYADENOSINE

when attached to deoxyribose. It forms ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATE (ATP), a nucleotide, when
three phosphate groups are added to adenosine. Adenosine triphosphate is used in cellular
metabolism as one of the basic methods of transferring chemical energy between chemical
reactions.

21. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) consist of ADENOSINE, which is made up of all BUT one of the
following ?
A) Adenine ring B) Ribose sugar
C) Triphosphate D) NONE OF THE ABOVE

22. The nucleoside of Cytosine is ?

A) CYTIDINE B) Cystoline

23. Cytosine(C) forms ____________ hydrogen bond with GUANINE(G)

A) THREE B) Four
C) Five D) Six
24. 5-methyluracil is another name for
A) THYMINE(T) B) Guanine(G)
C) Cystine(C) D) Adenine(A)

25. All these are major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life except?
A) Proteins B) Dna
C) Rna D) NONE OF THE ABOVE

26. RNA is made up of long chain components known as ?

A) Nucleoside B) NUCLEOTIDES

27. NUCLEOTIDES consist of a NITROGENOUS BASE, RIBOSE SUGAR and a PHOSPHATE

GROUPS.

28. Some viruses use RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material?
A) TRUE B) False

29. DNA contains Thymine(T) as RNA contains ___________ ?

A) Urature B) Midzzy
C) Uramin D) URACIL

30. RNA molecules are single stranded ?

A) TRUE B) False

31. Enzymes copy a DNA or RNA template into a new RNA strands through the process known as
?
A) Photosynthesis B) TRANSCRIPTION OR RNA REPLICATION
C) Polymerase binding D) All of the above

32. ____________ is a one of two or more versions of a gene that contain hereditary information?
A) Chromosomes B) Cell
C) ALLELE D) None of the above

33. If the two alleles are the same, an individual is described or said to be ?
A) HOMOZYGOUS B) Heterozygous

34. The term Allele was originally used to describe variations among genes ?
A) TRUE B) False

35. MRCA is an acronym for ?

A) MOST RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR B) More Replicate Correction Aids

36. Amino acids are a set of ___________ different molecules use to build protein ?
A) 20.... B) 15
C) 25 D) 10

37. The amino acids sequence of protein are enclosed in the genes ?
A) TRUE B) False

38. mtDNA is an acronym for

A) MITOCHONDRIAL DNA B) Mitochondrion Dna
C) Metamorphosis Dna D) All of the above
39. A chromosomes contains sequence of repeating nucleotides known as
A) Short Tandem Replicate (STRs) B) Shot Template Rings (STRs)
C) Short Tangent Replicate (STRs) D) SHORT TANDEM REPEATS (STRs)

40. CODIS is an acronym for COMBINED DNA INDEX SYSTEM ?

A) False B) TRUE

41. ___________ is a protein component of the immune system that circulate in the blood ?
A) Anticodon B) ANTIBODY
C) Antigen D) Antimidzzy

42. All these are areas of biotechnology except ?

A) Organismic Biotechnology and Transgenic B) Molecular Biotechnology and Modern
Organism Biotechnology Biotechnology
C) Ancient Biotechnology and Classical
D) NONE OF THE ABOVE
Biotechnology

43. _______________ discovered chromosomes ?

A) Anto Van Leeuwenhoek B) Gregor Johan Mendel
C) WALTER SUTTON D) Sir Alexander Fleming

44. __________________ created the first true clone dorset ewe (Dolly) ?
A) IAN WILMUT B) Mary-Claire Kim
C) Thomas Hunt Morgan D) Frost Ruska

45. The FIRST to discover and makes a research that led to the discovery of the double helix
structure of DNA ?
A) James Watson & Francis Crick B) ROSALIND ELSIE FRANKLIN

46. _____________ refers to the study of molecules in cells ?

A) Organismic Biology B) Modern Biology
C) Transgenic Biology D) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

47. CELL is a discrete unit of life ?

A) TRUE B) False

48. _______________ cells lacks specific nucleus ?

A) PROKARYOTES B) Eukaryotes

49. TRANSCRIPTION is the process of RNA production by DNA ?

A) TRUE B) False

50. rRNA is an abbreviation for ?

A) Replicate RNA B) Round RNA
C) RIBOSOMAL RNA D) None of the above

51. During the process of transcription, RNA (ribonucleic acid) is synthesized from DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) by RNA polymerase. The RNA produced during transcription is called
messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes,
where it is used to synthesize proteins.
52. Human are easy to clone than worms ?
A) FALSE B) True

53. D.N.A is a polynucleotide ?

A) TRUE B) False

54. ________________ refers to creating a genetically identical copy of a cell, DNA strands, an
organ or an entire organism ?
A) Replication B) CLONING

55. tRNA is an abbreviation for ?

A) TRANSFER RNA B) Template RNA

56. BAC is an acronym for

A) BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME B) Bacteria Arrangement Code

57. Bioinformatics is a sub-discipline of biology and computer science concerned with the
acquisition, storage, analysis and dissemination of biological data. Scientist that specialize in this
field are called Bioinformatician and they use computer programs for a variety of applications such
as determining gene and protein functions e.t.c

58. ______________ is the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line ?
A) Transfusion B) CROSSING-OVER

59. Crossing-over is an important factor of genetic variation ?

A) TRUE B) False

60. _______________ is a relationship between two versions of a gene ?

A) Crossing-over B) CO-DOMINANCE

61. _________________ is the difference shown among individual in a population or in the offspring
?
A) Heredity B) VARIATIONS

62. _________________ is a solid change in the basic segment of DNA, caused by modification,
insertion or deletion of bases ?
A) Variation B) MUTATION

63. Transgenic Organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into it's genome ?
A) TRUE B) False

64. _____________ is the unit to measure genetic linkage ?

A) CENTI-MORGAN (CM) B) Milli-Morgan
C) Midzzy-Morgan D) Morgan/dm³

65. A centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome that seperates it into a short arm (p) and
a long arm (q). It is the primary constriction in the chromatids of a chromosomes, where the spindle
tubule becomes attached during cell division. A chromosomes generally has one centromere and
such chromosomes is describe as "MONOCENTRIC", TWO centromere may occur in the
chromosomes as in the case of maize plant, such chromosomes is described as "DI-CENTRIC"
66. There are ___________ numbers of codons ?
A) 63 B) 64....
C) 65 D) 66

67. CODON is a unit of genetic code ?

A) False B) TRUE

68. ________________ is a substance within a chromosomes consisting of DNA and protein ?

A) CHROMATIN B) Chromatids

69. The major proteins in chromatin is ?

A) Hostones B) HISTONES

70. A single nucleosome consist of about ___________ base pairs of DNA sequence ?
A) 130 B) 140
C) 5 D) 150....

71. The Human genome contains about 3 billion nucleotides pairs organized as 23 chromosomes
pairs. If uncoiled, the DNA contained by each of those chromosomes would measure between 1.7
and 8.5cm (0.67-3.35 inches) long.

72. ___________ is the measure of molecular weight of the DNA ?

A) DALTON B) Helix

73. Histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the
DNA into structural units called NUCLEOSOMES. They are the chief protein components of
chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds. They play a major role in gene regulation.
Without histones,the unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long (a length to width ratio of
more than 10 million to one in human DNA). For example, each human cell has about 1.8meters of
DNA. but wound on the histones it has about 90 micrometers(0.09 mm)of chromatin. This,when
duplicated and condensed during mitosis, result in about 120 micrometers of chromosomes.

74. ______________ is the breeding of plants of different varieties or species ?

A) CROSS-BREEDING B) Line Breeding
C) Selection D) None of the above

75. HYBRIDIZATION is the breeding of individuals from two distinctly different varieties ?
A) False B) TRUE

76. ________________ is the transfer of collected semen to a recipient female ?

