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The Turing Guide
THE TURING GUIDE

b. jack copeland
jonathan p. bowen
mark sprevak
robin wilson
and others

1
 3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2017
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2017
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016946810
ISBN 978–0–19–874782–6 (hbk.)
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Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
 In memoriam
MAVIS BATEY (1921–2013)
CATHERINE CAUGHEY (1923–2008)
IVOR GRATTAN-GUINNESS (1941–2014)
PETER HILTON (1923–2010)
JERRY ROBERTS (1920–2014)
FOREWORD BY ANDREW HODGES

Author of the bestseller Alan Turing, the Enigma

This book celebrates Alan Turing’s place in mathematics, science, technology, and philosophy,
and includes chapters by a number of Turing’s contemporaries. A glance at its pages will show
the diversity of the contributions. Some are fastidious scholarship, bringing to life details of
smudged typescripts and incomplete manuscripts from over 60 years ago. Some convey mod-
ern scientific developments. Some explore personal memories, or philosophical speculations.
But they share a special concern to shed new light on hidden history.
Turing’s centenary year reflected a general public sense that the issues of Alan Turing’s life
and work are as relevant as ever in the twenty-first century. One reason is obvious: the univer-
sality of the computer has invaded everyday consciousness. It has changed the relationship
between the individual and the social world. The computer has made possible impassioned
public campaigns for Turing’s official recognition, demanding some remedy for his identity
as a criminalized gay man. At the same time, the significance of the modern state’s computer-
based collection and analysis of information, of which he was the scientific founder, has made
a new impact on the world political arena. Turing himself knew that the computer would
involve e­ verything: it was prefigured in his futuristic discussion of the meaning of mechanical
intelligence, where his all-embracing discourse touched provocatively on topics from sex to
cryptography.

Andrew Hodges
Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford
PREFACE

T
his book celebrates the many facets of Alan Turing, the British mathematician and com-
puting pioneer who is widely considered to be the father of computer science. The book
is written for general readers, and Turing’s scientific and mathematical concepts are
explained in an accessible way.
Each of the book’s eight parts covers a different aspect of Turing’s life and work. Part I is
biographical: Chapter 1 contains a timeline of Turing’s short but brilliant life, Chapter 2 is an
appraisal by family member Dermot Turing, and Chapter 3, by Turing’s close colleague and
friend Peter Hilton, describes what it was like to work with a genius like Alan Turing, while
Chapter 4 focuses on his trial—for being gay—and his shocking punishment. Part II deals with
the early origins of the computer, and focuses in particular on Turing’s ‘universal computing
machine’, now known as the universal Turing machine. Part III explains exactly what Turing
did as a codebreaker at Bletchley Park during the Second World War. The war was a disastrous
interlude for many, but for Turing it provided an internationally important outlet for his crea-
tive genius. It is no overstatement to say that, without Turing, the war would probably have
lasted longer, and might even have been won by the Nazis. The ultrasecret nature of Turing’s
wartime work meant that much of what he did was kept secret until recent times. Some remains
classified to this day.
When the war was over, Turing left Bletchley Park and joined London’s National Physical
Laboratory. Part IV is about his post-war work on computing, first in London and then in
Manchester: Turing had his own quirky but highly effective approach to designing hardware
and software. Part V discusses artificial intelligence (AI), called ‘machine intelligence’ by Turing.
He was AI’s first major prophet and contributed a slew of brilliant concepts to the field that he
founded. Part VI goes on to explain Turing’s theory of morphogenesis, his final scientific con-
tribution. This theory tries to unlock the secret of how shapes—such as the shape of a starfish or
a daisy—are formed during biological growth. Turing’s brilliant 1952 paper on morphogenesis
made his reputation as a mathematical biologist, and was also the starting point of the modern
field called ‘artificial life’. Part VII describes some of Turing’s contributions to pure and applied
mathematics, including his ‘Banburismus’ method, used against the German Enigma code, and
his work on the Entscheidungsproblem or ‘decision problem’, which gave rise to his universal
computing machine. Part VIII is, as its title says, a finale: its topics range from speculations
about the nature of the universe to a discussion of recent plays, novels, and music about Turing.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

