Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

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Thin-Walled Structures
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A meshfree approach for free vibration analysis of laminated sectorial and

rectangular plates with varying fiber angle
Songhun Kwak a , Kwanghun Kim b ,∗, Jun Kim c , Yunchol Kim d , Yon Kim a , Kyongjin Pang e
a
Department of Mechanical Science and Technology, Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang 950003, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pyongyang University of Mechanical Engineering, Pyongyang 999093, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
c
Department of Physics, Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang 950003, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
d
Department of Applied Mathematics, Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang 950003, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
e
Department of Organic Chemistry, Hamhung University of Chemical Engineering, Hamhung, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This paper focuses on the free vibration analysis of laminated sectorial and rectangular plates with varying fiber
Legendre-radial point interpolation method angle by means of the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and the meshfree strong form method. A
Laminated sectorial plate meshfree Legendre-radial point interpolation method (Legendre-RIPM) shape function using the combined basis
Laminated rectangular plate
of multi-quadrics (MQ) radial function and Legendre polynomials is presented. The equations of motion and
Varying fiber angle
boundary conditions are discretized by meshfree strong form method and the displacements are approximated
Meshfree strong form method
using the Legendre-RIPM shape function. The accuracy and reliability of the current method are validated by
comparing the results of the literature and the ABAQUS. The effects of some geometrical parameters on the
natural frequencies of laminated sectorial and rectangular plates with varying fiber angles are investigated
through numerical examples.

1. Introduction as the superposition of a Fourier cosine series and two supplementary

The fiber reinforced composite laminated plates, which are widely
used in many industrial fields such as aerospace engineering, civil
engineering and marine engineering, are structural elements that may
frequently work in a harsh environment while being subjected to var-
ious complicated boundary restraints. Developing an effective method
to more accurately calculate natural frequencies, which are the basic
dynamic parameters of laminated plates, has always been the focus of
scholars’ research. In the past, many studies were conducted to deter-
mine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of various laminated
plates and shells. Zhang et al. [1] established a unified model for vi-
bration analysis of laminated annular sector plate, circular sector plate,
annular plate and circular plate with various boundary conditions using
two-dimensional improved Fourier–Ritz method. Qin et al. [2] pro-
posed an analytical Jacobi–Ritz method for the free vibration analysis
of composite laminated rectangular plate subject to arbitrary boundary
conditions. Zhang et al. [3] extended the Hencky bar-net model for the
vibration analysis of rectangular plates with rectangular cutouts. This
extension focused on the treatment of the spring stiffness for the model
at the cutout corners. Jin et al. [4] conducted the vibration analysis of
various laminated structure elements of revolution including cylindri-
cal, conical, spherical shells and annular plates using the Rayleigh–Ritz
procedure. In their study, the displacement components are expressed
functions. Aghakhani et al. [5] presented a general electromechanical
model for dynamic analysis of thin or moderately thick plates with
surface-integrated piezo-patches by means of spectral Tchebychev tech-
nique. In addition, several studies have been conducted to analyze the
dynamic properties of functionally graded plates [6–8]. The theories
on which studies for the analysis of static and dynamic characteristics
of composite plates and shells are based can be classified into two
types: two-dimensional theory and three-dimensional theory [9–12].
Two-dimensional theories include classical plate theory (CPT) [13–15],
FSDT [16,17] and high order shear deformation theory (HSDT) [18–
21]. Two-dimensional theories are based on the Kirchhoff hypothesis
that normal to the middle surface remain normal to it during defor-
mations and such assumptions characterized by the middle surface
displacements [22]. The advantage of two-dimensional theory over
three-dimensional theory is that it reduces the dimension of governing
equations, which greatly decreases the computational cost. In particu-
lar, FSDT is widely used in formulations for static and dynamic analysis
of different plates and shells because of its high accuracy and low
computational cost. Xie et al. [23] studied the free vibration char-
acteristics of laminated conical, cylindrical shells and annular plates
with various boundary conditions using FSDT and the Haar wavelet
discretization method. Li et al. [24] presented a unified Jacobi–Ritz

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: kimkwanghun@163.com (K. Kim).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.109070
Received 30 September 2021; Received in revised form 12 January 2022; Accepted 17 February 2022
Available online 8 March 2022
0263-8231/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al.
method for free vibration analysis of laminated doubly-curved shells
of revolution with general boundary conditions based on FSDT. Qu
et al. [25] derived a general formulation for free, steady-state and
transient vibration analyses of functionally graded shells of revolution
by means of a modified variational principle on the basis of FSDT.
For static and dynamic analysis of various plates and shells, several
effective methods including semi analytical method [26], spectral-
Tchebychev solution technique [27], Chebyshev–Ritz method [28],
Fourier series solution method [29] and finite element method [30–
33] have been applied. Ye et al. [34] developed a general classical
shell theory in conjunction with Chebyshev polynomials and Rayleigh–
Ritz procedure for the free vibration analysis of open shells subjected
to arbitrary boundary conditions. Xue et al. [35] conducted the free
vibration analysis of porous square plate, circular plate and rectangular
plate with a central circular hole in the framework of isogeometric
analysis (IGA). In their study, the geometric models are formulated
by non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) basis functions, which bear
high-order continuity inherently. The IGA shows many advantages of
an effective numerical approach, which requires no meshing, exact
geometry representation, and higher-order continuity [36]. The IGA
and NURBS methods have been successfully implemented in many engi-
neering problems including laminated composite beams and plates [37–
39]. The dynamic stiffness method (DSM) was applied for free vibra-
tion analysis of thin functionally graded rectangular plates by Kumar
et al. [40]. Talebitooti et al. [41] investigated the free vibrational
characteristics of the generally doubly-curved shells of revolution by
means of an explicit method based on the Haar wavelet discretization
approach. Studies were also conducted to apply the meshfree method
to the dynamic analysis of plates and shells. The meshfree methods
use a set of nodes scattered within the problem domain and on the
boundaries to represent the problem domain and its boundaries [42].
In meshfree methods, the nodes do not form a mesh, meaning it does
not require any a priori information on the relationship between the
nodes for the approximation of unknown functions. Zarei et al. [43]
investigated the vibrational behavior of pre-stressed laminated plates
by means of meshfree radial point interpolation method (RPIM). Fal-
lah et al. [44] proposed a meshless finite volume (MFV) method for
free vibration analysis of laminated composite plates. In their study,
moving least square (MLS) shape function was used to approximate
field variables. Kwak et al. [45,46] proposed the Tchebychev point
interpolation method (TPIM) and Tchebychev radial point interpolation
method (TRPIM) shape functions using the Tchebychev polynomial
and the radial function as the basis for free vibration analysis of
laminated structures. Zhang et al. [47] investigated the free vibration
characteristics of functionally graded nanocomposite triangular plates
reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes using the element-free
improved moving least-squares Ritz (IMLS-Ritz) method. From the
literature review, it can be seen that studies on laminated plates and
shells are mainly limited to structures with uniform fiber angles. In
particular, since the cylindrical coordinate system was used in the case
of circular or sectorial plates, the fiber direction was set based on the
radial and circumferential directions. Therefore, it is not possible to
perform dynamic analysis of laminated annular and sectorial plates
with horizontal and vertical fiber reference directions using the current
models.
In this paper, the free vibration analysis of the laminated sectorial
and rectangular plates with varying fiber angle is conducted. The fiber
angles in each layer of the laminated plate are expressed as a function
of coordinate. The fiber angle function allows the representation of
arbitrary curved fibers in laminated rectangular plates with varying
fiber angle (LRPVFA). Meanwhile, in the laminated sectorial plates
with varying fiber angle (LSPVFA), horizontal and vertical fibers can
be expressed in addition to arbitrary curved fibers. The governing
equations and boundary conditions of LSPVFA and LRPVFA derived by
FSDT and Hamilton’s principle are discretized using meshfree strong
form method. In this paper, a new Legendre-RIPM shape function is
2
Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070
proposed to approximate the displacement components of equations.
As in many numerical methods, in the meshfree method, the shape
function plays an important role in ensuring the accuracy and stability
of the numerical results. In the past, the effective meshfree shape
functions such as point interpolation method (PIM) shape function,
RIPM shape function and MLS shape function have been developed and
used for numerical calculation of various structures. PIM shape function
has a simple calculation process and high accuracy of the solution, but
the singularity problem may arise in the calculation process because
it is based on the assumption that the number of polynomial basis
must be the same as the number of nodes in the support domain.
The traditional RPIM shape function using the combined basis of the
pure polynomial and the radial function can effectively overcome the
singularity problem in the PIM shape function, but the computation
cost is high and the accuracy is low [42]. The Legendre-RIPM shape
function uses the combined basis of the Legendre polynomial and the
MQ radial basis function. Radial basis functions are powerful tools for
multivariate scattered data interpolation, and have enjoyed consider-
able research in recent decades [48]. Legendre polynomials are chosen
because they have the exponential convergence behavior and superior
numerical stability and accuracy. The convergence of the proposed
method is investigated, and the reliability and accuracy are verified
through comparison with the results of literature and the commercial
finite element method software ABAQUS. The effects of geometry, fiber
angle and boundary condition on the non-dimensional frequencies of
LSPVFA and LRPVFA are investigated through numerical examples.
2. Theoretical formulations
In this section, the governing equations and boundary conditions
for LSPVFA and LRPVFA are derived by FSDT and Hamilton’s principle
and a new meshfree Legendre-RPIM shape function is presented. The
equations are discretized using meshfree strong form method and the
displacement components in the equations are approximated by the
proposed meshfree shape function.
2.1. Description of the model
Fig. 1 shows the geometry and coordinate systems of LSPVFA and
LRPVFA. In Fig. 1-(a), L and 𝜃0 are the axial and circumferential sizes
of LSPVFA. R and h denote the inner radius and thickness of the plate.
In Fig. 1-(b), a and b denote the length and width of LRPVFA. The
orthogonal coordinate systems (x, 𝜃, z) and (x, y, z) are introduced
into the middle surfaces of LSPVFA, respectively. The fiber angle in
𝑘th layer of the laminated plate is expressed as
𝜑𝑘 = 𝜑𝑘0 + 𝜆𝛽 (1)
where 𝜑𝑘0 and 𝜆 are the initial fiber angle and fiber angle coefficient.
The symbol 𝛽 describes 𝜃 in the case of LSPVFA and y in the case of LR-
PVFA, respectively. Fig. 2 shows the fiber directions of some laminated
plates with different initial fiber angle and fiber angle coefficients.
2.2. Governing equations and boundary conditions
Based on the assumption of FSDT, the displacement components of
moderately thick laminated plate with varying fiber angle are expressed
as follows [2,7]:
⎧
⎪ 𝑢(𝑥, 𝛽, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝛽, 𝑡) + 𝑧𝜓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝛽, 𝑡)
⎪
⎨ 𝑣(𝑥, 𝛽, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑥, 𝛽, 𝑡) + 𝑧𝜓𝛽 (𝑥, 𝛽, 𝑡) (2)
⎪
⎪ 𝑤(𝑥, 𝛽, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑤(𝑥, 𝛽, 𝑡)
⎩
where t is time variable, and 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤 are the generalized displace-
ments in the x, 𝛽 and z directions, respectively. The symbols u, v and w
represent the translating displacements along x, 𝛽 and z directions on
S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

