UNITED NATIONS

SECURITY COUNCIL

Agenda :- Deliberation on situation in East Pakistan dated : 3 December , 1971.

The Security Council:
The UN Charter established six main organs of the United Nations, including
the Security Council. It gives primary responsibility for maintaining
international peace and security to the Security Council, which may meet
whenever peace is threatened.

According to the Charter, the United Nations has four purposes:

● to maintain international peace and security;
● to develop friendly relations among nations;
● to cooperate in solving international problems and in
promoting respect for human rights;
● and to be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations.

All members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions
of the Security Council. While other organs of the United Nations make
recommendations to member states, only the Security Council has the power
to make decisions that member states are then obligated to implement under
the Charter.

When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought before it, the

Council’s first action is usually to recommend that the parties try to reach
agreement by peaceful means.
The Council may:
● set forth principles for such an agreement;
● undertake investigation and mediation, in some cases;
● dispatch a mission.
● appoint special envoys; or
● request the Secretary-General to use his good offices to
achieve a pacific settlement of the dispute.

When a dispute leads to hostilities, the Council’s primary concern is to bring

them to an end as soon as possible. In that case, the Council may:

● issue ceasefire directives that can help prevent an escalation

of the conflict;
● dispatch military observers or a peacekeeping force to help
reduce tensions, separate opposing forces and establish a
calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought.

Beyond this, the Council may opt for enforcement measures, including:
 ● economic sanctions, arms embargoes, financial penalties
and restrictions, and travel bans;
● severance of diplomatic relations;
● blockade;
● or even collective military action.

A chief concern is to focus action on those responsible for the policies or

practises condemned by the international community, while minimising the
impact of the measures taken on other parts of the population and economy.

Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and powers of the Security
Council are:

● to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the

principles
and purposes of the United Nations;
● to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international
friction;
● to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of
settlement;
● to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate
armaments;
● to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and
to recommend what action should be taken;
● to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not
involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression;
● to take military action against an aggressor;
● to recommend the admission of new Members;
● to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic
areas";
● to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the
Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the
International Court of Justice.

Committee Intro :

Greetings delegates ,

It is the DLA’s immense pleasure to welcome you to VJMUN. MUNs are a

simulation of the working of the real United Nations, with students playing as
the delegates of different nations of the world. As a delegate you are tasked
with securing your country’s interests while actively trying to find solutions to
the agenda at hand. MUNs are also the best type of competition to develop not
only your interpersonal and speaking skills, but also to increase your
awareness of international affairs and gain crucial insight into the working of
the world. In the two days of your workshop you’re going to be exposed to the
rules of procedure of a MUN, learn how to confidently present yourself to
other delegates, experience a variety of perspectives and most importantly
have a lot of fun, so without further ado let’s talk about the UNSC:

First of all , it must be taken into consideration that this is a Historic

Security Council , so the council would be held as if today was 3rd
December , 1971 and therefore , it should be obvious that events after the
given day have not yet occurred and hence shouldn’t be included into
discussions and should have no impact in making decision and carrying
out the proceedings of the council.

The Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of

international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each Member has
one vote. In addition, the Security Council has 5 permanent members: the
United States, USSR, People’s Republic of China, France and the United
Kingdom.Collectively called the P5. The negative vote of a P5 member has the
power to table the resolution and is called the “Veto”. The Security Council can
only pass a resolution if none of the P5 nations are opposed to it.

The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to
the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it
by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of
settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing
sanctions or even authorise the use of force to maintain or restore
international peace and security.

Its mandate that allows it to make binding decisions on all UN member nations
makes it the most powerful organ of the UN. Remember that the first and
ultimate goal of the UNSC is to maintain peace in the world. As such,
preventative action when dealing with complex and volatile issues is the most
prudent course of action.
Agenda Intro :

Background :
Before the partition of British India , the Lahore resolution of all India muslim
league held on 22nd - 24th March , 1940 , initially envisaged separate muslim
majority states in British India's eastern and northwestern zones. The muslim
league and other advocates of Pakistan demanded Urdu language to be the
only official language and lingua franca of Muslims.The East Pakistan
Renaissance Society advocated the creation of a sovereign state in eastern
British India. The East Pakistan Renaissance Society not only argued that
Muslims were a separate nation from Hindus, it also advocated that the
Bengali Muslims were distinct from the Muslims of other parts of India, on an
ethnic, cultural and geographical basis.Unlike religion, the society argued that
ethnicity and cultural differences cannot cross geographic boundaries.

