Overview of Submarine Cable

Route Planning & Cable Route

Survey Activities
Graham Evans æ-..
Director
DirečtžzčžA•-—
Director
" EGS čvey Group
EGS Survey
Survey Gtoup
Group ,
www.egssurvey.com
www.egssurvey.com
 Presentation Summary
™Submarine
™Submarine cablecable systems
systems ‐‐ concept
concept to
to reality
reality
™Objectives
™Objectives of of route
route planning
planning and
and marine
marine route
route survey
survey
™Planning
™Planning tools
tools
™Desk
™Desk Top
Top Studies
Studies
™Route
™Route survey
survey technologies
technologies and
and applications
applications
IOÇS
™The
™The cable
cable route
route survey
survey and
and UNCLOS
UNCLOS provisions
provisions
ü™The
™The
Tfid cablè
cable
cable route surve
route survey
survey –– Why
Why this
this activity
activity does
does not
not
constitute
constitute Marine
conștitute"°.łVIa ine Scientific
Marine ie
Scientific Research
Research
™Permitting
™Permitting andand impact
impact onon project
project lead
lead time
time
Concept to Reality —– Key
Key Phases
Development of Definition of Key Project Concept
Business Model Project Milestones & Initial Investors

Feasibility Study & Define Permitting Formation of Interim

Initial Engineering Requirements Management Team

Pre Survey Secure System Supply Contract

Desk Study Permits in Principle Processes

Route Survey & Marine Operations Route Survey

Burial Assessment Permitting Contract Process

System Installation
 Key Project Milestones
™
™ Completion
Completion of
of Business
Business Case
Case
™
™ Completion
Completion of
of Feasibility
Feasibility Study
Study –– this
this should
should include
include
¾
¾ Clear
Clear definition
definition of
of permit
permit requirements
requirements and
and responsibilities
responsibilities
¾
¾ Clear
Clear understanding
understanding ofof permit
permit lead
lead times
times
™
™ Target
Target RFPA
RFPA date
date
™
™ Issue
Issue of
of Supply
Supply Contract
Contract RFQ
RFQ
™
™ Award
Award ofof Supply
Supply Contract
Contract
™
™ Complete
Complete securing
securing of of system
system Permits
Permits in
in Principle
Ie
Principle
™
™ Completion
Completion of of Pre
Pre Survey
Survey Desktop
Desktop Study
Study
™
™ Completion
Completion of of Route
Route Survey
Survey
™
™ Completion
Completion of of installation
installation
™
™ Complete
Complete commissioning
iss
commissioning
™
™ RFPA
RFPA
 Permitting & Impact on Project
Programs & Planning
™
™ Varying
Varying permit
permit lead
lead times
times can
can lead
lead to
to project
project planning
planning and
and
implementation
implementation phase
phase dislocation
dislocation ifif not
not properly
properly sequenced
sequenced
™
™ Identification
Identification of
of permit
permit interdependency
interdependency aa critical
critical factor
factor in
in
project
project planning
planning
™
™ Impact
Impact of
of variations
variations in
in permit
permit lead
lead times
times on
on project
project planning:
jeçț.p)
planning:
¾
¾ Minimal
Minimal when dealițìg
dealing wi
when dealing with
with domestic
domestic national
national systems
systems
¾
¾ Most complex forIonghauI
Most complex for
for long
long haul rnation%¥§*
international
haul1nte
international îŸîs w1th
systems
systems with
with highly
highly
variable nationaljurisdicțional
variable national jurisdictional requiră&ents
jurisdictional requirements
requirements
™
™ Impact
Impact of
of route
route transits
transits through
through non
non landing
landing country
country jurisdictions:
jurisdictions:
¾
¾ Can
Can lead
lead to
to protracted
protracted negotiations
negotiations when
when transits
transits are
are through
through
territorial waters and/or contiguous zones
territorial waters and/or contiguous zones
¾
¾ Complexities
Complexities when
when either
either jurisdictional
jurisdictional agencies
agencies approached