Fig. 1. Geometry of laminated plate with varying fiber angle; (a) LSPVFA, (b) LRPVFA.

Fig. 2. Fiber directions of laminated plates with different initial fiber angles and fiber angle coefficients; (a) LSPVFA, (b) LRPVFA.

𝑇
𝜕 𝜕
the middle surface, respectively. Besides, 𝜓𝑥 and 𝜓𝛽 are the rotations ⎡ 𝑃 𝑄 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤
of transverse normal respect to 𝛽 and x axes. ⎢ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 ⎥
⎢ 𝜕 𝜕
0 𝑄 −𝑃 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
Meanwhile, the matrix form of the displacement–strain relationship ⎢ 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 ⎥
of a moderately thick laminated plate with varying fiber angle can be ⎢ 𝜕 𝜕 ⎥
𝑩=⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝑄
expressed as follows: ⎢ 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 ⎥⎥
𝜕 𝜕
⎢ 0 0 0 𝑃 𝑄 0 1 ⎥
𝜺 = 𝑩𝒖 (3) ⎢ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 𝑄
𝜕 𝜕
−𝑃 1 0 ⎥⎦
⎣ 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥
where 𝜀 is a strain vector, which is composed of the middle surface
(6)
strains and the curvature changes.
[ ]𝑇 where P=Q=1/R for the sectorial plate, and P=0 and Q=1 for the
𝜺 = 𝜀0𝑥 𝜀0𝛽 𝛾𝑥𝛽 0
𝜒𝑥 𝜒𝛽 𝜒𝑥𝛽 𝛾𝛽𝑧 0 0
𝛾𝑥𝑧 (4)
rectangular plate.
where 𝜀0𝑖 and 𝛾𝑖𝑗0 denote the normal and shear strains; 𝜒𝑖 and 𝜒𝑖𝑗 are The matrix form of the internal force–strain relationship of a mod-
the curvature and twist changes. In Eq. (3), u and B represent the
erately thick laminated plate with varying fiber angle can be expressed
displacement vector in the middle surface and the partial differential
as
operator matrix, respectively.
[ ]𝑇
𝒖 = 𝑢 𝑣 𝑤 𝜓𝑥 𝜓𝛽 (5) 𝑵 = 𝑫𝜺 (7)

3
S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

where the internal force vector N is as From Eq. (10), the derivatives with respect to 𝛽 of the stiffness
coefficients 𝐴𝑖𝑗 , B𝑖𝑗 and 𝐷𝑖𝑗 can be expressed as follows:
[ ]𝑇
𝑵= 𝑁𝑥 𝑁𝛽 𝑁𝑥𝛽 𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝛽 𝑀𝑥𝛽 𝑄𝛽 𝑄𝑥 (8)
⎧ 𝑁𝑘
⎪ ∑ ( )
where 𝑁𝑖 and 𝑁𝑖𝑗 indicate the normal and shear internal forces; 𝑀𝑖 and ⎪ 𝐴𝑖𝑗,𝛽 = 𝑄𝑘𝑖𝑗,𝛽 𝑧𝑘+1 − 𝑧𝑘 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6
𝑀𝑖𝑗 are the bending and twisting moments, respectively. In addition, ⎪ 𝑘=1
⎪ 𝑁𝑘
1∑ 𝑘 ( 2 )
𝑄𝑖 is the transverse shear force. In Eq. (7), the symbol D represents the ⎪ 𝐵𝑖𝑗,𝛽 = 𝑄 𝑧 − 𝑧2𝑘 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6
⎪ 2 𝑘=1 𝑖𝑗,𝛽 𝑘+1
material property matrix. ⎨ 𝑁𝑘 (15)
⎪ ∑ ( )
⎪ 𝐴 𝑖𝑗,𝛽 = 𝑘 𝑐 𝑄𝑘𝑖𝑗,𝛽 𝑧𝑘+1 − 𝑧𝑘 𝑖, 𝑗 = 4, 5
⎡ 𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴16 𝐵11 𝐵12 𝐵16 0 0 ⎤ ⎪ 𝑘=1
⎢ 𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴26 𝐵12 𝐵22 𝐵26 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 𝑁𝑘
1∑ 𝑘 ( 3 )
⎢ ⎥ ⎪ 𝐷𝑖𝑗,𝛽 = 𝑄 𝑧 − 𝑧3𝑘 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6
⎢ 𝐴16 𝐴26 𝐴66 𝐵16 𝐵26 𝐵66 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 3 𝑘=1 𝑖𝑗,𝛽 𝑘+1
⎢ 𝐵11 𝐵12 𝐵16 𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷16 0 0 ⎥ ⎩
𝑫=⎢ ⎥ (9)
⎢ 𝐵12 𝐵22 𝐵26 𝐷12 𝐷22 𝐷26 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 𝐵16 𝐵26 𝐵66 𝐷16 𝐷26 𝐷66 0 0 ⎥ where 𝑄𝑘𝑖𝑗,𝛽 = 𝑑𝑄𝑘𝑖𝑗 ∕𝑑𝛽.
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝐴44 𝐴45 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ Considering Eqs. (1), (11)∼(13), the following equations can be
⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝐴45 𝐴55 ⎦
derived:
where stiffness coefficients 𝐴𝑖𝑗 , B𝑖𝑗 and 𝐷𝑖𝑗 are as
[
𝑄𝑘11,𝛽 = 𝜆 −4𝑄11 cos3 𝜑𝑘 sin 𝜑𝑘 + 4𝑄22 sin3 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘
⎧
⎪
𝑁𝑘
∑ ( ) ]
⎪ 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = 𝑄𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝑧𝑘+1 − 𝑧𝑘 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6 + (2𝑄12 + 4𝑄66 ) sin 2𝜑𝑘 cos 2𝜑𝑘
⎪ 𝑘=1 [
⎪ 𝑁𝑘 𝑄𝑘12,𝛽 = 𝜆 2(𝑄11 + 𝑄22 − 4𝑄66 )(sin 𝜑𝑘 cos3 𝜑𝑘 − sin3 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 )
⎪ 1∑ 𝑘( 2 )
𝐵𝑖𝑗 = 𝑄 𝑧 − 𝑧2𝑘 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6 ]
⎪ 2 𝑘=1 𝑖𝑗 𝑘+1 + 4𝑄12 (sin3 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 − sin 𝜑𝑘 cos3 𝜑𝑘 )
⎨ (10)
⎪
𝑁𝑘
∑ ( ) [
𝑄𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝑧𝑘+1 − 𝑧𝑘 𝑖, 𝑗 = 4, 5 𝑄𝑘16,𝛽 = 𝜆 (𝑄11 − 𝑄12 − 2𝑄66 )(cos4 𝜑𝑘 − 3 sin2 𝜑𝑘 cos2 𝜑𝑘 )
⎪ 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = 𝑘𝑐
⎪ 𝑘=1 ]
⎪ 𝑁𝑘 + (𝑄12 − 𝑄22 + 2𝑄66 )(3 sin2 𝜑𝑘 cos2 𝜑𝑘 − sin4 𝜑𝑘 )
⎪ 1∑ 𝑘( 3 )
𝐷𝑖𝑗 = 𝑄𝑖𝑗 𝑧𝑘+1 − 𝑧3𝑘 𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6 [
⎪ 3 𝑄𝑘22,𝛽 = 𝜆 4𝑄11 sin3 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 − 4𝑄22 sin 𝜑𝑘 cos3 𝜑𝑘
⎩ 𝑘=1
]
+ (4𝑄12 + 8𝑄66 )(sin 𝜑𝑘 cos3 𝜑𝑘 − sin3 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 )
where 𝑁𝑘 denotes the number of layers and 𝑘𝑐 is the shear correction
[
factor, which is selected as 5/6 in this paper. The symbol 𝑄𝑘𝑖𝑗 is the 𝑄𝑘26,𝛽 = 𝜆 (𝑄11 − 𝑄12 − 2𝑄66 )(3 sin2 𝜑𝑘 cos2 𝜑𝑘 − sin4 𝜑𝑘 )
element of the dislocation stiffness matrix Q 𝑘 for the 𝑘th layer. ]
+ (𝑄12 − 𝑄22 + 2𝑄66 )(cos4 𝜑𝑘 − 3 sin2 𝜑𝑘 cos2 𝜑𝑘 )
[
𝑸𝑘 = 𝑻 𝑘 𝑸𝑻 𝑇𝑘 (11) 𝑄𝑘66,𝛽 = 𝜆 4𝑄66 (sin3 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 − sin 𝜑𝑘 cos3 𝜑𝑘 )
]
The transformation matrix 𝑻𝑘 and the reduced stiffness matrix Q for + 2(𝑄11 − 2𝑄12 + 𝑄22 − 2𝑄66 )(sin 𝜑𝑘 cos3 𝜑𝑘 − sin3 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 )
𝑘th layer are defined as 𝑄𝑘44,𝛽 = 2𝜆(𝑄55 − 𝑄44 ) sin 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘

⎡ ⎤ 𝑄𝑘45,𝛽 = 𝜆(𝑄55 − 𝑄44 )(cos2 𝜑𝑘 − sin2 𝜑𝑘 )

⎢ cos2 𝜑𝑘 sin2 𝜑𝑘 0 0 −2 sin 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ sin2 𝜑𝑘 cos2 𝜑𝑘 0 0 2 sin 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 ⎥ 𝑄𝑘55,𝛽 = 2𝜆(𝑄44 − 𝑄55 ) sin 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘
⎢ ⎥
𝑻𝑘 = ⎢ 0 0 cos 𝜑𝑘 sin 𝜑𝑘 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (16)
⎢ 0 0 − sin 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ Meanwhile, according to Hamilton’s principle, the matrix form of gov-
⎣ sin 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 − sin 𝜑𝑘 cos 𝜑𝑘 0 0 cos2 𝜑𝑘 − sin2 𝜑𝑘 ⎦
erning equations of a moderately thick laminated plate with varying
(12) fiber angle is expressed as follows:
⎡ 𝑄11 𝑄12 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 𝑄21 𝑄22 0 0 0 ⎥ 𝑳𝑵 + 𝒎𝒖̈ = 𝟎 (17)
𝑸=⎢ 0 0 𝑄44 0 0 ⎥ (13)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 𝑄55 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ where 𝒖̈ and m are acceleration vector and mass matrix, respectively.
⎣ 0 0 0 0 𝑄66 ⎦
[ ]𝑇
𝒖̈ = 𝑢̈ 𝑣̈ 𝑤̈ 𝜓̈ 𝑥 𝜓̈ 𝛽 (18)
The reduced stiffness coefficients 𝑄𝑖𝑗 of the orthotropic material in
the 𝑘th layer are as ⎡ −𝐼0 0 0 −𝐼1 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 −𝐼0 0 0 −𝐼1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
𝐸1 𝜇12 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝒎=⎢ 0 0 −𝐼0 0 0 ⎥ (19)
𝑄11 = , 𝑄12 = 𝑄21 = , 𝑄22 = ⎢ −𝐼1 0 0 −𝐼2 0 ⎥
1 − 𝜇12 𝜇21 1 − 𝜇12 𝜇21 1 − 𝜇12 𝜇21 ⎢ ⎥
𝑄44 = 𝐺23 , 𝑄55 = 𝐺13 , 𝑄66 = 𝐺12 ⎣ 0 −𝐼1 0 0 −𝐼2 ⎦

(14) where the inertia terms are

where 𝐸𝑖 , 𝐺𝑖𝑗 and 𝜇𝑖𝑗 are the Young’s modulus, shear modulus and ℎ∕2

Poisson’s ratios of the orthotropic material, respectively. [𝐼0 , 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 ] = 𝜌[1, 𝑧, 𝑧2 ]𝑑𝑧 (20)
∫−ℎ∕2

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S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

