Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(Download PDF) Fundamentals of Modern Unsteady Aerodynamics 3Rd Edition Ulgen Gulcat Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Fundamentals of Modern Unsteady Aerodynamics 3Rd Edition Ulgen Gulcat Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
https://textbookfull.com/product/train-aerodynamics-fundamentals-
and-applications-1st-edition-chris-baker/
https://textbookfull.com/product/aerodynamics-principles-for-air-
transport-pilots-1st-edition-rose-g-davies/
https://textbookfull.com/product/wind-turbine-aerodynamics-and-
vorticity-based-methods-fundamentals-and-recent-applications-1st-
edition-emmanuel-branlard-auth/
https://textbookfull.com/product/mathematical-modeling-of-
unsteady-inviscid-flows-jeff-d-eldredge/
Fundamentals of information systems security 3rd
Edition Kim
https://textbookfull.com/product/fundamentals-of-information-
systems-security-3rd-edition-kim/
https://textbookfull.com/product/fundamentals-of-multimedia-3rd-
edition-ze-nian-li/
https://textbookfull.com/product/fundamentals-of-pharmacognosy-
and-phytotherapy-3rd-edition-heinrich/
https://textbookfull.com/product/fundamentals-of-library-
supervision-3rd-edition-beth-mcneil/
https://textbookfull.com/product/foundations-of-hyperbolic-
manifolds-3rd-edition-john-g-ratcliffe/
Ülgen Gülçat
Fundamentals of
Modern Unsteady
Aerodynamics
Third Edition
Fundamentals of Modern Unsteady Aerodynamics
Ülgen Gülçat
Fundamentals of Modern
Unsteady Aerodynamics
Third Edition
123
Ülgen Gülçat
Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Istanbul Technical University
İstanbul, Turkey
1st and 2nd editions: © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2010, 2016
3rd edition: © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface to the Third Edition
The second edition of this book was made available on the shelves and also as an
e-book about a half a decade ago. Since then, there have been quite a few contri-
butions to the field concerning the unsteady applications of the flapping wing
technology. This made it necessary to add to the book a new chapter, Chap. 9,
under the title of Unsteady Applications related to the thrust optimization, aero-
dynamic stability and trim.
The thrust optimization applications cover the constraints on the magnitude
of the motion and the aerodynamic efficiency, optimization of the efficiency and
non-sinusoidal path optimization for the flapping. Furthermore, topics covered are
the optimum thrust at zero free-stream and the optimum power extraction from the
flapping motion of a windmill turbine.
The state space representation is implemented for the fast and efficient prediction
of the unsteady air loads, which are present in the equations of motion used for
flight dynamics. The relevant stability derivatives contain the state variables related
to the pitch and the pitch rate in a coupled manner with the linear and the rotational
acceleration terms of the motion respectively. The time averaged stability matrix is
used for the determination of the trimming for a given flapping motion. In hover,
however, trim is possible only if the flapping is anti-symmetric with full unsteady
aerodynamics. On the other hand, by implementing the quasi-steady aerodynamics,
trim is possible also with symmetric flapping. The validity of the results obtained is
discussed in detail in Chap. 9.
Additional material is presented in the Appendix for evaluating the stability
derivatives so that no derivation of equations is left incomplete but not overdone in
the text.
Needless to say, in the second edition there were a few typographical errors
which have been detected and corrected for the third edition.
Dr. Christoph Baumann read the most recent material and took the necessary
steps for the third edition, R. P. Chandrasekar and B. Sreenivasan prepared the
chapters for processing. Bayram Çelik helped me for the online correction after
v
vi Preface to the Third Edition
proof reading. My wife Zeliha, once again, stood by me and help me for down-
loading and printing the whole book. I would also like to express my gratitude and
appreciation to all who made this publication possible.
The first edition of this book appeared in the fall of 2010 both as a hard copy and
e-book. Since then there has appeared in literature numerous unsteady aerody-
namics related material, which deserves to be presented in a graduate textbook.
