TEST BANK FOR UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1ST CANADIAN EDITION

TEST BANK
FOR
UNDERSTA
NDING
PATHOPHY
SIOLOGY
ST
1
CANADIAN
EDITION
What is a dermoid cyst?
Ovarian cystic teratoma

What does a dermoid cyst contain?

CanWhat kind of cancer does exercise reduce the risk of?
Breast and colon cancer

What are the signs of a malignant tumor?

-Grows rapidly
-Cells vary in size and shape
What is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract?
Endometrial cancer

What is sarcoma?
mesenchymal tissue

What is amenorrhea?
Failure of menarche and absence of menstruation by age 13

menarche
onset of menstruation

What is paraphimosis?
Inability to replace or cover the glans with the foreskin (proximal to distal)

What are the environmental risk factors of cancer?

UV radiation and smoking
What is gynecomastia?
Over development of the breast tissue in the male

What is balanitis?
inflammation of the glans penis contain skin, hair, teeth, cartilage, and bone
What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy?
Urinary urgency and the need to urinate often

What is a rectocele?
bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal

What are the main tumour markers a doctor looks for in blood?
-Hormones
-Enzymes
-Antibodies

What do angiogenic factors do?

create their own blood vessels
What is one of the signs of PCOS?
Infertility

PCOS
polycystic ovarian syndrome

What in an ectopic testis?

Testis that has strayed from the normal pathway of decent

What is the most common STI on young men?

Gonorrhea

What does HPV cause?

cervical cancer

HPV
human papillomavirus
Antibodies are
One particular set of immunoglobulins known to have specificity for a particular
antigen
What do antibodies do?
Direct:
Virus neutralization
Toxin neutralization
Indirect:
Complement-mediated killing
Phagocytosis

active aquired immunity

-antibodies or T cells are produced after either a natural exposure to an antigen
or after immunization
-long lived

passive immunity
-passed from mother to offspring during gestation or from colostrum
-Antibody transfer, as in antivenom

What are vaccines?

-Are biological preparations of antigens what when administered stimulate
production of protective antibodies or cellular immunity against a specific
pathogen without causing potentially life-threatening disease.

What is a viral vaccine?

Contains either attenuated/alive/weakened (but cannot cause disease) viruses or
inactive viruses

How do bacteria become resistant to treatment?

-Lack of compliance with therapeutic regime which allows for selective
resurgence
-Overuse, which causes destruction of normal microbiome

What are the blood types?

A, B, AB, O

What antibodies does type A blood have?

B antibodies

What antibodies does type B blood have?

A antibodies
What antibodies does type AB blood have?
no antibodies

What antibodies does type O blood have?

A and B antibodies

Hypersensitivity reactions
allergies and autoimmunity

Hypersensitivity reaction classes

Type 1: IgE-Mediated reaction
Type 2: Tissue specific
Type 3: Immune complex
Type 4: Cell-mediated reactions

Hypersensitivity: Type 1 IgE-Mediated reaction

-Are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells.
-Most common allergic reactions in this type occur against environmental
antigens
Hypersensitivity: Type 2 Tissue specific
Are generally reactions against a specific cell or tissue e.g. organ transplant

Hypersensitivity: Type 3 Immune complex

-Are caused by antigen-antibody complexes that are later in vessel walls or other
tissues e.g. Lupus

Hypersensitivity: Type 4 Cell-mediated reactions

Mediated by T-cells not antibodies like types 1-3. e.g. contact rash from poison
ivy, rheumatoid arthritis

Catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine

Effects of catecholamines
Vasoconstriction
Increased heart rate
Increased blood glucose levels
Blood diverted to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
What is a common disease caused by bacteria secrete toxins?
Tetnus

What particles are used by the immune system to fight bacterial infections?
Antibodies

Alloimmunity
Immune reaction to tissues of another individual, organ transplant, maternal
immune system becomes sensitive against antigens expressed by the fetus.

GAS model
General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm, resist, exhaustion

What happens if stress is not kept under control?

When stress continues unabated and adaptation is not successful, body organs
that are weak, such as the heart and kidney, may no longer function and lead to
death
What is an example of an adaptive coping response to stress?
Seeking social support

What causes scarring?

excess collagen

What are beta-endorphins?

body's natural opiates

Prostaglandins
They are long-chain unsaturated fatty acids produced by the action of the enzyme
cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and arachidonic acid

COX exists in 2 forms

COX-1 and COX-2
COX-1 is found in most tissues
COX-2 is associated with inflammation

What effect does Aspirin have on the effects of prostaglandins?