In august 1947 , British india was given its independence from the British and
was separated into two nations : India and Pakistan.The Dominion of Pakistan
comprised two geographically and culturally separate areas to the east and the
west, with India in between.The western zone was popularly (and, for a
period, also officially) termed West Pakistan and the eastern zone
(modern-day Bangladesh) was initially termed East Bengal and later East
Pakistan.Although the two zones' population was close to equal, political
power was concentrated in West Pakistan, and it was widely perceived that
East Pakistan was being exploited economically, leading to many grievances.
Administration of two discontinuous territories was also seen as a challenge.
Reasons for conflict :
Language controversy:

In 1948, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared that "Urdu, and

only Urdu" would be Pakistan's federal language. But Urdu was historically
prevalent only in the north, central, and western subcontinent; in East Bengal,
the native language was Bengali, one of the two most easterly branches of the
Indo-European languages. Bengali speakers constituted over 56% of Pakistan's
population.The government stand was widely viewed as an attempt to
suppress the culture of the eastern wing. The people of East Bengal demanded
that their language be given federal status alongside Urdu and English. The
Language Movement began in 1948, as civil society protested the removal of
Bengali script from currency and stamps, which were in place since the British
Raj.

Disparities :

Although East Pakistan had a larger population, West Pakistan dominated the
divided country politically and received more money from the common
budget.
Year Spending on West Spending on East Amount spent on
Pakistan (in Pakistan (in East as percentage
millions of millions of of West
Pakistani rupees) Pakistani rupees)
1950–55 11,290 5,240 46.4
1955–60 16,550 5,240 31.7
1960–65 33,550 14,040 41.8
1965–70 51,950 21,410 41.2
Total 113,340 45,930 40.5
Source: Reports of the Advisory Panels for the Fourth Five Year Plan 1970–75, Vol. I,
published by the planning commission of Pakistan.
East Pakistan was already economically disadvantaged at the time of
Pakistan's creation yet this economic disparity only increased under Pakistani
rule. Factors included not only the deliberate state discrimination in
developmental policies but also the fact that the presence of the country's
capital and more immigrant businessmen in the Western wing directed
greater government allocations there. Due to low numbers of native
businessmen in East Pakistan, substantial labour unrest and a tense political
environment, there were also much lower foreign investments in the eastern
wing. The Pakistani state's economic outlook was geared towards urban
industry, which was not compatible with East Pakistan's mainly agrarian
economy.

Bengalis were underrepresented in Pakistan's military. Officers of Bengali

origin in the different wings of the armed forces made up just 5% of overall
force by 1965. West Pakistanis believed that Bengalis were not "martially
inclined", unlike Pashtuns and Punjabis; Bengalis dismissed the "martial races"
notion as ridiculous and humiliating.Moreover, despite huge defence
spending, East Pakistan received none of the benefits, such as contracts,
purchasing and military support jobs. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 over
Kashmir also highlighted the sense of military insecurity among Bengalis, as
only an under-strength infantry division and 15 combat aircraft without tank
support were in East Pakistan to thwart any Indian retaliations during the
conflict.