In Eq. (17), the partial differential operator matrix L is as follows: where 𝑅𝑖 (x) and n are the MQ radial basis function and its number,
𝐿𝑗 (x) and m are the Legendre polynomials and its number, respectively.
𝜕 𝜕
⎡ +𝑃 −𝑃 𝑄 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤ The unknown coefficient vectors a and b are as follows:
⎢ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 ⎥
⎢ 0 𝑄
𝜕 𝜕
+ 2𝑃 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥ { }𝑇 { }𝑇
⎢ 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 ⎥ 𝒂 = 𝑎1 𝑎2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛 , 𝒃 = 𝑏1 𝑏2 ⋯ 𝑏𝑚 (31)
⎢ 𝜕 𝜕 ⎥
𝑳=⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 𝑄 +𝑃 ⎥
⎢ 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 ⎥ In the two-dimensional domain, Legendre polynomial basis function is
𝜕 𝜕
⎢ 0 0 0 +𝑃 −𝑃 𝑄 0 −1 ⎥
⎢ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 ⎥ expressed as Kronecker product of one-dimensional basis functions:
⎢ 0 0 0 0 𝑄
𝜕 𝜕
+ 2𝑃 −1 0 ⎥
⎣ 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 ⎦ { }𝑇 { }𝑇
𝑳(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐿0 (𝑥) ⋯ 𝐿𝑗 (𝑥) ⋯ ⊗ 𝐿0 (𝑦) ⋯ 𝐿𝑗 (𝑦) ⋯
(21)
(32)
Substituting Eqs. (3) and (7) into Eq. (17)
where one-dimensional Legendre polynomial 𝐿𝑗 (x) is expressed as
𝒌𝒖 + 𝒎𝒖̈ = 𝟎 (22)
1 𝑑𝑗 ( 2 )𝑗
𝐿𝑗 (𝑥) = 𝑥 −1 , 𝑗 = 0, 1, 2 ⋯ (33)
where stiffness matrix k is 2𝑗 𝑗! 𝑑𝑥𝑗
The above equation can be applied in the interval of x∈(−1,1). There-
𝒌 = 𝑳𝑫𝑩 (23)
fore, in general, in order to approximate the displacements using
The elements 𝐿𝑖𝑗 of stiffness matrix k are shown in Appendix A. By the Legendre polynomial, the two-dimensional domain must be trans-
assuming harmonic motion, a standard characteristic equation can be formed to a square domain through coordinate mapping technique
achieved from Eq. (22): [27].
( ) In Eq. (30), the MQ radial function 𝑅𝑖 can be written as follows:
𝒌 − 𝜔2 𝒎 𝒖 = 𝟎 (24) ( )𝜂
𝑅𝑖 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑟2𝑖 + 𝜅 2 𝑑 2 (34)
where 𝜔 is natural frequency of the system.
The matrix form of boundary conditions can be expressed as follows: where 𝜅 and 𝜂 are the shape parameters of MQ radial basis function.
{ { d and 𝑟𝑖 are the average nodal spacing and the distance between the
𝒄 𝑥 𝑵 − 𝒌𝑥0 𝒖 = 𝟎 ∶ 𝐿𝑒𝑓 𝑡 𝒄 𝛽 𝑵 − 𝒌𝛽0 𝒖 = 𝟎 ∶ 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 point of interest and a node, respectively.
𝑥1 , (25)
𝒄 𝑥 𝑵 + 𝒌 𝒖 = 𝟎 ∶ 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝒄 𝛽 𝑵 + 𝒌𝛽1 𝒖 = 𝟎 ∶ 𝑇 𝑜𝑝 The unknown vectors a and b can be determined by applying
where the mapping matrices 𝒄𝑥 and 𝒄𝛽 are as Eq. (30) to be satisfied at n nodes included in the support domain. The
matrix form of the n linear equations is expressed as
⎡ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥ 𝒖𝑠 = 𝑹0 𝒂 + 𝑳𝑚 𝒃 (35)
⎢ ⎥
𝒄𝑥 = ⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎥, where the symbol 𝒖𝑠 describes a vector composed of n displacement
⎢ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎥ components. The moment matrix of radial basis functions 𝑹0 and the
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ⎦ polynomial moment matrix 𝑳𝑚 are as follows:
⎡ 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 𝑅1 (𝑟1 ) 𝑅2 (𝑟1 ) ⋯ 𝑅𝑛 (𝑟1 ) ⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 𝑅1 (𝑟2 ) 𝑅2 (𝑟2 ) ⋯ 𝑅𝑛 (𝑟2 )
𝒄𝛽 = ⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ⎥ (26) 𝑹0 = ⎢ ⎥ (36)
⎢ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 𝑅1 (𝑟𝑛 ) 𝑅2 (𝑟𝑛 ) ⋯ 𝑅𝑛 (𝑟𝑛 ) ⎦
⎣ 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ⎦ [ ]𝑇
𝑳𝑚 = 𝑳(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑳(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) ⋯ 𝑳(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 ) (37)
The spring stiffness matrices k𝑖𝑗 (𝑖 = 𝑥, 𝛽; 𝑗 = 0, 1) are as
In Eq. (36), 𝑟𝑘 in 𝑅𝑖 (𝑟𝑘 ) is the distance between the 𝑖th and 𝑘th
⎡ 𝑘𝑖𝑗
𝑢 0 0 0 0 ⎤ nodes.
⎢ 0 𝑘𝑖𝑗
𝑣 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ Since there are n+m variables in Eq. (35), m equations are added
𝒌𝑖𝑗 = ⎢ 0 0 𝑘𝑖𝑗
𝑤 0 0 ⎥ (27) using the following constraint conditions.
⎢ 0 0 0 𝑘𝑖𝑗
𝑥 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ∑
𝑛
⎣ 0 0 0 0 𝑘𝑖𝑗
𝛽 ⎦ 𝐿𝑗 (𝒙𝑖 )𝑎𝑖 = 𝑳𝑇𝑚 𝒂 = 0, 𝑗 = 1, 2, … , 𝑚 (38)
𝑖=1
where 𝑘𝑖𝑗
𝑢, 𝑘𝑖𝑗
𝑣, 𝑘𝑖𝑗
and𝑤, 𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝑘𝑖𝑗
denote stiffness values of boundary spring.
𝑥 𝛽 Combining Eqs. (35) and (38) yields the following set of equations.
Substituting Eqs. (3) and (7) into Eq. (25) { } [ ]{ }
𝒖𝑠 𝑹0 𝑳𝑚 𝒂
𝑪 𝑖𝒖 = 𝟎 (28) 𝒖𝑠 = = = 𝑮𝒂0 (39)
𝟎 𝑳𝑇𝑚 𝟎 𝒃
where the matrix 𝑪𝑖 (𝑖 = 𝑥, 𝛽) is as From the above equation,
{ }𝑇
𝑪 𝑖 = 𝒄 𝑖 𝑫𝑩 ± 𝒌 𝑖𝑗
(29) 𝒂0 = 𝒂 𝒃 = 𝑮−1 𝒖𝑠 (40)

where the elements of matrix 𝑪𝑖 are shown in Appendix B. Substituting Eq. (40) into Eq. (30)
{ } 𝑇
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑹𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑳𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑮−1 𝒖𝑠 = 𝜱 (𝒙)𝒖𝑠 (41)
2.3. Meshfree discretization
where the original Legendre-RPIM shape function is expressed as fol-
2.3.1. Legendre-RPIM shape function lows:
𝑇 { }𝑇
The Legendre-RPIM shape function uses a combined basis of the MQ 𝜱 (𝒙) = 𝜱𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜱𝑇𝑚 (𝑥, 𝑦)
radial functions and the Legendre polynomials. The displacement u(x) { }
= 𝜙1 𝜙2 ⋯ 𝜙𝑛 𝜙n+1 ⋯ 𝜙𝑛+𝑚 (42)
of a point x in problem domain is approximated by the Legendre-RPIM
shape function as where the Legendre-RPIM shape function for the nodal displacements
∑
𝑛 ∑
𝑚 𝛷(x, y) can be written as
𝑢(𝒙) = 𝑅𝑖 (𝒙)𝑎𝑖 + 𝐿𝑗 (𝒙)𝑏𝑗 = 𝑹𝑇 (𝒙)𝒂 + 𝑳𝑇 (𝒙)𝒃 (30) { }
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝜱𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜙1 𝜙2 ⋯ 𝜙𝑛 (43)

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S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

By the Legendre-RPIM shape function, the node displacements are Table 1

Stiffness value of boundary spring according to the boundary condition.
approximated as follows:
BCs. 𝑘𝑢 𝑘𝑣 𝑘𝑤 𝑘𝑥 𝑘𝛽
∑
𝑛
𝑇 F (free) 0 0 0 0 0
𝑢(𝒙) = 𝜱 (𝒙)𝒖𝑠 = 𝜙 𝑖 𝑢𝑖 (44)
𝑖=1 S (simply supported) 1014 1014 1014 0 1014
C (clamped) 1014 1014 1014 1014 1014
2.3.2. Discretization of governing equation and boundary condition
Assuming that the two-dimensional plate is discretized by N nodes,
the displacements at node I are approximated by the proposed the material properties of the plates are given as: 𝐸2 = 10 GPa, 𝐸1
Legendre-RPIM shape function as follows: = 150 GPa, 𝜇 12 = 0.25, 𝐺12 = 𝐺13 = 6 GPa, 𝐺23 = 5 GPa and 𝜌 =
{ }𝑇 1500 kg/m3 .
𝒖(𝑥𝐼 , 𝛽𝐼 ) = 𝑢𝐼 𝑣𝐼 𝑤𝐼 𝜓𝑥𝐼 𝜓𝛽𝐼 = 𝜱𝑇 (𝑥𝐼 , 𝛽𝐼 )𝒖𝑠 (45)

Considering Eq. (45), the Legendre-RPIM shape function matrix 𝛷(𝑥𝐼 , 3.1. Verification and convergence study
𝛽𝐼 ) for the five displacement components at node I can be written as

𝜱𝑇 (𝑥𝐼 , 𝛽𝐼 ) In order to solve the free vibration problem of LSPVFA and LRPVFA
using the meshfree strong form method, the two-dimensional problem
⎡ 𝜙1 0 0 0 0 ⋯ 𝜙𝑁 0 0 0 0 ⎤ domain is discretized by 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑥 ×𝑁𝛽 nodes. In this paper, the problem
⎢ 0 𝜙1 0 0 0 ⋯ 0 𝜙𝑁 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ domain is converted to a square shape through coordinate mapping
=⎢ 0 0 𝜙1 0 0 ⋯ 0 0 𝜙𝑁 0 0 ⎥ technique, so 𝑁𝑥 = 𝑁𝛽 is set. In numerical methods, the number of
⎢ 0 0 0 𝜙1 0 ⋯ 0 0 0 𝜙𝑁 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ elements or nodes directly affects the accuracy and efficiency of the
⎣ 0 0 0 0 𝜙1 ⋯ 0 0 0 0 𝜙𝑁 ⎦ results. Fig. 3 shows the change in non-dimensional frequencies 𝛺
(46) according to the number of nodes 𝑁𝑥 in LSPVFA and LRPVFA with
Similarly, displacement vector 𝒖𝒔 is as initial fiber angle of [0◦ /90◦ ].
The geometries of the plates are as follows.
[ ]𝑇
𝒖𝑠 = 𝑢1 𝑣1 𝑤1 𝜓𝑥1 𝜓𝛽1 ⋯ 𝑢𝑛 𝑣𝑛 𝑤𝑛 𝜓𝑥𝑁 𝜓𝛽𝑁 LSPVFA:
√ 𝑅 = 1 m, 𝐿 = 1 m, 𝜃0 = 𝜋∕4, ℎ = 0.1 m, 𝜆=-1, 𝛺 =
𝜔𝑅2 𝜌∕𝐸2 ℎ2 √
(47)
LRPVFA: 𝑎 = 1.5 m, 𝑏 = 1 m, ℎ = 0.1 m, 𝜆 = 𝜋∕6, 𝛺 = 𝜔𝑎2 𝜌∕𝐸2 ℎ2
Substituting Eq. (45) into Eq. (24), the nodal discrete equation corre- From Fig. 3, it can be seen that the variations of all numerical results
sponding to node I is obtained. after 𝑁𝑥 = 9 are very small.
( ) Subsequently, the study on the convergence of non-dimensional
𝒌𝐼 − 𝜔2 𝒎𝐼 𝒖𝑠 = 𝟎 (48) frequencies according to the number of nodes 𝑁𝑥 in LSPVFA and
where the nodal stiffness matrix 𝒌𝐼 and the nodal mass matrix 𝒎𝐼 are LRPVFA with uniform fiber direction is conducted. To compare the first
as follows: five dimensionless frequencies obtained by the proposed method with
the results of literature [49], the following error norm 𝑒𝛺 is used.
𝒌𝐼 = 𝒌𝜱𝑇𝐼 , 𝒎𝐼 = 𝒎𝜱𝑇𝐼 (49) (∑ ( )2 ∑ 2 )1∕2
𝑒𝛺 = 𝛺𝑝 − 𝛺𝑟 ∕ 𝛺𝑟 × 100 (54)
Similarly, the nodal discrete equations established for all nodes in the
problem domain are grouped according to the node number to obtain where 𝛺𝑝 and 𝛺𝑟 are the results of the proposed method and literature,
the discrete equation of the whole system. respectively. Fig. 4 shows the change of 𝑒𝛺 according to the number
( ) of nodes 𝑁𝑥 under different boundary conditions. As shown in Fig. 4,
𝑲 − 𝜔2 𝑴 𝒖𝑠 = 𝟎 (50)
after 𝑁𝑥 =10, the errors of the proposed method are too small to be
where K and M are the stiffness and mass matrices of the whole system ignored. Based on the above convergence study, 𝑁𝑥 =11 is used in all
expressed as the following examples.
[ ]𝑇 Next, one boundary of the plate is selected as the elastic boundary
𝑲 5𝑁×5𝑁 = 𝒌1 𝒌2 ⋯ 𝒌𝑁 (51) and the other boundaries are fixed to study the convergence of stiffness
[ ]𝑇
𝑴 5𝑁×5𝑁 = 𝒎1 𝒎2 ⋯ 𝒎𝑁 (52) value of boundary spring. Fig. 5 shows the variation of non-dimensional
frequencies according to the spring stiffness values of elastic boundaries
Similarly, substituting Eqs. (45) into Eq. (28) in LSPVFA and LRPVFA. As can be seen in Fig. 5, the variation of
𝑪 𝑖 𝜱𝑇𝑘 𝒖𝑠 = 𝟎 (53) the non-dimensional frequencies according to 𝑘𝑤 is relatively quick in
the interval of 106 ∼1011 . Thereafter, when the spring stiffness value
The above equation means the discretized boundary condition for a exceeds 1012 , the non-dimensional frequencies tend to be stable, which
node k on the boundary. shows that the clamped boundary can be simulated.
Based on the above study, the spring stiffness value of clamped
3. Numerical results and discussions boundary is selected as 1014 in the following numerical examples. In
this paper, clamped boundary, free boundary and simply supported
Based on the above derivations, several numerical examples for boundary are considered, and the spring stiffness values of the ground
free vibration of LSPVFA and LRPVFA are presented in this section. according to the type of boundary conditions are shown in Table 1.
Firstly, the convergence study of the present method is performed The accuracy of the proposed method for the free vibration analysis
in order to determine proper number of nodes and spring stiffness of LSPVFA and LRPVFA are verified through the comparison with the
values. Secondly, the comparisons of numerical results with those of results of literature and commercial finite element method software
published literature and commercial finite element method software ABAQUS. The laminated sectorial and rectangular plates with uniform
ABAQUS are performed to validate the accuracy and reliability of the fiber angles are special cases of LSPVFA and LRPVFA, respectively.
√
present method. Finally, several numerical examples of free vibration Therefore, the non-dimensional frequencies 𝛺 = 𝜔(𝑅 + 𝐿) 𝜌ℎ∕𝐷11
analysis of LSPVFA and LRPVFA with various geometry and boundary of laminated sectorial plate with uniform fiber angle obtained by the
conditions are provided. Numerical results by the proposed method are proposed method are compared with the results of literature [49] in
provided through self-compiled MATLAB code. Unless otherwise stated, Table 2. The material properties are as follows: 𝐸1 = 150 GPa, 𝐸2 = 10

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S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

Fig. 3. Variation of non-dimensional frequencies with various number of nodes; (a) LSPVFA, (b) LRPVFA.

Fig. 4. Variation of error norm 𝑒𝛺 according to number of nodes; (a) LSPVFA (R=0.5 m, L=0.5 m, 𝜃 0 =𝜋, [0◦ /90◦ ], 𝜆=0), (b) LRPVFA (a=b=1 m, [45◦ /−45◦ ], 𝜆 =𝜋 /6).

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S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

Fig. 5. Variation of non-dimensional frequencies with various stiffness values of boundary springs; (a) LSPVFA, (b) LRPVFA.

Table 2
Comparison of first five non-dimensional frequencies for a [0◦ /90◦ ] laminated sectorial plate with uniform fiber direction and various boundary
conditions (R = 0.5 m, L = 0.5 m, h = 0.05 m, 𝜆 = 0).
BCs. 𝛺 𝜃0 = 𝜋∕4 𝜃0 = 3𝜋∕4 𝜃0 = 5𝜋∕4
Ref. [49] Present Diff, % Ref. [49] Present Diff, % Ref. [49] Present Diff, %
1 18.779 18.905 0.671 12.794 12.877 0.649 12.685 12.760 0.591
2 57.237 57.379 0.248 18.789 18.933 0.766 15.430 15.481 0.331
FFCC 3 61.331 61.390 0.096 28.739 28.907 0.585 18.667 18.791 0.664
4 94.202 94.219 0.018 42.736 42.824 0.206 24.160 24.278 0.488
5 114.59 114.59 0.000 56.919 57.025 0.186 31.311 31.647 1.073
1 56.096 56.146 0.089 17.871 17.905 0.190 15.313 15.310 0.020
2 86.414 86.423 0.010 27.405 27.532 0.463 17.926 18.017 0.508
FCCC 3 108.72 108.74 0.018 41.720 41.843 0.295 23.342 23.463 0.518
4 149.20 149.09 0.074 58.147 58.496 0.600 30.564 30.819 0.834
5 151.39 151.45 0.040 61.123 61.039 0.137 39.131 39.414 0.723
1 10.329 10.398 0.668 8.0795 8.1429 0.785 8.0151 8.0151 0.000
2 29.959 29.902 0.190 9.2724 9.1840 0.953 8.7689 8.6911 0.887
CCFF 3 51.239 51.305 0.129 12.500 12.470 0.240 9.2431 9.2942 0.553
4 69.149 69.152 0.004 19.445 19.332 0.581 10.502 10.406 0.914
5 75.023 74.946 0.103 29.359 29.691 1.131 13.310 13.408 0.736
1 52.191 52.206 0.029 51.175 51.153 0.043 51.179 51.127 0.102
2 69.542 69.577 0.050 52.190 52.172 0.034 51.749 51.726 0.044
CCCF 3 115.45 115.46 0.009 54.578 54.561 0.031 52.120 52.097 0.044
4 123.79 123.80 0.008 60.033 59.977 0.093 53.205 53.174 0.058
5 137.53 137.51 0.015 69.307 69.956 0.936 55.254 55.399 0.262

GPa, 𝜇 = 0.25, 𝐺12 = 𝐺13 = 6 GPa, 𝐺23 = 5 GPa and 𝜌 = 1500 3

√ kg/m .
2
Table 3 shows the non-dimensional frequencies 𝛺 = 𝜔𝑎 𝜌∕𝐸2 ℎ of 2 published literature and TRPIM.
laminated rectangular plate with uniform fiber angle obtained by the
proposed method are compared with the results of literature [2] and
TRPIM. TRPIM is a meshfree shape function using the combined basis
of the Tchebychev polynomial and the radial basis function [46]. The
material properties of rectangular plate are as: 𝐸2 = 10 GPa, 𝐸1 =
250 GPa, 𝜇 12 = 0.25, 𝐺12 = 𝐺13 = 5 GPa, 𝐺23 = 2 GPa and 𝜌 =
1500 kg/m3 . From Tables 2 and 3, it can be seen that the numerical
results obtained by the proposed method agrees well with those of the
In order to further confirm the accuracy and reliability of the pro-
posed method, the natural frequency comparisons of the LSPVFA and
LRPVFA are conducted. Due to the lack of literature on the laminated
plate with varying fiber angle, these results are compared with those
of the commercial finite element method software ABAQUS. Table 4
shows the comparison of natural frequencies and calculation times for a
[0◦ /90◦ ] LSPVFA with CCCC boundary condition and different number