approached late
late or
or
not
not at
at all;
all; or
or when
when unpredicted
unpredicted changes
changes oror routing
routing requirements
requirements
imposed
imposed
¾
¾ Problems
Problems associated
associated with
with conflicts
conflicts with
with UNCLOS
UNCLOS protocols
protocols for
for
coastal
coastal states
states that
that have
have ratified
ratified UNCLOS
UNCLOS
 Planning & Survey Objectives
™To
™To develop
develop optimised
optimised routing
routing between fined landing
between defined
defined landing
sites
sites that
that meets
meets economic
economic and
and technical
technical viability
viability
criteria incluói
criteria including:
including:
¾
¾Avoidance
Avoidance of
of or Ninìmisingco
or minimising
minimising conflicts
conflicts with
with other
other seabed
seabed users
users
¾
¾Minimising exposurèto
Minimising exposure
exposure to natușalãùd
to natural
natural and manmade?isks
and manmade risks and
manmade risks and
hazards
hazards
¾
¾Optimising
Optimi ”le engineering
Optimising cable
cable enğì
engineering and
and protection
protection
¾
¾System
System maintainability
maiÿÿÿ
maintainability
¾
¾Adherence
Adherence tä,IC
to
to ICPC rÆdč"oIs andÏtecommendation"s-•
ICPC Protocols
Protocols and
and Recommendations
Recommendations
 Available Planning Tools
™
™ GIS
GIS Databases
Databases
¾
¾ GeoCable
GeoCable
¾
¾ In‐house
In-house
In‐house fčoiži.historfC'Bbt1I*=••-
from
from historic
historic data
data -
¾
¾ Geoscience
Geoscience institutions
institutioñs
institutions ““ -' '- *
ü™
™ Route
Route planning söftuiașe
software tools
planning software tools
tools "-. "-
¾
¾ MakaiPlan
MakaiPlan
¾
¾ Map
Map
Map Info
Info
¾
¾ Bespoke
Bespoke satellite
satellite imagery
sàțelliteğgYąggry tasking
imagery ask
tasking •, ”
˙
™ Web
Web
Web based
based interactive
interactive imagery
int rrțğ§ëry
imagery *•.. '-,
¾
¾ Google
Google Earth
Earth •:
 Planning Tool Applications
™
™ GIS
GIS Databases
Databases –– Inputs
Inputs to
to Feasibility
Feasibility
SI & Desktop
Desktop Studies
&Şlesțtop Studies
¾
¾ Cable
Cable fault hiśtories
fault histories
histories
¾
¾ Location
Location ofof existing
existing (and
(and planned)
èd cables
planned) ca es and
cables repeaters
andï!yepeaters
repeaters
¾
¾ Location
Location ofof existing
existing and
and planned
planned pipelines
pipelines
¾
¾ Maritime
Maritime boundary
boundary delimitations
delimitations
¾
¾ Offshore
Offshore oil
oil &
& gas
&.gas leaseÄloc
gas lease
íease block boundaries
k-bošnğt
block boundaries
¾
¾ Offshore
Offshore mining
mining lease block
block boundaries
leasebțock bșz&ndaries
boundaries
¾
¾ Military
Military exercise
exercise areas
areas
¾
¾
'Dumping
Dumpingğșounds
Dumping grounds
grounds
¾
¾ Marine
Marine park
Ma”rine park boundaries
parHĄ boundaries
¾
¾ Geoscience
Geoscïence ïËpu
Geoscience inputs
inputs (metocean,
(metocean, tectonics,
tectonics, volcanism)
volcanism)
 Planning Tool Applications
™
™ Route
Route planning
planning software
software tools
tools –– Inputs
Inputs to
to Feasibility
Feasibility &
&
Desktop StcdØs
Desktop Studies
Studies
¾
¾ Pre
Pre survey
survey RPL
RPL &
& SLD
SLD development
development
¾
¾ Pre
Pre survey
survey cable
cable type
type selection
selection
¾
¾ Final
Final post
post survey
survey (or
(or survey
survey concurrent)
concurrent) RPL
RPL &
& SLD
SLD
development
development
¾
¾ Final
Final post
post survey
survey (or
(or survey concurrent) e engineering
concurrent) cable
survey.conccrr cable
C6 engineering,
engineering
ü™
™ Web
Web basedñfl¥ëractive
Web based interactivei imagery
based interactive imagery
¾
¾ Qualitative
@ualitativé“,
Qualitative early
early landing site uation
site evaluation
landing śitê-e
evaluation
¾
¾ Qualitative
Qualitative identification
idğñ naf
identification of
of some
some hazards
ńazards
hazards
 Route
Route Position
Position List
List