Ideological and cultural differences :

Most members of West Pakistan's ruling elite shared a vision of a liberal

society, but nevertheless viewed a common faith as an essential mobilising
factor behind Pakistan's creation and the subsuming of Pakistan's multiple
regional identities into one national identity.West Pakistanis were
substantially more supportive than East Pakistanis of an Islamic state, a
tendency that persisted after 1971. Cultural and linguistic differences between
the two wings gradually outweighed any sense of religious unity. The Awami
League's emphasis on secularism differentiated it from the Muslim League
which began propagating its secular message through its newspaper to the
Bengali readership.
Political differences:

Although East Pakistan accounted for a slight majority of the country's

population, political power remained in the hands of West Pakistanis. Since a
straightforward system of representation based on population would have
concentrated political power in East Pakistan, the West Pakistani
establishment came up with the "One Unit" scheme, whereby all of West
Pakistan was considered one province. This was solely to counterbalance the
East wing's votes. The East Pakistanis observed that the West Pakistani
establishment swiftly deposed any East Pakistanis elected leader of Pakistan
and their suspicions were further aggravated by the military dictatorships of
Ayub Khan (27 October 1958 – 25 March 1969) and Yahya Khan (25 March 1969
– 20 December 1971) who were both West Pakistanis.The situation reached a
climax in 1970, when the Bangladesh Awami League, the largest East Pakistani
political party, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a landslide victory in the
national elections. The party won 167 of the 169 seats allotted to East Pakistan,
and thus a majority of the 313 seats in the National Assembly. This gave the
Awami League the constitutional right to form a government. However,
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the leader of the Pakistan People's Party, refused to allow
Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan.

On 3 March 1971, the two leaders of the two wings along with the President
General Yahya Khan met in Dacca to decide the fate of the country.On 7 March
1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (soon to be prime minister) delivered a speech
at the Racecourse Ground. In this speech he mentioned a further four-point
condition to consider at the National Assembly Meeting on 25 March:

● The immediate lifting of martial law.

● Immediate withdrawal of all military personnel to their barracks.
● An inquiry into the loss of life.
● Immediate transfer of power to the elected representative of the people
before the assembly meeting 25 March.

General Tikka Khan was flown into Dacca to become Governor of East Bengal.
East-Pakistani judges refused to swear him in.
Between 10 and 13 March, Pakistan International Airlines cancelled all its
international routes to urgently fly "government passengers" to Dacca. These
"government passengers" were almost all Pakistani soldiers in civilian dress.
MV Swat, a ship of the Pakistan Navy carrying ammunition and soldiers, was
harboured in Chittagong Port, but the Bengali workers and sailors at the port
refused to unload the ship. A unit of East Pakistan Rifles refused to obey
commands to fire on the Bengali demonstrators, beginning a mutiny among
the Bengali soldiers.

Operation Searchlight :

A planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army—codenamed

Operation Searchlight—started on 25 March 1971 to curb the Bengali
independence movement.The Pakistani state used anti-Bihari violence by
Bengalis in early March to justify Operation Searchlight.Before the beginning
of the operation, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from East
Pakistan.The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the
last major town in Bengali hands in mid-May. The operation also began the
Bangladesh genocide. These systematic killings served only to enrage the
Bengalis, resulting in East Pakistan's secession later that year. Bangladeshi
media and reference books in English have published casualty figures that
vary greatly, from 5,000 to 35,000 in Dacca, and 200,000 to 3,000,000 for
Bangladesh as a whole.Independent researchers, including the British Medical
Journal, have put forward figures ranging from 125,000 to 505,000.The
atrocities have been called acts of genocide.Although the violence focused on
the provincial capital, Dacca, it also affected all parts of East Pakistan.
Residential halls of the University of Dacca were particularly targeted. The
only Hindu residential hall—Jagannath Hall—was destroyed by the Pakistani
armed forces, and an estimated 600 to 700 of its residents were murdered. The
Pakistani army denied any cold-blooded killings at the university, but the
Hamoodur Rahman Commission in Pakistan concluded that overwhelming
force was used. Neighbourhoods of old Dhaka which had a majority Hindu
population were also attacked. Robert Payne, an American journalist,
estimated that 7,000 people had been killed and 3,000 arrested in that night.
Ramna Kali Mandir was demolished by the Pakistani Army in March 1971.
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested by the Pakistani Army. Yahya Khan
appointed Brigadier Rahimuddin Khan to preside over a special tribunal
prosecuting Rahman with multiple charges. The tribunal's sentence was never
made public, but Yahya caused the verdict to be held in abeyance in any case.
Other Awami League leaders were arrested as well, while a few fled Dacca to
avoid arrest. The Awami League was banned by General Yahya Khan.
Liberation war :

At first, resistance was spontaneous and disorganised, and was not expected to
be prolonged. But when the Pakistani Army cracked down upon the
population, resistance grew. The Mukti Bahini became increasingly active. The
Pakistani military sought to quell them, but increasingly many Bengali soldiers
defected to this underground "Bangladesh army". These Bengali units slowly
merged into the Mukti Bahini and bolstered their weaponry with supplies
from India. Pakistan responded by airlifting in two infantry divisions and
reorganising their forces. They also raised paramilitary forces of Razakars,
Al-Badrs and Al-Shams (mostly members of the Muslim League and other
Islamist groups), as well as other Bengalis who opposed independence, and
Bihari Muslims who had settled during the time of partition.

The "Mukti Bahini" was divided into two groups; the "Niomito Bahini" – or
"regular forces" – who came from the paramilitary, military and police forces
of East Pakistan, and the Gonnobahini – or "people's forces" – who were
civilians. These names were given and defined by the Government of
Bangladesh. The Indians referred to the Niomito Bahini as "Mukti Fauj", and
the Gonnobahini were called "freedom fighters".
On 17 April 1971, a provisional government was formed in Meherpur District
in western Bangladesh bordering India with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who
was in prison in Pakistan, as president. The Mukti Bahini forces were given
two to five weeks of training by the Indian army on guerilla warfare.Most of
their training camps were near the border area and operated with assistance
from India.During June and July, Mukti Bahini regrouped across the border
with Indian aid through Operation Jackpot and began sending 2,000–5,000
guerrillas across the border, the so-called Monsoon Offensive, which for
various reasons (lack of proper training, supply shortage, lack of a proper
support network inside Bangladesh) failed to achieve its objectives.Bengali
regular forces also attacked border outposts in Mymensingh, Comilla and
Sylhet, but the results were mixed. Pakistani authorities concluded that they
had successfully contained the Monsoon Offensive, which proved a
near-accurate observation.Guerrilla operations, which slackened during the
training phase, picked up after August. Economic and military targets in Dacca
were attacked. The major success story was Operation Jackpot, in which naval
commandos mined and blew up berthed ships in Chittagong, Mongla,
Narayanganj and Chandpur on 15 August 1971.Bangladeshi conventional
forces attacked border outposts. Kamalpur, Belonia and the Battle of Boyra are
a few examples. 90 out of 370 border outposts fell to Bengali forces. Guerrilla
attacks intensified, as did Pakistani and Razakar reprisals on civilian
populations. Pakistani forces were reinforced by eight battalions from West
Pakistan. The Bangladeshi independence fighters even managed to
temporarily capture airstrips at Lalmonirhat and Shalutikar.Both of these
were used for flying in supplies and arms from India. Pakistan sent another
five battalions from West Pakistan as reinforcements.
 Illustration showing military units and troop movements during the war

Indian entry :

The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) launched a preemptive strike on Indian Air
Force bases on 3 December 1971. India saw the strike as an open act of
unprovoked aggression, which marked the official start of the Indo-Pakistani
War. In response to the attack, both India and Pakistan formally
acknowledged the "existence of a state of war between the two countries" even
though neither government had formally issued a declaration of war.

Stance of some countries:

1. United Kingdom:

Throughout the war, Britain maintained a neutral position. Members of the

government at the same time expressed deep concerns about the conflict and
called for an end to the bloodshed in East Pakistan. On 6 April 1971 the Daily
Mirror reported an example of the British neutrality policy. Sir Alec
Douglas-Home, the Foreign Secretary, said that Britain had ‘no intention of
interfering in Pakistan’s internal affairs’, but that they were making a ‘strong
diplomatic effort to end the bloodshed in East Pakistan’. The paper pointed out
the efforts of the Prime Minister, Edward Heath, who had expressed his deep
concerns' to President Yahya Khan. The Pakistan ruler was advised to settle
the differences through negotiations.
 2. India:
India, which shared a border with East Pakistan, played a critical role in the
Liberation War of Bangladesh. Their contribution was not limited to the
military front, but also included humanitarian aid, moral support and
diplomatic efforts. India's involvement in the war can be traced back to the
refugee crisis that emerged in the wake of the Pakistani military crackdown on
Bengalis in East Pakistan.