Most of the new material is relevant to Chapter 8: Modern Topics. Here, a calcu-
lation method for propulsive force, lift generation and induced drag of a
pitching-plunging thin finite wing is provided with a numerical example as an
additional material. The unsteady 3-D Boundary Layer solution technique is
introduced for prediction of the viscous drag to see if the propulsive force over-
comes the drag. In addition, the ground effect on the air vehicles performing near
ground is formulated to see how the lift and the propulsive forces are altered for the
high and low aspect ratio wings.
The state-space representation of aerodynamics was introduced briefly in the first
edition. In the present edition, more detailed discussion of the method is provided
via numerical solutions for airfoils and finite wings of various aspect ratios even in
the presence of ground.
Additional material, including bio-inspired and biological flows, related to the
unsteady flows is also provided at the end of Chapter 9 to emphasize on the present
developments and future prospects.
Some more material is added to Appendix so that no derivation of equations is
left incomplete but not overdone in the text.
Needless to say, in the first edition there was a few typographical errors which
are detected and corrected for the second edition.
Dr. Christoph Baumann read the new material and took the necessary steps for
the second edition, and K. M. Govardhana prepared the metadata of the book.
Mehmet Tan provided the figure for the cover page. My wife Zeliha, once more,
stood by me in all these times with great patience. Finally, I would like to express
my gratitude and appreciation to all who made publication of the book possible.
vii
Preface to the First Edition
The flying animate objects were present in earth’s atmosphere about hundreds of
million years before the appearance of human kind on earth. Only at the beginning
of 20th century, the proper analysis of the lifting force was made to provide the
possibility of powered and manned flight. Prior to that, one of the pioneers of
mechanics, Sir Isaac Newton had used ‘his impact theory’ in an attempt to for-
mulate the lifting force created on a body immersed in a free stream. In late 17th
century, his theory was a failure due to calculation of insufficient lift generation and
made him come to the conclusion that ‘flying is a property of heavenly bodies’. In a
similar manner, almost after two centuries, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) whose
contributions to thermo and gas dynamics are well known, then proved that ‘only
objects lighter than air’ can fly!
Perhaps it was the adverse influence of these two pioneers of mechanics on
Western Europe, where contributions to the discipline of hydrodynamics is
unquestionable, that delayed the true analysis of the lift generation. The proper
analysis of lifting force, on the other hand, was independently made at the onset of
20th century by the theoretical aerodynamicists Martin Kutta and Nicolai
Joukowski of Central and Eastern Europe respectively. At about the same years, the
Wright brothers, whose efforts on powered flight were ridiculed by authorities
of their time, were able to fly a short distance. Thereafter, in a time interval little
more than a century, which is a considerably short span compared to the dawn of
civilization, we see not only tens of thousands of aircrafts flying in earth’s atmo-
sphere at a given moment but we also witnessed unmanned or manned missions to
the moon, missions to almost every planet in our solar system and to deeper space
to let the existence of life on earth be known by the other possible intelligent life
forms.
The foundation of the century old discipline of aeronautics and astronautics
undoubtedly lies in the progress made in aerodynamics. The improvement made on
the aerodynamics of wings, based on satisfying the Kutta condition at the trailing
edge to give a circulation necessary for lift generation, was so rapid that in less than
a quarter century it led to the breaking of the sound barrier and to the discovery of
sustainable supersonic flight, which was unprecedented in nature and once thought
ix
x Preface to the First Edition
The first five chapters of the book are on the classical topics whereas the rest
covers the modern topics, and the outlook and the possible future developments
finalize the book. The examples provided at each chapter are helpful in terms of
application of relevant material, and the problems at the end of each chapter are
useful for the reader towards understanding of the subject matter and its future
usage. The main idea to be delivered in each chapter is given as a verbal summary
at chapters’ end together with the most up to date references. There are ten
Appendixes appearing to supplement the formulae driven without distracting the
uniformity of the text.