Strait
Strait Line
Line Diagram
Diagram
 Pre Survey Desktop Study
™
™ Output
Output from
from planning
planning activities
activities will
will be
be input
input to
to aa pre
pre survey
survey
DTS
DTS
™
™ Risk
Risk and
and hazards
hazards for
for each
each route
route section
section will
will be
be assessed
assessed and
and
summarized
summarized in in aa Risk
Risk Matrix
Matrix
™
™ InIn addition
addition to
to archival
archival research,
research, the desk studÿv/ill
the desk study
study will
will
document
document information
information gathered
gathered from
from visits
visits to
to the
the system
system
landing sizes
landing sites
sites
™
™ Thé•DTS
Ë• The DTS willÏeco
The DTS will
will recommend
recommend eśd appropriate
appropriate route
route survey
survey
procedures
procedures designed
designed to
dêsi to prove
prove viability
viability of
of the
the pre
pre survey
survey
planning
planning effort
effort
 Table XX: Risk Summary along the ANY‐1 Cable Route

RISK CATEGORY

REGION Shipping
Cemented Seismicity/ Volcanic Bottom Resources Military Wrecks/
Outcrops Slope Instability Tsunamis Steep Slopes Fishing Activities Activity/ Cable Congestion
Sediment Faulting Activity Currents Exploration Activities/ UXO Debris
Anchoring

Landing site Inner Shelf

H L L L L L L H M M M H M M
(0‐70mwd)

Landing site Outer Shelf

L H L L L L L M M M M M M M
(70‐150mwd)

Continental Slope M L M L L L M M M L L L M M

XXX Basin L L L L L L L M L L L L L L

XXX Ridge L L L L L L M L L L L L L L

XXX Basin L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

XXX Basin L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

XXX Rise L M L L L L M L L L L L L L

XXX Basin L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

Landing 2 approach H M M L M M M L L L L L M M

XXX Sea L L L L L L M L L L L L L L

Landing 3 approach H M L M L L L L L L L L L L

XXX Sea M M M M M M H L L M L L L L

South XXX Trench M M M M M L M M L L L L L L

XXX Trench M M H H L L M M L L L L L L

XXX Islands M L L L M L L L L L L L L L

XXX Strait M L M M M L M M L L L L L L

Landing 4 approach M L M M M M M M L L M L L L

XXX Sea M L L H H M L L L L L L L L

XXX Plateau L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

East XXX Seamounts L L L L L L L L L L L L L L

East XXX Basin M L L M M L L L L L L L L L

XXX Trench H L M M M L H L L L L L L L

Landing 5 approach H L H M M M H L L L L M M M

LEVELS OF RELATIVE CONCERNS

High (H) Available data indicate a significant risk and continuing concern from this source
Medium (M) Available data indicate a possible risk that needs to be better assessed

Available data indicate that while present continuously or intermittently in some areas,
Low (L)
this concern is unlikely to affect cable integrity
 The Route Survey
™
™ Provides
Provides information
information required
required to to confirm
confirm or
or amend
amend the
the
preliminary
preliminary prepre survey
survey DTS
DTS route
route
™
™ Defines
Defines andand documents
documents thethe final
final route
route
™
™ Enables
Enables final
final cable
cable engineering
engineering to to be
be defined
defined
™
™ Provides
Provides thethe system
system installer
installer with
with the
the data @qutred to
data required
required to
finalize i¿staIIation
finalize installation pročgdures,.
installation procedures
procedures
™
™ Identifies
Identifies potential
potential post
post installation/residual
installation/residual hazardsards
hazards
including
including unmitigated
unmitigated risks
risks from
from potential hicactivity
potential tectonic
tectonic activity
activity
during the
during the sy
system
system design
design life
life
Route Survey Offshore Vessel
 Route Survey Data Sets

