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Digital Image Interpolation in MATLAB
Digital Image Interpolation in MATLAB®
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except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available
at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Chi-Wah Kok and Wing-Shan Tam to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted
in accordance with law.
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my love Annie from Ted for putting up with it all once again
To mom Gloria Lee and the memory of dad, Simon Tam, dedicated by Wing-Shan
vii
Contents
1 Signal Sampling 1
1.1 Sampling and Bandlimited Signal 1
1.2 Unitary Transform 4
1.2.1 Discrete Fourier Transform 4
1.3 Quantization 5
1.3.1 Quantization and Sampling Interaction 7
1.4 Sampled Function Approximation: Fitting and Interpolation 8
1.4.1 Zero-Order Hold (ZOH) 10
1.4.2 First-Order Hold (FOH) 10
1.4.3 Digital Interpolation 12
1.5 Book Organization 12
1.6 Exercises 15
2 Digital Image 17
2.1 Digital Imaging in MATLAB 21
2.2 Current Pixel and Neighboring Pixels 23
2.3 Frequency Domain 24
2.3.1 Transform Kernel 28
2.4 2D Filtering 28
2.4.1 Boundary Extension and Cropping 30
2.4.1.1 Constant Extension 31
2.4.1.2 Periodic Extension 31
2.4.1.3 Symmetric Extension 32
2.4.1.4 Infinite Extension 32
2.4.1.5 Cropping 33
2.5 Edge Extraction 34
2.5.1 First-Order Derivative Edge Detection Operators 36
viii Contents
3 Image Quality 71
3.1 Image Features and Artifacts 72
3.1.1 Aliasing (Jaggy) 73
3.1.2 Smoothing (Blurring) 74
3.1.3 Edge Halo 74
3.1.4 Ringing 75
3.1.5 Blocking 75
3.2 Objective Quality Measure 75
3.2.1 Mean Squares Error 77
3.2.2 Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio 78
3.2.3 Edge PSNR 79
3.3 Structural Similarity 81
3.3.1 Luminance 83
3.3.2 Contrast 84
3.3.3 Structural 84
3.3.4 Sensitivity of SSIM 85
3.3.4.1 K1 Sensitivity 85
3.3.4.2 K2 Sensitivity 86
3.4 Summary 88
3.5 Exercises 88
Contents ix
4 Nonadaptive Interpolation 91
4.1 Image Interpolation: Overture 92
4.1.1 Interpolation Kernel Characteristics 94
4.1.2 Nearest Neighbor 94
4.1.3 Bilinear 98
4.1.4 Bicubic 103
4.2 Frequency Domain Analysis 110
4.3 Mystery of Order 111
4.4 Application: Affine Transformation 113
4.4.1 Structural Integrity 116
4.5 Summary 118
4.6 Exercises 120
6 Wavelet 161
6.1 Wavelet Analysis 162
6.1.1 Perfect Reconstruction 163
6.1.2 Multi-resolution Analysis 164
6.1.3 2D Wavelet Transform 166
6.2 Wavelet Image Interpolation 168
6.2.1 Zero Padding 168
6.2.2 Multi-resolution Subband Image Estimation 170
6.2.3 Hölder Regularity 176
6.2.3.1 Local Regularity-Preserving Problems 177
6.3 Cycle Spinning 179
6.3.1 Zero Padding (WZP-CS) 179
6.3.2 High Frequency Subband Estimation (WLR-CS) 181
6.4 Error Correction 184
6.5 Which Wavelets to Use 186
6.6 Summary 187
6.7 Exercises 188
x Contents
Bibliography 295
Index 299
xiii
Chi-Wah Kok was born in Hong Kong. He was granted with a PhD degree from the
University of Wisconsin–Madison. Since 1992, he has been working with various
semiconductor companies, research institutions, and universities, which include
AT&T Labs Research, Holmdel, SONY U.S. Research Labs, Stanford University, Hong
Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, City
University of Hong Kong, Lattice Semiconductor, etc. In 2006, he founded Canaan
Semiconductor Ltd., a fabless IC company with products in mixed-signal IC, high
performance audio amplifier, and high-power MOSFETs and IGBTs. Dr. Kok embraces
new technologies to meet the fast-changing market requirements. He has extensively
applied signal processing techniques to improve the circuit topologies, designs, and
fabrication technologies within Canaan. This includes the application of semidefinite
programming to circuit design optimization, abstract algebra in switched capacitor
circuit topologies, and nonlinear optimization method to optimize high voltage
MOSFET layout and fabrication. He was MPEG (MPEG 4) and JPEG (JPEG 2000)
standards committee member. He is the founding editor in chief of the journal Solid
State Electronics Letters since 2017. He is also the author of three books by Prentice
Hall and Wiley-IEEE and has written numerous papers on digital signal processing,
multimedia signal processing, and CMOS circuits, devices, fabrication process, and
reliability.
Wing-Shan Tam was born in Hong Kong. She received her PhD degree in electronic
engineering from the City University of Hong Kong. She has been working in different
telecommunication and semiconductor companies since 2004 and is currently the engi-
neering manager of Canaan Semiconductor Ltd., where she works on both advanced
CMOS sensor design and high-power device structure and process development.
Dr. Tam has participated in professional services actively, in which she has been the
researcher in different universities since 2007. She has been the invited speaker for
different talks and seminars in numerous international conferences and renowned
universities. She has served as guest editor in several journals published by IEEE
and Elsevier. She is the founding editor of the journal Solid State Electronics Letters
since 2017. She is the co-author of another Wiley-IEEE technology textbook and
research papers with award quality. Her research interests include image interpolation
algorithm, color enhancement algorithm and mixed-signal integrated circuit design
for data conversion and power management, and device fabrication process and new
device structure development.
xv
Preface
Signal Sampling
We are living in an analog world that makes it fairly easy to overwhelm our compu-
tation system to process the vast information carried by the analog signal. To process
the analog signal, it will have to be sampled in a way that the sampled signal can be
handled by our computation system. The sampled signal should be able to faithfully
represent the analog signal. With this, it is natural to ask: “Is it possible to reconstruct
the analog signal from the samples?” Such an important question has been answered
by the sampling theorem [56]. The sampling theorem considers the signal sequence f [k]
obtained by uniformly sampling an analog function f (x) with a sampling interval Δx ,
such that
f [k] = f (x)𝛿(x − kΔx ) = f (kΔx ), ∀k ∈ ℤ, (1.1)
where 𝛿(⋅) is a Dirac delta function and ℤ is the set of integers. The sampling theorem
tells us when and how to reconstruct the analog signal f (x) from the sampled signal
sequence f [k]. At the same time, the signal sequence f [k] to be handled by the compu-
tation system is not only a sampled version of f (x) along x; the amplitude of the signal is
also “sampled” by a process known as quantization. We shall discuss the x domain (also
known as the time domain) sampling process in the next section and the quantization
process in Section 1.3. Following the presentation of the sampling theorem, the signal
reconstruction problem is alleviated by means of interpolation and/or approximation.
Other problems that affect the signal reconstruction accuracy, including quantization,
will be discussed in Section 1.3. The quantization problem is an important problem
because the quantization process is lossy, which poses tremendous difficulties in the
recovery of the analog signal. A number of reconstruction methods for imperfect signal
will be discussed subsequently.
®
Digital Image Interpolation in MATLAB , First Edition. Chi-Wah Kok and Wing-Shan Tam.
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd. Published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd.
Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/ditmatlab
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