3. United States:
Initially, the US adopted a neutral stance due to its Cold War interests, seeing
Pakistan as a key ally against the Soviet Union and China.
However, this shifted towards a "tilt" towards Pakistan, providing economic
and military aid despite growing awareness of human rights abuses
committed by the Pakistani military in East Pakistan. As the situation escalated
and public outcry against Pakistan grew, the US faced domestic pressure to
intervene.
● The US sent the Seventh Fleet to the Bay of Bengal, raising tensions with
India and the Soviet Union.
● Ultimately, the US did not directly intervene militarily, fearing wider
regional conflict.

4. USSR :
It is well known that there were primarily two camps in the world at that time.
The Soviet Union was in charge of one camp while the United States headed
the other. For political reasons, the USSR supported other nations’ liberation
movements either directly or indirectly. One of them was Bangladesh. After
the genocide of March 25, 1971, Soviet President Nikolai Podgorny wrote to the
then-President of Pakistan, Yahya Khan, expressing concern about the mass
murders, the persecuting of and incarceration of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and
other political leaders in East Pakistan. He urged Yahya to put a halt to
repression in order to find a peaceful political settlement. A communication of
this nature from such a significant nation gave a new Dimension to the
liberation war of Bangladesh. Moscow was unwavering in its support for both
its ally New Delhi and the cause of an independent Bangladesh while the U.S.
and its allies ignored a genocide committed by Pakistan that resulted in the
deaths of three million Bengalis and attempted to pass a Security Council
resolution against India for starting the war.
 5. Israel :
Despite not having diplomatic relations at the time, Israel supplied India with
armaments, ammunition, intelligence and training ahead of its intervention in
East Pakistan, which has been described as a "surprising minor success" of
India's efforts to garner international support. In July 1971 Golda Meir, Israel's
prime minister, got Israeli arms manufacturer Shlomo Zabludowicz to provide
India and the Mukti Bahini with mortars, ammunition and instructors.Both
the Israeli Government and the Israeli general public supported the
aspirations of the Bengali people during the Bangladesh Liberation War in
1971.

6. China :
China harshly criticised India for its involvement in the East Pakistan crisis,
and accused India of having imperialistic designs in South Asia. Before the
war started, Chinese leaders and officials had long been advising the Pakistan
government to make peaceful political settlements with the East Pakistani
leaders, as China feared that India was secretly supporting, infiltrating, and
arming the Bengali rebels against the East Pakistani government. China was
also critical of the Government of East Pakistan, led by its governor
Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan, which used ruthless measures to deal with the
Bengali opposition, and did not endorse the Pakistani position on that
issue.When the war started, China reproached India for its direct involvement
and infiltration in East Pakistan. It disagreed with Pakistani President Yahya
Khan's consideration of military options, and criticised East Pakistan Awami
League politicians' ties with India. China reacted with great alarm when the
prospects of Indian invasion of Pakistan and integration of
Pakistan-administered Kashmir into their side of Kashmir became imminent.

7. Ceylon :
Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) saw the partition of Pakistan as an example for
itself and feared India might use its enhanced power against it in the future.
Despite the left-wing government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike following a
neutral non-aligned foreign policy, Sri Lanka decided to help Pakistan in the
war. As Pakistani aircraft could not fly over Indian territory, they would have
to take a longer route around India and so they stopped at Bandaranaike
Airport in Sri Lanka where they were refuelled before flying to East Pakistan.