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Table 3
Comparison of first five non-dimensional frequencies for a laminated square plate with uniform fiber direction and various boundary conditions
(b/a = 1, h/a = 0.1, 𝜆 = 0).
BCs. 𝛺 [0◦ ] [0◦ /90◦ ] [0◦ /90◦ /0◦ ]
Ref. [2] TRPIM Present Ref. [2] TRPIM Present Ref. [2] TRPIM Present
1 18.2943 18.2943 18.2943 15.4935 15.4936 15.4935 17.6997 17.6997 17.6997
2 22.6474 22.6466 22.6474 27.0165 27.0159 27.0165 24.7204 24.7196 24.7204
CCCC 3 30.5995 30.5991 30.6000 27.0165 27.0159 27.0165 33.2700 33.2698 33.2700
4 36.0514 36.0152 36.0155 35.2791 35.2774 35.2790 36.1627 36.1616 36.1632
5 38.4570 38.4567 38.4573 42.0371 42.0342 42.0371 37.7700 37.7688 37.7700
1 15.8256 15.8315 15.8315 14.3083 14.3059 14.3060 15.7308 15.7344 15.7344
2 20.8857 20.8896 20.8959 25.4508 25.4521 25.4520 23.4896 23.4941 23.4939
SCSC 3 29.4596 29.4672 29.4673 26.4458 26.4266 26.4386 32.5428 32.5541 32.5541
4 35.0023 35.0168 35.0167 34.2080 34.2041 34.2044 35.4292 35.4303 35.4303
5 37.8102 37.8542 37.8469 40.8496 40.8516 40.8518 37.1548 37.1798 37.1794
1 12.4521 12.4522 12.4522 11.6113 11.6122 11.6118 12.1628 12.1628 12.1628
2 16.7682 16.7681 16.7681 22.0698 22.0701 22.0698 18.7291 18.7290 18.7290
SSSS 3 25.4147 25.4172 25.4103 22.0698 22.0701 22.0698 30.9316 30.9350 30.9256
4 33.4493 33.4492 33.4493 30.0851 30.0849 30.0850 30.9906 30.9905 30.9906
5 35.6397 35.6378 35.6397 39.4184 39.4206 39.4135 34.4334 34.4333 34.4334
1 5.7634 5.7634 5.7634 10.8008 10.8008 10.8008 7.7278 7.7278 7.7278
2 7.0073 7.0070 7.0066 11.3115 11.3078 11.3112 8.6529 8.6527 8.6517
FCFC 3 14.1814 14.1806 14.1814 17.6771 17.6689 17.6706 18.6766 18.6758 18.6766
4 15.8468 15.8444 15.8455 21.4962 21.4820 21.4349 19.8716 19.8696 19.8695
5 19.8857 19.8826 19.8740 24.3651 24.3645 24.3651 21.5156 21.5036 21.4603

Table 4
Natural frequencies (Hz) for LSPVFA with CCCC boundary condition.
𝜔 Present FEM
Number of nodes Number of elements (S4R)
7×7 9×9 11×11 13×13 260 620 2480 3900
1 252.30 251.94 251.94 251.94 253.96 252.16 251.17 251.05
2 401.17 392.48 392.46 392.46 395.52 392.46 390.80 390.60
3 606.60 582.69 581.53 581.41 591.45 582.97 578.49 577.94
4 624.98 593.68 593.62 593.62 612.96 599.34 592.08 591.22
5 805.24 757.67 754.26 753.88 770.30 757.20 750.18 749.34
Calculation time, s 0.7 1.5 3.5 7.6 6 7 9 12

of nodes. The geometry of the plate is as: R = 0.5 m, L = 1 m, 𝜃 0 = 𝜋/2
and 𝜆 = -1. In analysis by ABAQUS, a 4-node doubly curved thin or
thick shell element (S4R) is used. From Table 4, it can be seen that 𝑁𝑥
= 11 is the best choice for both the accuracy and the calculation time.
In Table 5, the natural frequencies of LSPVFA with initial fiber angle
of [0◦ /90◦ /0◦ ] obtained by the proposed method are compared with
the results by ABAQUS. When the initial fiber angle is [0◦ /90◦ /0◦ ] and
𝜆 = −1, the fibers of the laminated sectorial plate are oriented in the
horizontal and vertical directions as shown in Fig. 2. Table 6 shows the
comparison of natural frequencies of LRPVFA with initial fiber angle of
[0◦ /45◦ /0◦ ] obtained by the proposed method with those of ABAQUS.
𝜆 = 𝜋∕4 means that the fiber direction at the bottom boundary of the
plate is [0◦ /45◦ /0◦ ] and at the upper boundary is [45◦ /90◦ /45◦ ]. As
shown in Tables 5 and 6, the natural frequency results of LSPVFA and
LRPVFA by the proposed method agree well with those of ABAQUS.
Figs. 6–9 show the comparison of first four mode shapes of LSPVFA
and LRPVFA with those of ABAQUS.
in other cases they lose symmetry. In particular, as shown in Fig. 11,
the maximum values of frequencies of LSPVFA with FCFC boundary
condition move to 𝜑0 >90◦ when 𝜆<0, and move to 𝜑0 <90◦ when
𝜆>0. Figs.
√12 and 13 show the change of non-dimensional frequencies
𝛺 = 𝜔𝑎2 𝜌∕𝐸2 ℎ2 according to 𝜑0 and 𝜆 in LRPVFA with initial fiber
angle [0/𝜑0 ]. The geometry of LRPVFA is as 𝑎 = 1.5 m, 𝑏 = 1 m and
ℎ = 0.1 m. Similarly, in LRPVFA, when 𝜆 = 0, the frequency curves
are symmetric with respect to 𝜑0 = 90◦ , but in other cases they lose
symmetry. In particular, the frequency curve with 𝜆 = −1 (𝜆 = −0.5)
and the frequency curve with 𝜆 = 1 (𝜆 = 0.5) are symmetric in the axis
𝜑0 = 90◦ , with each other. In addition, the maximum value of the 1st
non-dimensional frequency of LRPVFA with FSFS boundary condition
decreases as |𝜆| increases, and 2nd, 3rd and 4th frequencies are vice
versa.

3.2. Numerical examples
Based on the verification of the convergence and accuracy of the
proposed method, in this subsection, the vibration characteristics of
LSPVFA and LRPVFA with different geometries, lamination schemes
and boundary conditions are studied. First, the effect of initial fiber
angle and fiber angle coefficient on the non-dimensional frequencies of
LSPVFA and LRPVFA is investigated. Figs. 10 √ and 11 show the change
of non-dimensional frequencies 𝛺 = 𝜔𝑅2 𝜌∕𝐸2 ℎ2 according to 𝜑0
and 𝜆 in LSPVFA with initial fiber angle [0/𝜑0 ∕0]. The geometries of
LSPVFA are as 𝑅 = 0.5 m, 𝐿 = 1.5 m, 𝜃0 = 𝜋∕3 and ℎ = 0.1 m. For
𝜆 = 0, the frequency curves are symmetric with respect to 𝜑0 = 90◦ , but
Next, research on the vibration characteristics of LSPVFA and LR-
PVFA with different geometries and boundary conditions is√conducted.
Tables 7 and 8 show the non-dimensional frequencies 𝜔𝑅2 𝜌∕𝐸2 ℎ2 of
LSPVFA with different geometries and boundary conditions. In Tables 7
and 8, when the length to radius ratio L/R and the circumferential size
𝜃0 increase, the non-dimensional frequencies decrease because the stiff-
ness of the structure decreases as the geometric dimensions √ increase.
Tables 9 and 10 show the non-dimensional frequencies 𝜔𝑏2 𝜌∕𝐸2 ℎ2 of
LRPVFA with different geometries and boundary conditions. The non-
dimensional frequencies of LRPVFA decrease as the length to width ra-
tio a/b increases. The results in Tables 7–10 can be used as benchmark
data for researchers in this field.