-Aspirin inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2
-Inhibition of COX-1 causes complication, such as GI toxicity
Which organism could cause pneumonia?
Staphylococcus aureus

Which breathing pattern reflects respirations based primarily on CO2 level in the
blood?
Cheyne-stokes

What are the blood pressure values for normal BP?

120/80

What are the BP values for stage 1 hypertension?

140/100

Dyspnea
subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing

Orthopnea
dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down
Pneumococcal pneumonia
-Most common and lethal.
-Intense inflammatory response.

What is asthma caused by?

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, caused by interactions between
genes and environmental factors

If a patient has blood gases with low CO2 levels, what is the likely cause?
Hypocapnia

Hypocapnia
-Decrease or low CO2.
-Results in respiratory alkalosis that can interfere in tissue function.
-Often associated with pneumonia.

Empyema
Infected pleural effusion
Pus in the pleural space
Empyema Signs and Symptoms
-Cyanotic.
-Tachycardia.
-Fever.
-Cough.

Empyema likely cause

Staph or strep aureus bacteria

Which finding supports a diagnosis of respiratory alkalosis?

Hyperventilation
What is a the clot called that is still attached to a vessel wall?
Thrombus

Embolus
A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.

What can an embolus consist of?

-Tissue fragment.
-Lipids.
-Air bubble.
-MOST LIKELY a blood clot.

pulmonary embolism
occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by a thrombus, embolus,
tissue fragment, or an air bubble, MOST LIKELY a blood clot

What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism?

Chest pain and shortness of breath

What is hemoptysis?
Coughing and blood secretions

hem/o = blood
-ptysis = spitting

What are the signs of COPD?

Air trapping and hypercapnia

Hypercapnia
High CO2 in the blood

What are the signs of chronic bronchitis?

Closure of airway during expiration due to production of thick mucus from
hypertrophic glands

Symptom of left sided heart failure

Difficulty breathing when laying down (orthopnea)

What does hyperventilation cause?

hypocapnia

What is a common cause of pulmonary edema?

left ventricular heart failure

What causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Pulmonary edema
excess water in the lungs

What are Kussmaul respirations?

Hyperpnea - Large tidal volumes, increased ventilation rate, no expiratory pause.

What illness can be caused by viral or bacterial infections?

Pneumonia

What is the presenting factor of emphysema?

Only present factor is dyspnea, no cough, cyanosis, or cor pulmonale

What is a complication of heart stroke?

Cerebral edema and degeneration of the CNS

What are the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension?

Syncope/fainting

If a patient has arterial blood gas that shows low CO2, what is the likely cause?
Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia

If someone has left heart failure and had a cough with dyspnea, why would that
occur?
Because left heart failure results in pulmonary vascular congestion

When an older adult in the hospital gets pulmonary embolism, what would the
embolus likely be made of?
Blood clot

Where would be the most likely place for a embolus to come from?
Deep veins in the lower legs

Somebody who has been diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism what symptoms
likely occurred before they sought treatment?
Chest pain and shortness of breath
When previously stable angina becomes unstable, what does it signify?
Pending MI

What are the signs and symptoms of acute pericarditis?

Severe chest pain that worsens with respiration or laying down, fever,
tachycardia, and friction rub

What conditions should you look for with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease?
Myocardial ischemia

What are the symptoms associated with left side heart failure?
Dyspnea around exertion

What causes angina?

Myocardial oxygen supply falls below the demand

What is the most often cause of endocarditis?

Bacteria

Primary cause of shock

Cardiovascular system fails to perfuse the tissues adequately due to decreased
cardiac contractility
What causes septic shock?
Bacteria

What should people with Raynaud's phenomenon avoid?

Cold environments/exposure

What is a thrombus?
Blood clot that is attached to the vessel wall
What are the signs of a pending aneurysm?
-Sometimes a headache
-Often asymptomatic

What are the risk factors of chronic venous insufficiency?

Prolonged periods of standing

What other condition should a nurse assess for in a patient with high output heart
failure?
Anemia
What is a patient who smokes and has hypertension at risk for, related to the
eye?
Macular degeneration

What is it called when blood leaks backwards through the value?