™Data
™Data is is collected
collected along
along aa narrow
narrow strip
strip of
of seabed,
seabed, typically
typically 500m
500m
to
to 33 xx water
water depth
depth wide
wide and
and includes:
includes:
¾
¾ Bathymetric
Bathymetric data
data –– seabed
seabed topography
topography
¾
¾ Sonar
Sonar imagery
imagery data
data –– seabed
seabed surface
surface features
sur features
¾
¾ Sub‐bottom
Sub‐bottom profiling
profiling data
data –– shallow
shallow sub ace soil
sub surface
surface ğrofile
soil profile
profile
¾
¾ Burial
Burial assessment
assessment data
data –– mechanical
mechanical properties
properties of
of the
the seabed
seabed soils
soils
withinthe
within
within the
the planned
planned burial
burial profile
profile (typically
(typically 1m
1m to
to 3m)
3m)
™Geophysical
™Geophysical and
and soils
soils data
data usually
usually only
only collected
collected where
where cable
cable
protečtion
protection by
by g¿irial
protection by burial
burial is
is planned
planned typically
typically up
up to
to aa maximum
maximum water
water
depth of
depth of 1,000
of 1,000m;
1,000m; rarely
rarely up
up to
to 2,000m
2,000m
™Only
™Only bathymetric
bathymetric data
data collected
collected inin deep
deep water
water
 Multibeam Bathymetry
™
™ Bathymetry
Bathymetrÿ
Bathymetry and and co-
and co‐
co‐
located back-¢úatter
located back‐scatter dáta
back‐scatter data
data
ü™
™ Digital data outp
Digital data output
output can
can be
be
rapidly
rapidly processed and
processed and
and
analysed
analysed
™
™ Data
Data used
Da„ta used to
üsed'toto develop
develop
seabed
seă'bed terrain model
seabed terrain modeJ
model
™
™ Resolution
Resolution of ofmuldbœm
of multibeam
multibeam
systems
systems is altiîcdd
is altitude
altitude
dependant
dependant
High
High Resolution
Resolution in
in Shallow
Shallow Water
Water
High
High Resolution
Resolution in
in Shallow
Shallow Water
Water
Deep
Deep water
water data
data