A) Natural Insemination B) ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

77. ______________ is the choosing of the sex of offspring sperm sorted based on chromosomes
differences before conception ?
A) GENDER PRESELECTION B) Gender Reversal

78. Multiple Ovulation means promoting increased released of ova during estrus ?
A) TRUE B) False

79. _______________ is a process whereby plants are being used to solve pollution problems ?
A) Bioremediation B) PHYTOREMEDIATION
80. COMPOSTING is a process that promotes biological decomposition of organic matter ?
A) TRUE B) False

81. GENOMICS involves the study of gene, gene functions and entire genomes, ALL studies of
genomics begins with GENE SEQUENCING. WHILE PROTEOMICS is the study and comparison of
all the proteins that result from an organisms genome.

82. Mapping and Sequencing of human DNA was completed in ?

A) 2001 B) 2002
C) 2003... D) 2004

83. _____________ is a process of programmed cell death?

A) APOPTOSIS B) Necrosis
C) Autophagy D) All of the above

84. ____________ is a sequence of bases in a portion of DNA molecule, that carries instructions
needed to assemble a protein?
A) Adenine B) Uracil
C) THYMINE D) Cytosine

85. RNA contains the sugar ____________?

A) RIBOSE B) Triose
C) Tetrose D) Pentose

86. snRNA stands for small nuclear RNA. snRNAs are involved in a variety of cellular processes,
including the splicing of pre-mRNA (messenger RNA precursors) and the regulation of gene
expression.

87. _______ is an acronym for the four types of bases found in a DNA?
A) bast B) Midz
C) ACGT D) Easy

88. RNA is one of the three major macromolecules along with DNA and ______?
A) Phosphate B) PROTEIN
C) Ribose D) Uracil

89. Humans have_____________ pairs of autosome

A) TWENTY-TWO B) 26

90. ______________ leads to loss of immune cells and leaves individuals susceptible to other
infections with the development of certain types of cancer?
A) HIV B) Aids
C) Tuberculosis D) Transgenic

91. Which of these are PURINE derivatives ?

A) ADENINE & GUANINE B) Cytosine & Thymine

92. Cytosine and thymine are both pyrimidine derivatives. In DNA, cytosine pairs with guanine,
which is a purine derivative, and thymine pairs with adenine, which is also a purine derivative. The
base pairing between these nucleotides is essential for the structure and function of DNA.
93. _________________ biotechnology deals with pharmaceutical application of biotechnology?
A) RED B) Green
C) Purple D) Cyan

94. GREEN biotechnology is the branch of biotechnology that is applied to agriculture. It involves
the use of genetic engineering and other biotechnological tools to improve crop yields and develop
new plant varieties. Some examples of green biotechnology applications include the development of
genetically modified crops that are resistant to herbicides or pests, the production of biofuels from
plant biomass, and the use of bioremediation to clean up contaminated soils. RED biotechnology is
focused on medical and pharmaceutical applications, while WHITE biotechnology is focused on
industrial applications. White biotechnology involves the use of biotechnology to develop new
industrial products and processes, such as the production of biofuels, develop more sustainable and
environmentally friendly industrial processes that reduce waste and energy consumption.

95. mtDNA is one of the most popular ancestry test method ?

A) TRUE B) False

96. Proteins consist of one or more chain of amino acid called?

A) Polypeptides B) Polyester
C) Pepsin D) Peptides

97. An individual inherits 2 alleles for each gene. If the alleles are different, such individual is?
A) HETEROZYGOUS B) Homozygous

98. Retinis is a symptom of AIDS that affects the __________?

A) EYES B) Ears
C) Face D) Blood

99. Cancer of the immune system is called Lymphomas ?

A) TRUE B) False

100. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside comprising a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar
molecule (ribofuranose) moiety via________?
A) BETA-N GLYCOSIDIC BOND B) Alpha-Beta glycosidic bond
C) hydrogen bond D) All of the above

101. 2-deoxyribose is a monosaccharide derived from the sugar ribose by loss of an oxygen atom?
A) TRUE B) False

102. When three phosphate groups are attached to adenosine, it forms__________?

A) ATP B) bonds
C) Oxygen D) Dna

103. ________ is referred to as father of genetics?