8. Pakistan :
Initially, Pakistan viewed the conflict as a civil war incited by Indian
interference rather than a war between two sovereign nations. Pakistan
considered the conflict in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) as an internal
matter and argued that India intervened militarily to support Bengali
separatists.Pakistan's official stance was that the creation of Bangladesh was a
result of Indian aggression and conspiracy to dismember Pakistan. It often
characterised the conflict as a betrayal by Bengali nationalists and Indian
interventionists.

TIMELINE :
Before the war:
● 1 March: General Yahya Khan calls off the session of the National
Council to be held on 3 March in a radio address.
● 7 March: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman – leader of Awami League party
that had won a landslide victory in Pakistan in the Federal Elections
of 1970, but never been granted authority – announces to a jubilant
crowd at the Dhaka Race Course ground, "The struggle this time is
the struggle for our emancipation! The struggle this time is the
struggle for independence".
● 16 March: Yahya Khan starts negotiation with Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman.
● 19 March: Nearly 200 people are injured at Jaydevpur during clashes
between protesters and the Pakistan Army.
● 24 March: The Pakistan Army opens fire on Bengali protesters in
Syedpur and Rangpur. About 150 people were killed.

Events during the War :

● 25 March to 26 March: Pakistan Army starts crackdown in the form
of Operation Searchlight in Dhaka and the rest of the country,
attacking general civilians, political activists, students, and Bengali
members of armed forces and police.
● 26 March: At 1.15 am, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is arrested by the
Pakistani 3 commando unit. The Independence of Bangladesh is
declared by Sheikh Mujibiur Rahman a few minutes before he was
arrested by the Pakistani army. At 2.30 pm The Independence of
Bangladesh was declared by Awami league leader of Chittagong M. A.
Hannan.
● 10 April: A provisional Bangladesh government-in-exile is formed.
● 12 April: M. A. G. Osmani takes up the command of Bangladesh
Armed Forces.
● 25 April to 15 August: Operation Jackpot by Mukti Bahini.
● 15 May: Indian army starts aiding Mukti Bahini.
 ● 20 May:The Chuknagar massacre takes place at Khulna where the
Pakistan army kills nearly 10 thousand people
● 24 May: Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra finds home in Kolkata.
● 30 August: Pakistan Army crackdown on Dhaka guerrillas.
● 28 September: Bangladesh Air Force starts functioning.
● 13 October: Dhaka guerrillas kill Abdul Monem Khan, governor of
East Pakistan.
● 14 November: The Battle of Kamalpur began, where Pakistani troops
defended Kamalpur for 21 days before being ordered to surrender by
their superiors.
● 21 November: Bangladesh Armed Forces are formed.
● 3 December: Bangladesh Air Force destroys Pakistani oil depots.
● 3 December: Pakistani preemptive airstrikes in India. As a result,
India declares war against Pakistan.
● 3 December: Battle of Chamb; Pakistan attacks and takes over part of
southern Kashmir from India.

Important sources:

1. Chapter 2: How British Politicians responded

2. Liberation War: Role of USSR
3. The South Asia Crisis and the Founding of Bangladesh, 1971
4. War of Liberation
5. "March 1, 1971". Liberation War Museum. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
6. Ahmed, Helal Uddin (2012). "Seventh March Address". In Islam, Sirajul;
Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of
Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
7. Rizwana Shamshad (3 October 2017). Bangladeshi Migrants in India:
Foreigners, Refugees, or Infiltrators?. OUP India. pp. 119–. ISBN
978-0-19-909159-1. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023.
Retrieved 8 October 2020.
8. Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, pp. 2–3
9. "Bangladesh Islamist leader Ghulam Azam charged". BBC. 13 May 2012.
Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 13 May
2012.
10.Srinivasaraju, Sugata (21 December 2021). "The Bangladeshi liberation
has lessons for India today". The Times of India. Archived from the
original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
11. Bass, Gary J. (29 September 2013). "Nixon and Kissinger's Forgotten
Shame". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the
original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
12. "Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971". US
Department of State. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021.
Retrieved 19 May 2020.
13. Srinath Raghavan (12 November 2013). 1971. Harvard University Press.
pp. 101–105. ISBN 9780674731295.
14. "Defencejournal". Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 18
October 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2013.