I had the opportunity of reusing and borrowing some material from the publi-
cations of Joseph Katz, AIAA, NATO-AGARD/RTO and Annual Review of Fluid
Mechanics with their kind copyright permissions. Dr. Christoph Baumann read the
text and made the necessary arrangements for its publication by Springer. Zeliha
Gülçat and Canan Danışman provided me with their kind help in editing the entire
text. N. Thiyagarajan prepared the metadata of the book. Aydın Mısırlıoğlu and
Fırat Edis helped me in transferring the graphs into word documents. I did the
typing of the book, and obtained most of the graphs and plots despite the ‘carpal
tunnel syndrome’ caused by the intensive usage of the mouse. Furthermore, heavy
concentration on subject matter and continuous work hours spent on the text
showed itself as developing ‘shingles’! My wife Zeliha stood by me in all these
difficult times with great patience. I would like to extend my gratitude, once more,
to all who contributed to the realization of this book.
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Generation of Lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Unsteady Lifting Force Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Steady Aerodynamics of Thin Wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Unsteady Aerodynamics of Slender Wings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Compressible Steady Aerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.7 Compressible Unsteady Aerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Slender Body Aerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.9 Hypersonic Aerodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.10 The Piston Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.11 Modern Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.12 Questions and Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 Fundamental Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 Linearization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Acceleration Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5 Moving Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6 System and Control Volume Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.7 Global Continuity and the Continuity of the Species . . . . . . . . . 40
2.8 Momentum Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.9 Energy Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.10 Equation of Motion in General Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.11 Navier-Stokes Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.12 Thin Shear Layer Navier-Stokes Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.13 Parabolized Navier-Stokes Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.14 Boundary Layer Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
xiii
xiv Contents
Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Chapter 1
Introduction
gives extra lift for highly swept wings at high angles of attack has been studied
extensively. During the last decade, the man made flight has no longer been based
on a fixed wing. The flapping wing aerodynamics which utilizes the unsteady
aerodynamic concepts is used in designing and building micro air vehicles to serve
mankind in various fields.
First, let us introduce various pertinent definitions in order to establish a firm
convention in studying the topics of unsteady aerodynamics in general.
1.1 Definitions
Aerodynamics: It is the branch of science which studies the forces and moments
necessary to have a controlled and sustainable flight in air. These forces are named
the lift in the direction normal to the flight and the drag or the propulsive force in
the direction of the flight. In addition, it studies the effect of the velocity fields
induced by the motion during flight. On the other hand, the study of the forces
created by the motion of an arbitrarily shaped body in any fluid is the concern of the
Fluid Mechanics in general. It is necessary to make this distinction at this stage.
Aerodynamic Coefficients: These are the non-dimensional values of pressure,
force and moment which affect the flying object. In non-dimensionalization, the free
stream density q and the free stream velocity U are used as characteristic values.
One half of the dynamic pressure, ½qU2 is utilized in obtaining pressure coefficient,
cp. As the characteristic length, half of the chord length and as the characteristic
area the wing surface area are considered. Hence, the product of dynamic pressure
with the half chord is used to obtain the sectional lift coefficient cl, the drag
coefficient cd, and the moment coefficient cm, wherein the square of the half chord is
used. For the finite wing, however, the coefficient of lift reads as CL, the drag CD
and the moment coefficient CM.
Center of pressure: xcp, The location at which the resultant aerodynamic moment
is zero. If we consider the profile (the wing section) as a free body, this point can be
assumed as the center of gravity for the pressure distribution along the surface of
the profile.
Aerodynamic center: xac, This is the point where the aerodynamic moment
acting on the wing is independent of the angle of attack. The aerodynamic center is
essential for the stability purposes. For a finite wing it is the line connecting the
aerodynamic centers of each section along the span.
Steady Aerodynamics: If the flow field around a flying body does not change
with respect to time, the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the body
remain the same all the time. This type of aerodynamics is called steady
aerodynamics.
Unsteady Aerodynamics: If the motion of the profile or the wing in a free stream
changes by time, so do the acting aerodynamic coefficients. When the changes in
the motion are fast enough, the aerodynamic response of the body will have a phase
lag. For faster changes in the motion, the inertia of the displaced air will contribute
1.1 Definitions 3
as the apparent mass term. If the apparent mass term is negligible, this type of
analysis is called the quasi-unsteady aerodynamics.