Philippine Treñçh
Philippine Trench maxifñum
Trench maximum
maximum depth
depth
10,400m
10,400m
 Side Scan Sonar Imagery
™
™ Towed
Towed systems
systems " , ”" " "
™
™ Depth
Depth range
range upúplțiȚğ0OO
up to
to 3000m
3000m
™
™ Provide
Provide images
images ofof seą îŒe
of seabed
seabed
surface
surface features
features
™
™ Surface
Surface back‐scatter
báck-scatter
back‐scatter
intpnsity
intensity cäyțĄggised
intensity can
can be
be used
used as
as
indičator
indicator of
indicator šeabed
of seabed
seabed
hardness
hardness
Side Scan Sonar Imagery
Sub‐bottom Data
 Burial Assessment
™
™ Gravity corińg
Gravity coring
coring
™
™ Cone
Cone Penetrometer
Penetrometer Tests
Tests
measure
measure
¾
¾ Tip
Tip resistance
resistance
¾
¾ Sleeve
Sleeve friction
friction
¾
¾ Resistivity
Resistivity
™
™ Typically to
to 3m
3m below
Typically to.¿m below seabed
seabed
™
™ Used to
to predict
Used to predict and
and
and ”
categorize
categprize cable
cable plough
categorize cab*łp plough burial
plou ûrial
burial . ". j - =•- -
performance
performance
™
™ Short
Short reporting
reporting lead-
lead-
times
times have
have led
led to:
to:
¾
¾ On-board
On-board data
data
acquisition,
acquisition,
processing
processing & &
charting
charting
¾
¾ Telemetry
Telemetry of
of
processed
processed data
data to
to
shore
shore based
based offices
offices
¾
¾ Data
Data output
output direct
direct to
to
route
route planning
planning
software
software (Makai)
(Makai)
™
™ Final
Final reporting
reporting
typically
typically office
office based
based
UNCLOS – Provisions & Application
™
™ Cable
Cable route
route surveys
surveys are
are part
part of
of the
the process
process of
of laying
laying submarine
submarine cables
cables
™
™ 10
10 articles
articles of
of UNCLOS
UNCLOS govern
govern thethe activities
activities related
related toto cables
cables in
in the
the
territorial
territorial sea,
sea, the
the EEZ,
EEZ, the
the continental
continental shelf
shelf and
and the
the high
high seas
seas
™
™ The
The freedom
freedom to to navigate
navigate and
and lay
lay cables
cables and
and the
the operations
operations associated
associated
with
with ships
ships exercising
exercising these
these freedoms
freedoms are are expressly
expressly provided
provided forfor under
under
these
these articles
articles
™
™ In
In reality,
reality, an
an increasing
increasing number
number of of costal
costal states
states are
are now
now insisting
insisting on
on
permits;
permits; oror the
the lesser,
lesser, but
but nono less
less program nging, Letters
program challenging,
challenging, Letters of No
of No
No
Objection
Objection issued
issued byby the
the coastal
coastal state,
state, for
for survey
survey and able installation
and cable
cable installation
within
within their
their EEZ
EEZ
™
™ The
The justification
justification often
often given
given by by coastal
coastal states
states imposing
imposing these
rrfpbš“inğtĞese
these
permitting restri
permitting restrictions,
restrictions, isis that
that the
the route
route survey
survey constitutes
constitutes Marine
Marine
Scientific
Scientific Research,
Research, thethe tools
tools and
and methodology
methodology of of which
which being
being similar
similar
 Cable Route Surveys
Why this activity is not Marine Scientific Research
™The
™The fundamental
fundamental objective
objective of
of the
the cable
cable route
route
survey
survey is
is to:
to:
¾
¾Prove and
Prove and do
and document
document the the initial
initial route
route developed
developed during
during
initial
initial project pIa,nni
project planning
planning stages
stages
¾
¾Identify
Identify and
and where
where practical,
practical, developç*W"op the
develop the inĞia[
the initial route to
initial route to
avoid
avoid obstructions
obstructions andand hazards
hazards found
found during
during the
the survey
survey
¾
¾Determine
Determine finalfinal cable
cable engineering
engineering and and cable
cable quantities
quantities
¾
¾\ïonfirm
Confirm
Confirm or išr
ora amend
amend preliminary
re
preliminary cable
cable protection ion strategies
protection strategies
¾
¾Provide
Provide allaIlÓ
all data
data and ćńmenźation necessary
and documentation
documentation necessary źo to șupport
to support
support
cable installàtió
cable installation
installation
¾
¾Provide
Provide the da”tabase
database framework
the database framework for“system
for
for system mØ
system maintenance
maintenance
 Cable Route Surveys
Why this activity is not Marine Scientific Research
ü™
™ Marine
Marine SciqnȘfic
Scientific Resœ rchï:s•në
Scientific Research
Research is
is not
not defined
.Ğne in
defined in the
the Convention;
Convention;
however,
however, itit is
is clear
clear that
that the
the scope
scope ofof submarine
submarine cable
cable route
route
surveys
surveys cannot
cannot be be construed
construed asas Scientific
Scientific Research
Research
¾
¾ The
The route
route survey
survey scope
scope isis not
not designed
designed to to perform
perform systematic
systematic
investigations
investigations into andsstudy
añd,
into and tudyæfJheJtia
study of of the
the marine ironment in
marine environment
environment inorder
order to
in order to
establish facts