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S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

Table 5
Comparison of first five natural frequencies (Hz) for LSPVFA with various thicknesses and boundary conditions (R = 0.5 m, L = 1 m, 𝜃 0 = 𝜋
/3, 𝜆 = −1).
BCs. 𝛺 ℎ = 0.05 m ℎ = 0.1 m ℎ = 0.15 m
FEM Present Diff, % FEM Present Diff, % FEM Present Diff, %
1 449.76 449.90 0.031 714.32 718.93 0.645 859.28 864.51 0.609
2 664.01 666.99 0.449 1047.2 1055.8 0.821 1260.1 1270.8 0.849
CCCC 3 926.52 933.50 0.753 1382.3 1390.3 0.579 1574.9 1581.7 0.432
4 1008.4 1014.0 0.555 1486.2 1497.4 0.754 1761.8 1777.1 0.868
5 1209.0 1219.1 0.835 1735.4 1747.2 0.680 1983.5 1996.7 0.665
1 134.02 133.16 0.642 256.79 254.35 0.950 355.42 353.57 0.521
2 297.11 295.77 0.451 541.74 539.82 0.354 719.24 717.27 0.274
FCFC 3 389.63 388.26 0.352 661.76 664.57 0.425 829.16 836.75 0.915
4 525.69 526.99 0.247 925.71 919.90 0.628 1185.4 1176.2 0.776
5 625.82 629.23 0.545 1026.3 1034.8 0.828 1268.0 1278.5 0.828
1 251.68 254.24 1.017 432.44 435.90 0.800 557.91 562.70 0.859
2 413.44 411.35 0.506 650.47 648.98 0.229 759.03 760.49 0.192
CFCF 3 475.41 475.29 0.025 766.63 773.06 0.839 949.82 960.57 1.132
4 615.34 619.90 0.741 1014.7 1012.7 0.197 1248.0 1238.3 0.777
5 713.82 717.15 0.467 1159.2 1162.5 0.285 1441.2 1440.9 0.021

Table 6
Comparison of first five natural frequencies (Hz) for LRPVFA with various length ratios and boundary conditions (b = 1 m, h = 0.1 m, 𝜆 = 𝜋∕4).
BCs. 𝛺 a/b = 1 a/𝑏 = 1.5 a/b = 2
FEM Present Diff, % FEM Present Diff, % FEM Present Diff, %
1 715.11 718.69 0.501 490.41 492.32 0.389 414.43 415.52 0.263
2 1054.0 1057.2 0.304 811.27 813.08 0.223 609.67 612.04 0.389
CCCC 3 1386.1 1392.3 0.447 966.76 971.02 0.441 871.88 873.68 0.206
4 1540.0 1536.7 0.214 1128.9 1130.7 0.159 896.35 897.96 0.180
5 1724.3 1728.5 0.244 1353.5 1359.5 0.443 1073.1 1078.5 0.503
1 454.19 454.19 0.000 287.54 287.26 0.097 228.59 228.38 0.092
2 789.86 788.33 0.194 603.81 602.52 0.214 436.22 436.06 0.037
SSSS 3 1184.6 1184.2 0.034 752.96 751.87 0.145 664.60 661.81 0.420
4 1312.6 1304.3 0.632 917.94 916.11 0.199 699.98 698.65 0.190
5 1520.2 1518.5 0.112 1192.6 1192.0 0.050 883.80 883.79 0.001
1 486.26 490.13 0.796 252.53 254.84 0.915 155.06 156.24 0.761
2 665.01 663.29 0.259 363.34 362.26 0.297 231.57 230.88 0.298
CFCF 3 771.21 773.26 0.266 515.14 516.53 0.270 363.64 366.04 0.660
4 1059.2 1062.2 0.283 615.56 619.88 0.702 453.99 454.10 0.024
5 1176.3 1177.9 0.136 772.93 769.38 0.459 537.46 537.44 0.004

Fig. 6. Mode shapes of LSPVFA with CCCC boundary condition (ℎ = 0.05 m) (a) ABAQUS (b) Present.

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S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

Fig. 7. Mode shapes of LSPVFA with FCFC boundary condition (ℎ = 0.05 m); (a) ABAQUS, (b) Present.

Fig. 8. Mode shapes of LRPVFA with SSSS boundary condition (a/𝑏 = 1); (a) ABAQUS, (b) Present.

Fig. 9. Mode shapes of LRPVFA with CFCF boundary condition (a/𝑏 = 2); (a) ABAQUS, (b) Present.

11
S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

Fig. 10. Variation of non-dimensional frequencies for LSPVFA with CCCC boundary condition with various initial fiber angle 𝜑0 and coefficient 𝜆; (a) 1st mode, (b) 2nd mode,
(c) 3rd mode. (d) 4th mode.

Fig. 11. Variation of non-dimensional frequencies for LSPVFA with FCFC boundary condition with various initial fiber angle 𝜑0 and coefficient 𝜆; (a) 1st mode, (b) 2nd mode,
(c) 3rd mode. (d) 4th mode.

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S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

Fig. 12. Variation of non-dimensional frequencies for LRPVFA with CSCS boundary condition with various initial fiber angle 𝜑0 and coefficient 𝜆; (a) 1st mode, (b) 2nd mode,
(c) 3rd mode. (d) 4th mode.

Fig. 13. Variation of non-dimensional frequencies for LRPVFA with FSFS boundary condition with various initial fiber angle 𝜑0 and coefficient 𝜆; (a) 1st mode, (b) 2nd mode, (c)
3rd mode. (d) 4th mode.

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S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

Table 7
Non-dimensional frequencies for LSPVFA with various length to radius ratios and boundary conditions (R = 0.5 m, 𝜃 0 = 𝜋/4, h = 0.1 m, 𝜆 =
0.5).
Initial fiber angle L/R 𝛺 Boundary conditions
CCCC CSCS SCSC SSSS CFCF FCFC SFSF FSFS
1 11.008 10.281 9.122 8.312 9.409 3.647 6.974 1.888
2 14.920 13.319 13.882 12.281 10.026 7.626 7.778 5.643
1
3 20.350 18.807 19.789 18.295 11.689 8.499 10.343 6.689
4 20.759 20.254 20.230 19.729 15.982 12.516 15.253 12.051
1 5.086 4.370 3.983 3.127 3.628 1.804 2.167 0.949
[0◦ /45◦ /0◦ ] 2 7.968 6.729 7.195 5.954 4.092 4.221 2.656 2.993
2
3 9.465 8.970 8.647 8.083 5.486 4.767 4.576 3.417
4 11.467 10.173 10.883 9.593 7.955 7.353 6.836 6.053
1 3.029 2.444 2.368 1.714 1.856 1.062 1.019 0.565
2 5.007 4.132 4.393 3.541 2.202 2.505 1.334 1.762
3
3 5.741 5.244 5.083 4.486 3.273 2.932 2.643 2.127
4 7.360 6.395 6.820 5.862 4.445 4.455 3.598 3.574
1 11.081 10.263 9.236 8.317 9.398 3.888 6.948 1.992
2 15.351 13.682 14.318 12.639 9.921 7.954 7.717 6.006
1
3 20.432 19.616 19.920 19.060 11.851 8.953 10.505 6.927
4 21.400 20.148 20.822 19.644 13.553 14.793 13.553 12.996
1 5.192 4.398 4.110 3.168 3.664 1.930 2.172 0.988
[0◦ /90◦ /0◦ ] 2 8.296 6.992 7.523 6.218 4.057 4.551 2.646 3.270
2
3 9.495 8.957 8.701 8.082 5.638 4.912 4.749 3.492
4 12.053 10.702 11.457 10.110 7.012 7.900 6.901 6.546
1 3.112 2.472 2.455 1.746 1.900 1.136 1.022 0.577
2 5.237 4.310 4.619 3.713 2.182 2.717 1.345 1.916
3
3 5.794 5.253 5.157 4.506 3.385 3.014 2.770 2.165
4 7.772 6.751 7.218 6.205 4.484 4.827 3.633 3.880