Valvular regurgitation

What would you suspect in someone with edema in the right leg, blood pooling,
pain and cramping in foot and lower leg?
Chronic venous insufficiency

What is tamponade?
Fluid builds up in the space around the heart along with symptoms of edema,
hepatomegaly, muffled heart sounds, this is most concerning

Which valve is not working in right side heart failure?

Tricuspid

Why does left side heart failure cause a cough and dyspnea?
Pulmonary edema
What causes superior vena cava syndrome?
Progressive occlusion of superior vena cava that leads to venous distention of
upper extremities and head
Which chamber is unable to empty completely in the presence of mitral stenosis?
Left atrium

What is a common cause of myocardial ischemia?

Atherosclerosis

What are the symptoms of orthostatic hypotension?

Syncope and fainting

What would you expect to see in someone with septic shock, in addition to fever?
Low BP and tachycardia

What is the most common cause of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome?

Septic shock/sepsis
Embolism
Bolus of matter that is circulating in the bloodstream (blood clot)

Common cause of atherosclerosis

Poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes along with elevated glucose

Arteriosclerosis
-Chronic disease of the arterial system.
-Abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls.

Atherosclerosis
-Form of arteriosclerosis.
-Thickening and hardening caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in
the arterial wall.
-Plaque development.

Neurogenic shock caused by

any factor that inhibits the sympathetic nervous system
Signs and symptoms of anemia
fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pallor
Signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia
Intrinsic factor deficiency S/S
Fatigue, weight loss, tingling, low hemoglobin, low hematocrit, increase in the cell
size
Thrombocytopenia, what would a blood smear show?
is a condition of low platelets
<150x10 to the power of 9/L

What is infectious mononucleosis and what should a person do to stop the

spread?
Epstein-Barr virus
Spread by saliva
Do not share drinking glasses or eating utensils to stop the spread

Candidiasis
yeast like infection

Candidiasis symptoms
Burning, itching, Whitish yellow curd like substance over the infected area
Candidiasis cause
Candida albicans

Other than fatigue and weakness, what is a sign of iron defiency?

Koilonychia- brittle or spoon shaped fingernails

lymphadenopathy characterized by
Enlarges lymph nodes, characterized by being palpable and often tender or
painful to touch

Polycythemia Vera (PV) signs and symptoms

-A stem cell disorder, characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of red blood
cells
-red hands, face, feet and ears
-headache and drowsiness

Clinical signs of cellulitis

Infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, with red, swollen, erythematous
skin
Discoid lupus erythematosus
-Systemic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease with cutaneous manifestations
-Restricted to the skin
-Photosensitivity
-Butterfly pattern over nose and cheeks
-Related to genetic and environmental factors and an altered immune response
-Lesions persist for months and then resolve spontaneously or atrophy
What adaptation does chronic blood loss lead to?
Peripheral vasoconstriction

In a person with chronic hepatitis C, what vitamin is decreased?

Vitamin K

carbuncle
Collection of infected hair follicles

What do the Rule of Nines and the Lund & Browder charts help identify?
Total Body Surface Area estimation (TBSA) for burns in percentage

What is the deadliest form of skin cancer?

malignant melanoma

What is related to pruritus?

Histamine production

Leukocytosis
increase in the number of white blood cells

Aplastic anemia causes

Stem cell deficiency

What are RBCs called that have low Hb concentration?

Hypochromic

Which layer of skin has the fat?

Subcutaneous
Which cells of the skin are involved in the immune response?
The Langerhans cells in the epidermis layer
What are pressure ulcers?
localized area of cellular necrosis resulting from pressure between any boney
prominence and with an external object.

Causes of pressure ulcers

unrelieved pressure, shearing forces, friction, moisture

Signs and symptoms of herpes zoster?

pain, neuralgia, itching, burning, red or swollen plagues

Who are at risk of developing herpes zoster?

Previous varicella (chickenpox) infections and a suppressed immune system either
by drugs or disease

What cells are responsible for tissue oxygenation?

erythrocytes, red blood cells

Anemia
lack of a normal number of red blood cells
microcytic hypochromic anemia
Characterized by red cells that are abnormally small and contain reduced
amounts of hemoglobin

thromocythemia
Characterized by high platelet counts >400x10 to the power of 9/L

Layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous