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Module 13 Fos
Module 13 Fos
Module 13 - FOS
CHAPTER 13
EARTHWORKS
Where 𝐶𝑝 is the volume of the prismoidal correction, ℎ1 and ℎ2 are center heights
in cut or in fill, and 𝑏1 and 𝑏2 are widths of sections (from slope intercept to slope
intercept) at adjacent sections. If the product of (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )(𝑏1 − 𝑏2 ) is negative, the
prismoidal correction is added from the end-area volume. For sections other than
three-level, Equation 12.3. may not be accurate enough, and therefore Equation
12.2. is recommended.
𝐴
𝑉 = 4 [∑ ℎ1 + 2 ∑ ℎ2 + 3 ∑ ℎ3 + 4 ∑ ℎ4 ] (Eq’n. 12.4)
where 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of the base of each truncated prism, ∑ ℎ1 is the
sum of the heights used only once, ∑ ℎ2 is the sum of the heights used twice, ∑ ℎ3
is the sum of the heights used thrice and ∑ ℎ4 is the sum of the heights used four
times.
13.3. A square piece of land 60 x 60 m is to be levelled down to 5 m above the 13.4. The figure shows the distribution of 12 spot heights with a regular 20-m
elevation zero. To determine the volume of earth to be removed by the borrow spacing covering a rectangular area which is to be graded to form a horizontal
pit method the land is divided into 9 squares whose corners are arranged as plane having an elevation of 10.00 m.
follows with the corresponding elevations in meters, above zero elevation.
Find the volume of cut by unit area basis. (27.76) (28.00) (28.29) (28.38)
13.2. MASS-HAUL DIAGRAMS Overhaul Distance – the extra distance of transport of earthwork volume beyond
the free haul distance.
Mass-Haul Diagrams (MHD) are used to compare the economy of various
methods of earthworks distribution on road or railway construction schemes. By the Shrinkage – a decrease in volume of earthwork after deposition and compaction.
combined use of the MHD plotted directly below the longitudinal section of the
Station Meter – is 1 m3 of material moved 100 m.
survey center-line, one can find:
Waste – is the material excavated from cuts but not used for embankment fills.
a. The distances over which cut and fill will balance.
b. Quantities of materials to be moved and the direction of movement.
c. Areas where earth may have to be borrowed or wasted and the amounts
involved. 13.2.2. Characteristics of a Mass-Haul Diagram/Curve
d. The best policy to adopt to obtain the most economical use of plant.
e. The best use of plant for the distances over which the volumes of cut and 1. Rising or upward sloping sections of the mass curve indicates that excavation
fill are to be moved. is dominant, thus, the contractor has more earth materials.
2. Falling or down sloping sections of the mass curve indicated that there’s less
13.2.1. Definitions excavation going on, more areas to be filled, thus, the contractor has less earth
materials.
Average Haul Distance – the distance over which the center of gravity of the 3. The difference in ordinates between two any points indicate the net cumulative
cutting to the filling. volume.
4. Any horizontal line drawn to intersect two points within the same curve
Borrow – is the material needed for the formation of embankments, secured not
indicates a balance of excavation (cut) and embankment (fill) quantities
from roadway excavation but from elsewhere. It is said to be obtained from
between two stations.
a borrow pit.
5. The highest or lowest points of the mass-haul diagram represents points where
Bulking – an increase in volume of earthwork after excavation. the proposed roadway coincides with the natural ground level. It also represents
points where the roadway goes from cut to fill or vice versa.
Free Haul Distance – the distance over which the cost of hauling will justify the
amount of earth to be bought.
Haul – refers to the volume of material multiplied by the distance moved, expressed 13.2.3. Limits of Economic Haul
in ‘station meters’.
When hauling over long distances, it may be more economical to waste
Haul Distance – the distance from the working face of the excavation to the tipping material from the excavation and to borrow from a location within the free-haul
point. limit.
Limit of Economical Haul – is the maximum haul distance. When this limit is
reached it is more economical to waste and borrow material.
Overhaul – the products of volumes by their respective overhaul distance. Excess
payment will depend on overhaul.
−0.4𝑆 = −0.6
𝑆 = 1.5
Substitute the value of 𝑆 to equation 1:
𝐵 = 10 c. Prismoidal Correction
𝐿 50
From Sta. 25+150, solve the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦: 𝐶𝑝 = 12 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )(𝑏1 − 𝑏2 ) = (3.2 − 2.6)(16.3 − 20.05)
12
Eq’n 3: 2.9𝑆 + 5 = 𝑥
𝐶𝑝 = −9.375 𝑐𝑢. 𝑚.
2.9(1.5) + 5 = 𝑥
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑝 − 𝐶𝑝 = 1,984.875 − (−9.375)
𝑥 = 9.35
𝑽𝒄𝒑 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟗𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒖. 𝒎.
Eq’n 4: 𝑦𝑆 + 5 = 10.7
13.2.