A) GREGOR MENDEL B) Alexander Fleming
C) Dmitri Mendeleev D) Ernest Russian

104. Fertilization of collected ova outside reproductive tract is _______?

A) In-Vivo B) IN-VITRO

105. Gene therapy is the replacement of faulty genes ?

A) False B) TRUE
106. If _______ is prevented, it can lead to uncontrolled cell division and subsequent development
of a tumor ?
A) APOPTOSIS B) Autophagy
C) Necrosis D) None of the above

107. The chemical structure of RNA is very similar to that of DNA.with two major differences: (a)
RNA contains the sugar ribose. while DNA contains the slightly different sugar deoxyribose (a type
of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom. (b) RNA has the nucleobase Uracil while DNA contains
Thymine. although, Uracil and Thymine have similar base-pairing properties.Unlike DNA most RNA
Molecules are single-stranded. Single-stranded RNA molecules adopt very complex 3-dimensional
structures, since they are not restricted to he repetitive double-helical form of double-stranded DNA
A) B)

108. VNTRs is an acronym for VARIABLE NUMBER TANDEM REPEATS

A) TRUE B) False

109. ______________ is knowing right from wrong with living organisms and then doing the right
idea ?
A) BIOETHICS B) Biosafety

110. SPEP stands for SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS ?

A) TRUE B) FALSE
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Exams are not about who's the best, but about who can
handle pressure the best. So stay inspired and keep
going, with a heart as brave as yours, you can achieve
the best . Wishing you a copacetic and a scintillating 08089065041
all-round success. BEST OF LUCK!......Till some other
time I will be writing you. I'm still Your Number One
Success Partner >>>Midzzy
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WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?

Biotechnology is the study of living organisms you being used as tools in agriculture, food

processing, industrial production, environmental cleanup and medicine.

It can also be seen as a set of modern tools that utilize living organisms or parts if it cell or tissue

or genes/DNA to make or modify or improve plants or animals or develop micro-organisms

for specific use or their large scale production.

Biotechnology involves all aspects of your everyday life, including agriculture and food safety,

healthcare, law enforcement and environmental issues.

Genetic engineering, artificial selection, antibiotic production, and cell culture are current

topics study in biotechnology.

EARLY BIOTECHNOLOGY

Cheese production began around 4,000 to 7,000 years ago when humans began to breed animals

and process their milk through fermentation.

In 1917, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process to

manufacture corn starch using Clostridium acetobutylicum to produce acetone, which was

used to manufacture explosives during World War I.

In 1928, Alexander Flemming discovered the mold penicillium. His work led to the

purification of the antibiotic compound formed by the mold by Howard Florey, Ernest Boris
Chain, and Norman Heatley to form what we today know as penicillin which became available

for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in human in 1940.

THE NEW BIOTECHNOLOGY

The field of modern biotechnology is generally thought of as having been born in 1971 when

Paul Berg's experiments in gene splicing has early success.

Herbert W. Boyer, Stanley N. Cohen significantly advanced the new technology in 1972 by

transferring genetic material into a bacterium to be reproduced giving birth to the field of

recombinant DNA technology.

The commercial viability of a biotechnology industry was significantly expanded on June 16,

1980 when the United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically modified microorganism

could be patented.

Technology breakthroughs since the 1980s such as Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sanger

Sequencing, Whole Genome Sequencing and more recently. CRISPR has brought forth a new

age of biotechnology and products.

Manipulation of genes is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology.

Genetic engineering involves taking one or more genes from a location in one organism and

either transferring them to another organism or putting them back into the original organism in

different combinations.

GMO- Genetically modified organisms.

GEO- Genetically enhanced organisms.

 THE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOLBOX

 Biotechnology is used in three main ways:

 Directly using cells

 Placing yeast into a bioreactor to ferment grapes.

 Using the proteins/enzymes made by the cells

 Isolating antibiotics from bacteria for use in the human medicine

 Using the genetic material inside of cell

 DNA fingerprinting

WHAT ARE THE AREAS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY?

 Organismic biotechnology: Used intact organisms, does not alter genetic material.

 Molecular biotechnology: Alters genetic makeup to achieve specific goals.

 Transgenic organism- an organism with artificially altered genetic material.

WHAT ARE THE PHASES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT?

Ancient Biotechnology: Early history as related to food and shelter, includes domestication.