Compressible Aerodynamics: When the free stream speeds become high enough,
the compressibility of the air starts to change the aerodynamic characteristics of the
profile. After exceeding the speed of sound, the compressibility effects changes the
pressure distribution so drastically that the center pressure for a thin airfoil moves
from quarter chord to midchord.
Vortex Aerodynamics: A vortex immersed in a free stream experiences a force
proportional to density, vortex strength and the free stream speed. If the airfoil or the
wing in a free stream is modeled with a continuous vortex sheet, the total aerody-
namic force acting can be evaluated as the integral effect of the vortex sheet. In rotary
aerodynamics, the returning effect of the wake vorticity on the neighboring blade can
also be modeled with vortex aerodynamics. At high angles of attack, at the sharp
leading edge of highly swept wings the leading edge vortex generation causes such
suction that it generates extra lift. Further angle of attack increase causes asymmetric
generation of leading edge vortices which in turn causes wing rock. The sign of the
leading edge vortices of unswept oscillating wings, on the other hand, determines
whether power or propulsive force generation, depending on the frequency and the
center of the pitch. For these reasons, the vortex aerodynamics is essential for
analyzing, especially the unsteady aerodynamic phenomenon.
The very basic theory of aerodynamics lies in the Kutta-Joukowski theorem. This
theorem states that for an airfoil with round leading and sharp trailing edge
immersed in a uniform stream with an effective angle of attack, there exists a lifting
force proportional to the density of air q, free stream velocity U and the circulation
C generated by the bound vortex. Hence, the sectional lifting force l is equal to
l ¼ qUC ð1:1Þ
z
Γ
U
x stagnation
streamline
tube to the pressure before passing of the piston reads as Lieppmann and Roshko
(1963); Hayes and Probstien (1966),
p c 1 w c1
2c
¼ ½1 þ ð1:30Þ
p1 2 a1
Here, a1 is the speed of sound for the gas at rest. If we linearize Eq. 1.30 by
expanding into the series and retain the first two terms, the pressure ratio reads as
p wa
ffi 1þc ð1:31Þ
p1 a1
wherein, wa is the time dependent vertical velocity which satisfies the following
condition: wa a1 . The expression for the vertical velocity in terms of the body
motion and the free stream velocity is given by
@za @za
wa ¼ þU ð1:32Þ
@t @x
Equation 1.31 is valid only for the hypersonic similarity values in,
0 < Ms < 0.15, and as long as the body remains at small angles of attack during the
motion while the vertical velocity changes according to Eq. 1.32. For higher values
of the hypersonic similarity parameter, the higher order approximations will be
provided in the relevant chapter.
— Hyvää huomenta!
— Huomenta, huomenta!
— Etkä ota!
— Kyllä se oli Eedlan käsi, joka oli Iisakin kaulalla, jatkoi Kello-
Mikko, ja nämä puhuivat, minä varmasti kuulin sen, että syntyy siinä
Mikkolassa…
— Ei, hyvä herra rovasti, tästä tule nyt mitään selvää. Ja tämä on
ensimäinen kerta, kun minä haalaan tällaista naimaväkeä pappilaan,
ja herra rovasti tietää, että minä olen parhaani tehnyt tässä asiassa,
mutta järkipuhe ei näy heihin pystyvän ja siksi minä alankin tällä
kertaa jo kyllästyä koko tehtävään.
Rovasti hymähti.
— Muistatteko päivän?
— On istuttu.
— Möttösessä… Se Taava…
— En!
Taava odotti, että Iisakki puhuisi asiansa. Tosin hän tiesi, että
Iisakki oli aamulla varhain mennyt Eedlan kanssa pappilaan, mutta
kuullut myöskin, että Rietula läksi jälestä ajamaan ja Taava oli
melkein varma siitä, että Rietula oli vienyt Iisakilta morsiamen. Iisakki
taisi nyt olla uusilla yrityksillä Möttösessä.
Vernandin korvallisille nousi myöskin hiki.
Ja pojalleen:
— Oli onni, että jäi sen Eedlan kanssa. Sinustahan minä, näen
mä, pidänkin.
— Rakas Iisakki!
— Rakas Taava!