establish and
facts and reach•new
and reach new condušiońs.about
reach new conclusions about the
conclusions about maËne
the marine
marine
environment,
environment, nor
environiyient, nor
¾
¾ To
To carry
carry out
out exploration
exploration or or exploitation
exploitation of of living
living or
or non
non living
living
resources
resources
¾
¾ Drill
Drill on
on the
the continental
continental shelf
shelf
¾
¾ Use
Use explosives
explosives oror harmful
harmful substances
bstances
substances
¾
¾ Construct,
Construct, operate
operate oror use
use artificial
artificial islands, ihsșallations
islands, installations or
installations or
or structures
structures
 Permits
Program Impacts & Consequences
™
™ Requirement
Requirement for
for survey
survey vessel
vessel to
to mobilize
mobilize in
in advance
advance ofof all
all
survey
survey operational
operational permits
permits being
being issued
issued has
has resulted
resulted in:
in:
¾
¾ Inability
Inability to
to commence
commence operations
operations upon
upon arrival
arrival on
on site
site
¾
¾ Dislocation
Dislocation ofof planned
planned survey
survey phase
phase sequence
sequence
¾
¾ Protracted
Protracted vessel
vessel standby
standby
¾
¾ Long
Long out
out of
of sequence
sequence and
and non
non productive
productive vessel
vessel transits
transits
¾
¾ Increased
Increased costs
costs through
through consequential
consequential Contract
Contract Variations
Variations
¾
¾ Substantial
Substantial overall
overall project
project delays
delays with
with loaded
loaded installation
allation vešs
installation vessels
els
vessels
idle
idle waiting
waiting onon survey
survey data
data and
and installation
installation permits
permits
™
™ Increasing
Increasing requirement
requirement forfor marine
marine operational
operational permits
permits in
in
EEZs'particuIà
EEZs
EEZs particularly
particularly for
for non
non landing
landing countries
countries in
in “apparent”
“apparent”
contravention
contravention of
of UNCLOS
UNCLOS provisions
provisions has
has further
further negatively
negatively
impacted permit,Iead6iñï
impacted permit
permit lead Eand
lead time
time and projecț
and project
project progress
progress
 Permits
Program Impacts & Consequences
™
™ In
In the
the case
case of
of recent
recent projects
projects in
in the
the Red
Red Sea,
Sea, Gulf
Gulf of
of Aden
Aden
and
and Arabian
Arabian Sea,
Sea, permit
permit delays
delays caused
caused survey
survey work
work toto be
be
pushed
pushed into
into the
the Southwest
Southwest Monsoon
Monsoon with
with the
the attendant
attendant
weather
weather delays
delays and
and negative
negative impact
impact on
on survey
survey data
data quality
quality
™
™ The
The one
one permit
permit atat aa time
time policy
policy of
of adopted
adopted by
by some
some
countries
countries has
has required
required outout of
of sequence
sequence survey
survey operations,
operations,
long
long transits
transits between
between permitted
permitted and
and non
non permitted
permitted routes
routes
further
further escalating
escalating cost
cost
 Survey Permits & Conditions
™
™ Securing
Securing permissions
permissions toto carry
carry out
out survey
survey operations
operations vary
vary from
from
coastal
coastal state
state to
to coastal
coastal state
state and
and from
from straightforward
straightforward to
to highly
highly
complex
complex with
with lead‐times
lead‐times measured
measured in in days
days to
to many
many months;
months;
associated
associated conditions
conditions can
can include:
include:
¾
¾ Requirement
Requirement for for all
all survey
survey team
team members
members andand vessel
vessel crew
crew to grgo
to undergo
undergo
security
security checks
checks
¾
¾ The
The
The imposition
imposition of restricțions
of restrictions on
restrictions on certái
on certain Nationalities
nationalities vfltȘin
certain nationalities within the
within the survey
the survey
team
team and/or
and/or vessel
vessel crew;
crew; and
and even
even the
the country
country where
where the
the survey
survey
contractor’s
contractor’s company
company isis registered
registered
¾
¾ Requirement
Requirement for for survey
survey operations
operations toto be
be witnessed
witnessed byby security
security officers
officers
¾
¾ Mandate
Mandate foËfor
for survey
survey work
work be condîM
be conducted
conducted by by national
national research
research institutes
institutes to
to
preagreedh
pre
pre agreed
agreed hand
hand over
over locations
locations
¾
¾ Requirement
Requirement for for copies
copies of
of survey
survey data
data to
to be
be made
made available
available to
to the
the
coastal
coastal state
state upon
upon completion
completion ofof the
the survey
survey and/or
and/or copies
copies of
of reports
reports
 Questions & Clarifications
Questions
Questions and
and clarifications
clarifications on
on the
an\¿clar]ficætiogsœăJfæ content
content of
oftthis
the cogtÀnMof this
presentation
presentatioù or related
presentation or related matters
relaTéd matters can
can be
mąțteróąar: be addressed
bè¿șțdğressed to:
addressed tdŒ*
to:

Graham Evans —.E-rfiąïI

Graham Evans E‐mail gev
–– E‐mail e æom
gevans@egssurvey.com
gevans@egssurvey.com