W
e thank the following institutions for supporting the research involved in creat-
ing this book: BCS-FACS Specialist Group; Birmingham City University; Bletchley
Park; the British National Archives at Kew; the British Society for the History of
Mathematics; Canterbury University, New Zealand; Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi,
Copenhagen University, Denmark; Edinburgh University; the Israel Institute for Advanced
Studies, Jerusalem; King’s College, Cambridge; London South Bank University; Museophile
Limited; Oxford University Department of Continuing Education; Queensland University,
Australia; and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.
Thanks also to Shaun Armstrong, Richard Banach, Will Bowen, Ralph Erskine, Terry
Froggatt, Tula Giannini, Kelsey Griffin, Rachel Hassall, Michal Linial, Bob Lockhart, Keith
MansField, Patricia McGuire, Francesca Rossi, Dan Taber, Narmatha Vaithiyanathan, and Billy
Wheeler.

Special thanks to Graham Diprose for photo post-production and image editing.
CONTENTS

PART I BIOGRAPHY  1
1. Life and work  3
Jack Copeland and Jonathan Bowen
2. The man with the terrible trousers  19
Sir John Dermot Turing
3. Meeting a genius  31
Peter Hilton
4. Crime and punishment  35
Jack Copeland

PART II THE UNIVERSAL MACHINE AND BEYOND  41

5. A century of Turing  43
Stephen Wolfram
6. Turing’s great invention: the universal computing machine  49
Jack Copeland
7. Hilbert and his famous problem  57
Jack Copeland
8. Turing and the origins of digital computers  67
Brian Randell

PART III CODEBREAKER  77

9. At Bletchley Park  79
Jack Copeland
10. The Enigma machine  85
Joel Greenberg
11. Breaking machines with a pencil  97
Mavis Batey
12. Bombes  109
Jack Copeland (with Jean Valentine and Catherine Caughey)
13. Introducing Banburismus  129
Edward Simpson
14. Tunny: Hitler’s biggest fish  143
Jack Copeland
15. We were the world’s first computer operators  161
Eleanor Ireland
16. The Testery: breaking Hitler’s most secret code  167
Jerry Roberts
17. Ultra revelations  175
Brian Randell
18. Delilah—encrypting speech  183
Jack Copeland
19. Turing’s monument  189
Simon Greenish, Jonathan Bowen, and Jack Copeland

PART IV COMPUTERS AFTER THE WAR  197

20. Baby  199
Jack Copeland
21. ACE  213
Martin Campbell-Kelly
22. Turing’s Zeitgeist  223
Brian Carpenter and Robert Doran
23. Computer music  233
Jack Copeland and Jason Long
24. Turing, Lovelace, and Babbage  249
Doron Swade

PART V ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE MIND  263

25. Intelligent machinery  265
Jack Copeland
26. Turing’s model of the mind  277
Mark Sprevak
27. The Turing test—from every angle  287
Diane Proudfoot
28. Turing’s concept of intelligence  301
Diane Proudfoot

xiv  | CO NTE NTS

29. Connectionism: computing with neurons  309
Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot
30. Child machines  315
Diane Proudfoot
31. Computer chess—the first moments  327
Jack Copeland and Dani Prinz
32. Turing and the paranormal  347
David Leavitt

PART VI BIOLOGICAL GROWTH  357

33. Pioneer of artificial life  359
Margaret Boden
34. Turing’s theory of morphogenesis  373
Thomas Woolley, Ruth Baker, and Philip Maini
35. Radiolaria: validating the Turing theory  383
Bernard Richards

PART VII MATHEMATICS  389

36. Introducing Turing’s mathematics  391
Robin Whitty and Robin Wilson
37. Decidability and the Entscheidungsproblem  405
Robin Whitty
38. Banburismus revisited: depths and Bayes  415
Edward Simpson
39. Turing and randomness  427
Rod Downey
40. Turing’s mentor, Max Newman  437
Ivor Grattan-Guinness

PART VIII FINALE  443

41. Is the whole universe a computer?  445
Jack Copeland, Mark Sprevak, and Oron Shagrir
42. Turing’s legacy  463
Jonathan Bowen and Jack Copeland

