Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to
make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to
make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.
Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.
Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.
Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.
Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.
Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and
autonomous driving.
Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a type of machine learning where an agent learns to

make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize some notion of
cumulative reward. The agent receives feedback in the form of rewards or penalties
and adjusts its actions to achieve the best possible outcome.

Key Concepts:
- **Agent**: The learner or decision-maker.
- **Environment**: The context in which the agent operates.
- **Action**: A set of possible moves the agent can make.
- **State**: A representation of the current situation.
- **Reward**: Feedback from the environment to evaluate the action's effectiveness.

Common Algorithms:
1. **Q-Learning**: A model-free algorithm that learns the value of actions in
states to derive a policy. It uses a Q-table to store and update action-value
pairs.
2. **Deep Q-Network (DQN)**: Combines Q-Learning with deep neural networks to
handle high-dimensional state spaces. It approximates the Q-values using a neural
network.
3. **Policy Gradient Methods**: Directly optimize the policy by adjusting the
parameters to maximize the expected reward. Examples include REINFORCE and Actor-
Critic methods.
4. **Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)**: An advanced policy gradient method that
balances exploration and exploitation while ensuring stable updates.

Reinforcement learning is used in applications such as robotics, game playing, and

autonomous driving.