Classical Biotechnology: Built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food

production and medicine.

Modern Biotechnology: Manipulates genetic information in organisms; Genetic engineering.

USES AND APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. Fermentation to produce food.

2. Food preservation

3. Selective breeding
 4. Medicine

5. Antibiotics and vaccines are products of microorganisms that are used to treat

disease.

6. Gene therapy technologies are being developed to treat diseases like cancer,

Parkinson's disease and cystic fibrosis.

7. Xenotrans plantation is the transplanting of cells, tissue or organ from one species

into another.

8. Agriculture.

9. Forensics

10. Bioremediation

11. Phytoremediation

12. Personalized medicine

13. Microbiome manipulation

14. Bio-manufacturing

MANIPULATION OF REPRODUCTION

Artificial Insemination: Placing of semen into the uterus by some other method other then

physical sexual contact. The use of semen from a genetically superior male to inseminate a

female resulting in a genetically superior offspring.

WHERE IS ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION USED?

1. Cattle

2. Sheep

3. Goats
4. Humans

5. Turkey

6. Chickens

7. Rabbits

8. Fish

9. Horses

10. Swine

WHY USE ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION?

1. It provides the producer an opportunity to use sires possessing superior genetics.

2. Depending upon the needs and goals of an individual's breeding program.

3. It offers an economically feasible means of increasing productivity over a wide

range of traits.

ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

1. Superior sire animals can be raised

2. Small quantity of semen can inseminate many females.

3. Proper method help in disease control

4. Golden tool for livestock economic trait.

DISADVANTAGE OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

1. Danger of contamination at various stages

2. It requires technical know-how.

3. It is costly in case of materials required in laboratory and transportation.

 METHODS OF SEMEN COLLECTION

 Electro-ejaculation method: In this method weak alternating current is provided to

sacral and pelvic nerves through electrodes placed in rectum.

 Massage method: Massaging of rectum of vesicular gland and ampullae of vas deferens

can induce semen flow.

 Collection on dummy: A dummy cow is prepared by heavy steel frame covered with

hard leather to give appearance of normal cow. An artificial vagina is prepared and fixed

at suitable height at rear of dummy cow.

 Live mount and teasing procedure: Live mounting using a teaser is most successful

procedure.

EMBRYO SEXING

1. Methods sperm separation

2. Based on physical differences

3. HY antigen

4. Albumin gradient and percoll gradient

5. Electrophoretic separation (motility loss)

6. Flow cytometry (most successful)

SEX DETERMINATION IN EMBRYO

1. Sex determination in pre-implantation embryos

2. Approach-either invasive or non invasive

3. Splitting of sexed embryos

First successful embryo sexing done by Gardner, 1968 in rabbits by cytological method (Barr

body observation)

USES OF EMBRYO CLONING

1. Altering the male and female sex ratio in farm animals.

2. Increase in milk and meat production.

3. Control of incidence of freemartinism.

4. Getting quality bulls for P.T. programs.

5. Conservation of rare breeds of farm animals.

CONSTRAINTS OF EMBRYO SEXING

1. Poor infrastructure facilities.

2. Low level of education and training.

3. High cost of the technology.

4. Less availability of indigenous technology and materials.

CLONING

The production of offspring by embryo splitting naturally or artificially induced to form 2 or

more genetically identical animal or nuclear transfer.

IMPORTANCE OF CLONING

1. Clones can be used in medical research where their identical genetics makes it easier

to sort out results of treatments.

 2. Clones may provide a unique window on the cellular and molecular secrets of

development, aging, and diseases.

3. Clones could sustain population of endangered species.

4. Cloning can be used to directly improve agricultural production.

METHODS OF ANIMAL CLONING

1. Nuclear transfer.

2. Embryo splitting

3. Blastomere separation.

WHY DEVELOP CLONING TECHNOLOGY?

Potential applications of animal cloning.

1. Rapid multiplication of desired livestock

2. Phenotypic evaluation and selection.

3. Animal conservation.

4. Transgenic application.

5. Human cell- based therapy.

Benediximus vobis! Benediximus vobis!! Benediximus vobis!!!

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