Notes on the contributors  475

Further reading, notes, and references  481
Chapter notes  484
Index  533

CO NTE NTS  | xv
1943 Works on speech encryption in New York’s Bell Labs. Meets Claude Shannon.
Returns from the United States and takes on the role of high-level scientific
advisor at Bletchley Park.
Establishes a small lab at Hanslope Park, a few miles from Bletchley Park.
Starts work on a portable speech-encryption system.
Lives among soldiers stationed at Hanslope, eats in their mess.
1944 Just up the road at Bletchley Park, the world’s first large-scale electronic
computer, Tommy Flowers’ Colossus, is breaking Tunny messages from February.
Meets lifelong friends Robin Gandy and Don Bayley at Hanslope.
Career as runner begins. Comes an easy first in the mile at regimental sports.
1945 Completes documentation for his ‘Delilah’ speech encryption system.
Celebrates VE Day (victory in Europe) by taking a quiet country walk with
Bayley and Gandy.
Travels to Germany with Flowers to investigate German cryptological and
communications systems. When the atom bomb is dropped on Hiroshima,
explains to Flowers how the bomb works.
Surprise visit from John Womersley of the National Physical Laboratory
(NPL). Accepts Womersley’s offer to join the NPL and design an electronic
universal Turing machine.
Moves to London.
Completes the design of his Automatic Computing Engine (ACE). Specifies
processor speed of 1 MHz.
Says computers can be programmed to ‘display intelligence’ but at the risk of
them making ‘occasional serious mistakes’.
Describes the concepts of self-modifying programs and of programs that
modify other programs, presaging the compiler concept.

10  | 1 li f e and wor k

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no related content on Scribd:
 6, 19, 172
mizlāgōth,
184
mizrāḳōth,
184
Moab,
116 f.
Moabites, invasion by,
249 f.
Molech (Malcam, Milcom),
125, 293
Mount Gerizim,
Samaritan Temple on, xxi, xxxviii
Mount Moriah,
176
Mount Seir,
32, 251, 281
Mount Zion,
xxxviii f.
Mulberry trees,
100
Music, the Levitical service of,
lii, 305 f.
Musical guilds,
xxiii, 145, 333
Muski,
5
Muṣri,
19, 172
Nabonidus (Nabu-na’id),
344, 351
Nabopolassar,
344, 350
Nabulus,
49
nāgīd,
33, 92, 295
naḥal,
252
Names,
significant, 24, 145 f.;
lists of, in oriental Histories, 1 f., 79
Nathan the prophet,
113, 168, 207, 305
Navy,
206
nēbhel,
96 f.
Nebuchadnezzar (Nebuchadrezzar),
347 f., 351
Neco I and II,
327, 336, 343 f.
nēr (nīr),
259
Neriglissar (Nergalšar-uṣur),
351
Nethinim,
65, 137
New Testament (passages of) referred to:
Matthew i. 3‒6, 15
Matthew i. 7, 23
Matthew v. 22, 293
Matthew v. 39, 244
Matthew xxiii. 35, lviii, 277
Matthew xxv. 15, 290
Mark ii. 26, 102
Mark ix. 43, 293
Mark xi. 2, 7, 96
Mark xvi. 1, 235
Luke i. 5, 143
Luke i. 7, 266
Luke ii. 36, 335
Luke iii. 31, 22
Luke vii. 44‒46, 297
Luke xi. 51, 277
Luke xii. 55, 192
Luke xv. 18, 21, 296, 321
Luke xix. 4, 172
John i. 45, 16
John iii. 27, 296
John xi. 54, 222
John xii. 3, 7, 235
John xviii. 1, 303
John xix. 39, 40, 235
Acts vii. 60, 278
Acts viii. 40, 287
Acts ix. 32, 27
Acts xii. 1, 228
Acts xii. 21, 159
Acts xii. 23, 222
Acts xiii. 2, 138
Acts xxi. 37, 163
Acts xxii. 24, 163
Romans i. 1, 138
Romans xi. 2, xxxii
Galatians i. 15, 138
2 Thessalonians ii. 11, 243
 1 Timothy iii. 15, 114
Hebrew ii. 16, 297
1 John i. 9, 215
Revelation ii. 20, 335
Revelation xxi, 12‒16, 182
Nimrod,
7
Nineveh,
327
Nisan, the first month,
89, 301, 310, 339
Nobles, the,
273
Numbering of the people, see David
Numbers high in Chronicles,
xlix, 92, 133, 135 ff., 164 f., 178, 195, 204, 210, 218 f.,
221 f., 225 f., 239, 281, 294

