DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTIN READINESS 1
Geological hazards include:
VOLCANIC HAZARD
- phenomenon arising from volcanic activities
that pose potential threat
VOLCANIC HAZARDS: LANDSLIDE
LAVA FLOWS
- stream-like flows of molten rock erupted from
a crater
ASH FALL / TEPHRA FALL
- showers of airborne fine-grained to course-
graned volcanic particles that fall out from 1. SOIL CREEP LANDSLIDE
the plumes of a volcanic eruption
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
- a turbulent mass of ejected fragmented
volcanic materials mixed with hot gases
- asphyxiation (inhalation of hot ash and
2. SLUMPING LANDSLIDE
gases)
- SURGES are more dilute, more mobile
derivatives or pyroclastic flows
LAHARS
- rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic
sediments and water
VOLCANIC GASES
- Water vapor (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), 3. DEBRIS FLOW LANDSLIDE
hydrogen chloride (HCI), and hydrogen
fluoride (HF).
BALLISTIC PROJECTILES
- Volcanic material directly ejected from the 4. ROCKFALL LANDSLIDES
volcano’s vent with force and trajectory
VOLCANIC LANDSLIDE (debris avalanche)
- massive collapse of volcano, usually
triggered by earthquake or volcanic eruption
TSUNAMI
- series of sea wave generated by sudden
displacement of water
SINKHOLE
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD - an extreme natural
event on the earth that pose a threat to life and
property.
KEITH ROUIE BALLESTER 12-POLARIS
 Seismic Events (Earthquakes)
 Volcanism
 Landslides
 Tsunami
 Expansive Soils and Rock
- ground movement on a sloping terrain
(ground)
- aggravated by rain because water is a
natural agent for erosion.
TYPES OF LANDSLIDE:
- very slow downslope
movement of particles that
occurs in every slope covered
with loose, weathered material
- mass of material moving
downslope as a unit. The
removed mass of soil and
rock leave an abrupt drop-off
at the top of the landslide
known as a scarp.
- Slumping is a faster movement
than Soil Creep
- water-soaked mass of rock and
soil that slides down the slope.
- fast-moving landslides
- fast-moving landslide that
happens when rock or earth
falls, bounces, or rolls from a
cliff or down a very steep slope
- sudden slides caused by heavy
rain
- topographic depression created when
groundwater dissolves the underlying
limestone bedrock. Often known as "sink"
or "doline".
- Occur in areas where the soil foundation is
made of soft minerals and rocks such as
limestone, salt beds, or any acidic rocks.
 DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTIN READINESS
KINDS OF SINKHOLES:
1. NATURAL SINKHOLES
- caused by physical or chemical erosion.
2. MAN-MADE SINKHOLES
- caused by drilling, mining, road
construction, and broken water or
underground pipes.
TYPES OF SINKHOLES:
1. COVER COLLAPSE SINKHOLES
- When the bedrock erodes, cracks form.
Weak spots appear in the soil layers above.
These weak spots turn into big holes in the
bedrock, which can't hold up the weight
above. Then, suddenly, everything
collapses, making big holes quickly.
- Develops suddenly (over an hour period)
2. COVER SUBSIDENCE SINKHOLES
- Gradually grows where the sediment covers
are permeable and contain sand
3. DISSOLUTION SINKHOLE
- It occurs in areas where calcareous is
exposed on the ground or where thin layers
of soil and permeable sand are also
covered.
- there is little soil or vegetation over the
limestone or other bedrock. Water from rain
and runoff slowly trickles through crevices
in the bedrock, dissolving it. As a result, a
depression gradually forms.
4. ARTIFICIAL SINKHOLE
- Such types of sinks may be caused by
various human activities, including
groundwater pumping and building.
HAZARD
- dangerous phenomenon, substance,
human activity or condition.
- It may cause loss of life, injury or other
health impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihoods and services.
FAULT
- fracture in the Earth's crust along which
movement has occurred.
KEITH ROUIE BALLESTER 12-POLARIS
2
FISSURE
- long, narrow crack opening along the
surface of Earth. The term is derived from
the Latin word fissura, which means 'cleft'
or 'crack'. (Bitak in Filipino)
EARTHQUAKE
- defined by PHIVOLCS as a weak to violent
shaking of the ground produced by the
sudden movement of rocks or rock
materials below the earth's surface.
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
1. TECTONIC EARTHQUAKE
- generated by the sudden displacement
(movement) along faults and plate
boundaries
2. VOLCANIC EARTHQUAKE
- induced by rising lava or magma beneath
active volcanoes
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
GROUND SHAKING
- up-down and sideways motion felt during
an earthquake.
GROUND RUPTURE
- displacement or deformation on the ground
brought about by the movement of a fault.
The movement may be as small as 0.5
meters to a larger more noticeable
movement.
LIQUEFACTION
- happens when a body of solid sediments
starts to behave like liquid due to
extremely intense shaking.
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
- downward movement or mass migration of
rocks and loose thin soil covering on the
slopes mountains that are shaken during
an earthquake.
TSUAMI
- series of giant waves greater than 5
meters resulting from geological processes
like strong under-the-sea earthquakes.