𝑦(1.5) + 5 = 10.7
𝑦 = 3.8
a. Volume using Average-End Area Method
Area of Sta. 25+100:
1 1 1 1
𝐴25+100 = (1.9)(5) + (3.2)(7.85) + (3.2)(8.45) + (2.3)(5)
2 2 2 2
Since the cut and fill are balanced, residual volume of excavated earth must be zero.
𝐴
𝑉 = 4 [∑ ℎ1 + 2 ∑ ℎ2 + 3 ∑ ℎ3 + 4 ∑ ℎ4 ]
20×20
0= [(111.08 − 4ℎ) + 2(167.00 − 6ℎ) + 3(0) + 4(55.8 − 2ℎ)]
a. The Volume using Borrow Pit Method 4
∑ ℎ1 = 71.08 𝑚 13.5.
∑ ℎ2 = 18.00 + 18.29 + 17.52 + 18.24 + 17.32 + 17.63 Stationing Volume (m3) Cumulative Volume
(Cut) (Fill)
∑ ℎ2 = 107.00 𝑚 0
20 8.2 0 + 8.2 = 8.2
∑ ℎ3 = 0 40 21.5 8.2 + 21.5 = 29.7
60 25.0 29.7 + 25.0 = 54.7
∑ ℎ4 = 17.69 + 18.11
80 18.3 54.7 + 18.3 = 73.0
∑ ℎ4 = 35.80 𝑚 100 3.4 73.0 + 3.4 = 76.4
7.80 2.00 0.00 4.00 5.65 b. Which is more profitable to sell the excess materials at P3.00 a cubic meter
Sta.1+060
3.84 2.42 3.25 2.50 2.12 loose or sell it at P5.00 a cubic meter compacted?
13.7. The following cross-section notes are for a road passing a hilly country. The
roadbed is 11 m for cut, 10 m for side hill and 9 m for hill. The slope for cut is I II III IV
1:1 and 1.5:1 for fill. Find the volume by prismoidal formula. A 15.3 13.5 11.7 9.5
B 16.8 14.2 12.3 10.7
Station 1+020 C 15.3 12.6 10.4 9.7
D 13.2 11.6 9.9 8.8
10.00 5.50 3.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 4.50 9.00
13.11. A house lot ABCDE shown is to leveled 10 m higher than elevation of BM1
4.50 3.50 2.60 2.30 1.50 0 -1.50 -3.00
whose elevation is 0. Elevations of each points is based on BM1. The square
Station 1+040
section is 20 m x 20 m. The elevations are as follows:
10.00 5.50 3.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 4.50 9.00
4.50 4.00 0.00 -1.00 -1.50 -1.70 -2.00 -3.00
13.8. It is required to determine the earthwork volume of a portion of a road
construction grading work, base on the following cross-section notes below.
X 2.40 0.00 2.40 X
Sta.7+460
2.32 0.60 1.92 1.52 1.32
X 3.50 0.00 3.75 X
Sta.7+500
2.70 3.22 1.60 2.00 2.40
Base is 7.0 meters and side slope are 1.5:1. Compute the volume by applying
the prismoidal correction.
13.9. Given the following cross-section field notes of an earthwork on a rolling
terrain. If the width of road is 12 meters and the side slope is 2.5:1 compute
the volume by;
a. End area, applying the prismoidal correction.
b. End area correction for curvature if the road is on a 6° curve which turns
a. Find the volume of earth removed by unit area.
to the right with the given cross-section.
b. Find the volume of earth removed by parallel section.
Station 5+000 Station 5+020 13.12. Here under shows a table of quantities of earthworks of a portion of a
Left Center Right Left Center Right proposed national road to be constructed to connect some provinces in the
31 0 13.5 41 0 17.25 Central Luzon. The length of the free haul distance is specified to be 50 m
10 5 3 14 7 4.5 long. It is required to determine the stationing if the limits of free haul distance
13.10. A square lot is divided into 20 m squares and the corners are numbered I- so as not to include its cost in the computation of overhaul.
IV vertical and A-D horizontally. The ground elevations of the different
corners are given in the table below. It is required to grade to a level surface Station Cut Fill
of elevation 11 m. Allowing a shrinkage factor of 25 percent. 2+000 60 sq.m.
a. What is the excess excavated materials available after the grading work is 2+020 35 sq.m.
completed? 2+040 20 sq.m.
2+060 10 sq.m.
2+080 0
2+100 15 sq.m.
2+120 60 sq.m.
2+140 100 .m.
13.13. The cross-sectional area of station 1+460 is 40 sq.m. in fill at stations 2+060
is 60 sq.m. in cut. The free haul distance is 50 m while the cost of borrow is
P4.00 per cubic meter while the cost of excavation is P3.50 per cubic meter.
Cost of haul is P0.20 per meter station. Balancing point is at station 1+760.
Assume the ground surface to be sloping upward up to station 1+760 and then
with a slightly steeper slope to station 2+060. Determine (a) the stationing of
the limits of free haul, (b) the stationing of the limits of economical haul, (c)
the overhaul volume, (d) the length of overhaul, (e) the cost of haul, (f) the
cost of waste, and (g) the cost of borrow.