ōb,
325
Obelisk of Shalmaneser II,
122, 206
Oblations (tᵉrūmāh)
314
Obsolete English words:
At (after verbs of asking), 241
Grave (verb = carve), 174
Magnifical, 134
Play (= dance), 96, 106
Polls (= heads), 137
Skill (verb), 174, 333
Oded,
 229, 295 f.
ōhel,
197, 274
Omar, the Mosque of,
181
‘ōnēn,
325
Onyx,
164
Ophel,
291, 328
Ophir,
164, 202, 257
Oracle, the,
180, 185, 187
Ornan,
131, 177
Osorkon,
226
Overseers,
173, 176, 333

P, or “Priestly” narrative,
xx, 2 f.
paḥōth,
205
Palace, the,
163, 166
Palmyra,
199
Paphos, the temple of,
180
Parbar,
151
Parvaim,
178
Passover, the,
of Hezekiah, 308 ff.;
of Josiah, 310, 320, 339 ff.
Pelethites,
120, 167
Pentateuch, the,
xiv, xx, 238, 337 ff.
Perfect heart, a,
93, 160, 165 f., 231, 248
Pestilence,
130 f.
Petrie, W. M. Flinders,
History of Egypt, 226, 344
Philistines,
the original seats of the, 7;
war with the, 74, 99 ff., 126, 286 f., 297;
invasion by, 262 f.
Phinehas,
69
Phœnician language,
173
Physicians,
235
Pillar,
271
Pillars (Jachin and Boaz),
179 f., 184
Plague,
193
Play on words,
15, 57, 254, 282
Poll-tax,
274, 347
Porch of the Temple,
177
Porters, see Doorkeepers
Posts (= runners),
309
Precious stones,
178
Priesthood, the double,
102, 167
Priests,
51 f., 303, 307, 312 ff.;
courses of, 66;
sons of the, 71;
David’s organisation of the, 141 ff.
Princes of the sanctuary,
142
Princes of the tribes of Israel,
155
Prophetess,
335
Psaltery,
96, 103, 146, 188, 204
Psalms xcvi, cv, cvi,
 107
Pul,
34, 37
Punt (Put),
6

Rabbah,
121, 125
Ramoth-gilead,
51, 240, 245
Rechabites, the,
21
Recorder (= chronicler),
120, 332
Rehoboam,
211 ff.
Rephaim,
126 f.;
valley of, 81, 99
Rhodians,
5
River, the (= the Euphrates),
13, 206
Robertson Smith, W.,
Old Testament in the Jewish Church, 16;
Religion of the Semites, 83, 180, 213, 219, 224
Robinson’s Arch,
150
Ruler of the house of God, the,
66, 315, 340
Ryle,
 Genesis, referred to, 2 f., 6;
(on Ezra and Nehemiah), 143, 163, 273, 296, 334 f.;
Prayer of Manasses, 328

Sabbath,
351
Sackcloth,
131
Sacrifice,
consumed by fire from heaven, 195;
daily morning and evening, 141, 276;
sevenfold, made by Hezekiah, 304;
of thank offerings and burnt offerings, 306 f.;
of peace offerings, 106, 132, 307, 328
St Mary’s Well,
323 f., 327
Salt,
covenant of, 219;
the valley of, 119, 281
Samaria,
266, 309
Samaritan schism, the,
xxi, xxxviii
Samuel,
the descent of, 41;
the seer, 70, 168, 234
Sargon,
309, 317
Satan (= the Adversary),
128
Saul,
genealogy of, 62 f., 72;
 defeat, death and burial of, 73 ff.
Saws,
126
Scorpion,
209
Scribe,
120, 142, 157
Sea of the Temple, the,
119, 181 f., 184, 300
Seer,
70, 168, 234
Sennacherib, threatened invasion by,
316 ff.
sēpher hattōrah,
338
Septuagint, the, version of Chronicles,
lviii f.
Shalmaneser,
122, 206, 309
Sharon,
35;
the great maritime plain, 156
Sheba,
6 f.;
Queen of, 202 ff.
shēbhet,
83
Shechem,
48, 56, 207
shelaḥ,
270, 319
shĕlāṭīm,
118, 270
Shemaiah,
210, 215
Sheminith,
set to the, 104
Shephēlāh,
156, 172, 207, 288, 298
Shewbread,
71 f., 139, 141, 162, 174, 221, 304
Shields of gold,
118, 205, 270, 323
Shihor, brook of,
96
Shishak, invasion by,
214 ff.
Siloam, the Lower Pool of,
318
Singers, the families of the,
xvi, xlii, 38, 42, 104, 145 ff., 341
ṣinnah,
205
sippim,
269
Slings,
288
Smith, G. A.,
Historical Geography of the Holy Land, 74 f., 81, 83,
171, 184, 192, 207, 212, 226, 249 f., 255, 294,
297;
Jerusalem, 78 f., 163, 288, 291, 318 f., 324, 327;
 (in Encyclopedia Biblia), 118;
Early Poetry of Israel, 294
Sojourners,
165 f.
Solomon,
133 ff., 160 ff.;
twice crowned, 167;
great sacrifice of, 169 f.;
vision of, 170 f.;
horses and chariots of, 171 f.;
makes preparations for building the Temple, 173 ff.;
begins to build the Temple, 176 ff.;
brings the Ark into the sanctuary, 186 f.;
blessing and prayer of, 189 ff.;
the night vision of, 197 f.;
cities of, 198 ff.;
arrangements of, for the Temple worship, 201 f.;
the fleet of, 202;
the greatness of, 204 ff.
Sorcery,
325
Spices,
204, 235
Stir up the spirit,
37, 262, 352
Store cities,
233, 238
Strangers, see Aliens
Suburbs,
47, 95, 212, 316
Sun-images,
224, 331
Sycomore,
 156, 172, 207
Syria, Syrians,
9, 17, 116, 124;
invasion by, 278
Syriac Version, the,
lix
Syro-Ephraimite war, the,
294 f.

Tabali,
5
Tabernacle,
70, 94, 133, 274 f.
Tabor,
50
Tadmor,
199
Tamar,
199
ṭaph,
252
Tarshish (= Tartessus),
5, 54, 205 f., 257 f.
Tarsus,
5
Task-work,
126, 134, 200
Tekoa,
18, 26, 254
Tell el-Amarna letters,
5, 58, 78, 121, 212
Teman,
11
Temple, the,
gates of, 68, 268 f., 272 f., 291;
David’s preparations for building, 133 ff.;
measurements of, 134, 177;
the pattern of, 161 ff.;
Solomon prepares to build, 173 ff.;
description of, 176 ff.;
dedication of, 186;
restoration of, 274 ff.;
cleansing of, 301 ff.;
repair of, 332 ff.;
Cyrus decrees the rebuilding of, 351 f.
Tenderhearted,
220
Tent,
69, 94, 101, 106, 186, 274
tĕrū‘ah,
106, 230
tĕrūmāh,
314
Testimony, the,
270 f., 274
Text of Chronicles, the,
xxii, lviii, 7, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 27, 28, 35, 41, 42, 46,
49, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 68, 82, 85, 115, 182,
214, 217, 227, 248, 255, 259, 323, 336
Thistle (= thorn),
283
Threshing-floor,
97, 131 f., 242
Thucydides referred to,
xlviii
Tigris,
122
Tilgath-pilneser (Tiglath-pileser),
34, 37, 292, 297 ff., 309
Times (= changes, opportunities),
93, 168
Tisri, the seventh month,
186
Tithe,
313 f.
Titus, Arch of,
230
tōrah,
191, 228, 338
Torrey, C. C.,
Ezra Studies, xxxiii f., xlvi, lviii, lx, 38, 218, 237, 264 f.,
343, 345
Treasuries, the,
161
Trees, large,
76, 294
Tree-worship,
224
Trumpets, silver,
105, 112, 188, 196, 221, 230, 305
Tyre,
5, 8, 134
Tyrseni,
5
Uriah,
86, 120
Urim and Thummim,
99
Uzziah,
285 ff.

Valley of salt, the,

119, 281
Veil of the Temple, the,
179
Ventriloquism,
325
Vessels of gold,
185 f.
Vulgate, the,
lix

Wardrobe, keeper of the,

335
Wellhausen, J., references to,
lvi, lix, 20, 237, 271
Wilson’s Arch,
150
Wrath,
247, 249, 277, 323

Zadok,
39 f., 92, 102, 111, 142, 155, 167, 314
Zechariah, martyrdom of,
 277
Zedekiah the king,
349 f.
Zedekiah the prophet,
242, 244
Zemaraim, the battle of,
218 ff.
Zerah the Ethiopian,
225 f.
Zidon, Zidonians,
8, 134
Ziz,
252
Zobah,
116 f., 122, 124, 199

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