Table 8
Non-dimensional frequencies for LSPVFA with various circumferential sizes and boundary conditions (R = 1 m, L = 2 m, h = 0.1 m, [45◦ /0◦ /45◦ ]).
𝜆 𝜃0 𝛺 Boundary conditions
CCCC CSCS SCSC SSSS CFCF FCFC SFSF FSFS
1 6.683 4.907 5.834 4.049 2.743 2.804 1.193 1.402
2 10.438 8.713 9.311 7.434 3.616 5.879 2.416 3.647
45◦
3 13.198 11.335 12.092 10.154 6.716 7.525 5.016 5.369
4 15.755 13.701 14.470 12.545 7.260 10.083 5.182 7.634
0.1
1 3.785 3.466 2.677 2.228 2.691 1.060 1.220 2.256
2 5.501 4.736 4.587 3.802 3.047 1.841 1.819 2.558
90◦
3 7.707 6.714 6.644 5.788 4.099 3.209 2.904 3.984
4 8.628 8.324 6.824 6.342 5.671 3.258 4.396 4.080
1 6.744 4.850 5.945 4.065 2.621 2.906 1.148 1.431
2 10.477 8.702 9.409 7.445 3.514 6.049 2.406 3.746
45◦
3 13.255 11.226 12.225 10.153 6.710 7.663 4.952 5.441
4 15.828 13.836 14.509 12.624 6.953 10.311 5.033 7.786
0.2
1 3.633 3.228 2.691 2.152 2.410 1.105 1.170 0.960
2 5.546 4.687 4.716 3.862 2.920 2.012 1.778 1.124
90◦
3 7.884 6.837 6.334 5.775 3.950 3.250 2.911 2.353
4 8.103 7.733 7.058 6.109 5.673 3.554 4.314 2.619
1 6.910 4.741 6.224 4.112 2.337 3.312 1.097 1.498
◦ 2 10.578 8.607 9.674 7.465 3.223 6.567 2.336 4.071
45
3 13.505 11.134 12.619 10.255 6.201 8.149 4.324 5.573
4 15.750 13.950 14.458 12.518 6.721 10.942 5.147 8.163
0.5
1 3.343 2.792 2.673 1.987 1.962 1.146 1.100 0.633
2 5.707 4.703 5.003 4.069 2.588 2.407 1.562 1.402
90◦
3 6.954 6.452 5.623 4.942 3.797 3.326 2.974 2.460
4 8.476 7.386 7.716 6.637 5.212 4.320 3.695 3.050

4. Conclusions are applied using artificial spring technology. The fiber angles of the
laminated plates are represented as a function of 𝛽 coordinate, and
various curved fibers and linear fibers of the laminated sectorial and
In this paper, the free vibration analysis of LSPVFA and LRPVFA
rectangular plates are represented by the fiber angle function. Accuracy
with various boundary conditions is performed by a meshfree Legendre-
and reliability of the proposed method for free vibration analysis of
RPIM shape function that uses a combined basis of Legendre polyno-
LSPVFA and LRPVFA are confirmed through the convergence study and
mials and MQ radial functions. The governing equations and boundary
comparison with the results of literature and ABAQUS. The effects of
conditions of LSPVFA and LRPVFA are obtained by Hamilton’s principle
fiber angle coefficient, geometric parameters and boundary conditions
and FSDT, and in order to solve these equations, the meshfree strong
on the non-dimensional frequencies of LSPVFA and LRPVFA are investi-
form method is adopted. In the equations discretized by the meshfree
gated through some numerical examples, and these results can be used
strong form method, the displacement components are approximated
as benchmark data for research in this field.
by the Legendre-RPIM shape function, and the boundary conditions

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S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

Table 9
Non-dimensional frequencies for LRPVFA with various length to width ratios and boundary conditions (b = 0.5 m, h = 0.02 m, 𝜆 = 0.5).
Initial fiber angle a/b 𝛺 Boundary conditions
CCCC CSCS SCSC SSSS CFCF FCFC SFSF FSFS
1 24.065 23.110 13.972 12.265 21.063 7.064 10.260 3.124
2 31.452 27.681 24.599 19.561 22.729 9.140 11.503 6.317
1
3 45.868 38.783 40.860 33.355 25.316 19.222 16.072 12.478
4 57.291 56.181 42.249 41.256 33.235 21.741 26.345 16.164
1 13.284 11.544 9.461 6.820 9.876 7.082 4.619 3.129
[0◦ /45◦ /0◦ ] 2 23.211 17.980 20.205 15.171 10.864 8.120 5.763 4.911
1.5
3 29.360 28.356 22.309 20.144 14.513 14.842 10.746 12.410
4 35.667 30.780 29.911 25.717 24.011 19.261 17.746 12.688
1 9.867 7.408 8.228 5.044 5.675 7.092 2.605 3.133
2 18.196 14.913 13.910 12.028 6.478 7.710 3.685 4.268
2
3 21.489 17.425 20.531 14.292 10.829 11.056 8.642 8.721
4 27.063 22.791 23.583 19.278 15.130 19.115 10.542 12.485
1 24.167 23.021 14.273 12.235 21.085 7.883 10.246 3.494
2 32.664 28.186 26.173 20.332 22.605 9.733 11.374 6.402
1
3 49.202 41.030 41.637 35.948 25.368 21.390 16.197 13.874
4 57.012 56.423 44.953 41.020 34.493 23.748 27.793 17.372
1 13.664 11.582 10.013 6.926 9.889 7.888 4.615 3.497
[0◦ /90◦ /0◦ ] 2 24.985 18.956 21.034 16.322 10.810 8.815 5.662 5.084
1.5
3 29.343 28.247 23.475 20.009 14.873 15.269 11.196 13.156
4 37.177 32.871 31.357 26.613 25.213 21.409 17.874 13.909
1 10.416 7.533 8.881 5.235 5.682 7.891 2.604 3.499
2 18.613 16.070 14.309 12.214 6.448 8.441 3.601 4.492
2
3 23.195 17.389 22.416 15.330 11.373 11.578 9.148 8.902
4 28.637 23.691 24.807 20.246 15.171 19.771 10.636 13.902

Table 10
Non-dimensional frequencies for LRPVFA with various thicknesses and boundary conditions (a = b = 1 m, [90◦ /0◦ /90◦ ]).
𝜆 h 𝛺 Boundary conditions
CCCC CSCS SCSC SSSS CFCF FCFC SFSF FSFS
1 22.329 14.405 21.043 12.307 7.949 18.770 3.484 9.036
2 31.732 26.715 27.236 21.258 10.356 19.662 7.302 10.856
0.05
3 48.082 38.896 40.655 36.609 21.362 23.797 13.908 16.404
4 50.447 43.773 49.812 38.017 23.587 33.909 18.105 27.862
𝜋∕6
1 17.715 13.107 16.439 11.332 7.521 14.717 3.435 8.329
2 25.892 23.341 22.217 19.286 9.554 15.403 6.977 9.828
0.1
3 34.979 31.136 33.814 30.421 19.122 19.078 13.207 14.933
4 38.471 36.240 34.375 32.087 20.941 27.976 16.873 24.755
1 21.465 14.943 19.831 12.486 8.458 16.677 3.649 7.829
2 32.380 27.971 27.520 22.487 11.477 17.583 8.130 10.181
0.05
3 47.665 37.502 41.887 36.138 22.325 23.315 14.798 16.884
4 48.907 44.210 46.788 37.918 24.009 34.428 18.645 27.471
𝜋∕4
1 17.335 13.404 15.909 11.510 7.924 13.491 3.569 7.254
2 26.290 24.036 22.672 20.236 10.360 14.315 7.690 9.237
0.1
3 33.978 30.283 33.313 29.421 19.790 19.094 13.892 15.377
4 38.449 36.208 34.513 32.835 20.998 28.422 17.279 23.856
1 20.848 15.548 18.586 12.405 9.244 14.512 4.204 6.573
2 33.425 28.985 28.049 23.483 13.203 15.868 8.566 9.383
0.05
3 44.993 36.442 43.033 33.994 23.047 22.881 16.312 17.291
4 49.758 45.047 43.580 38.917 24.755 34.566 18.690 25.482
𝜋∕3
1 17.084 13.687 15.347 11.450 8.578 12.216 4.044 6.161
2 26.840 24.516 23.256 20.979 11.479 13.375 7.978 8.586
0.1
3 33.028 29.432 32.151 28.167 20.282 19.042 15.157 15.802
4 38.559 36.357 35.091 33.291 21.241 27.715 17.188 22.008

Declaration of competing interest Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from Kim Chaek

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
University of Technology and Pyongyang University of Mechanical
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
Engineering of DPRK. In addition, the authors would like to take the
influence the work reported in this paper.
opportunity to express my hearted gratitude to all those who make a
contribution to the completion of my article.

Data availability
Appendix A

The data that support the findings of this study are available within 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕
the article. 𝐿11 = 𝐴11 + 2𝑄𝐴16 + 𝑄2 𝐴66 + (𝑃 𝐴11 + 𝑄𝐴16,𝛽 )
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2 𝜕𝑥

15
S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al. Thin-Walled Structures 174 (2022) 109070

𝜕 𝜕
+ (𝑃 𝑄𝐴16 + 𝑄2 𝐴66,𝛽 ) + + (−𝑃 𝐷26 + 𝑄𝐷66,𝛽 ) +
𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥
2 2 𝜕
+ 𝑃 𝐴12 − 𝑃 𝐴22 + 𝑃 𝑄𝐴26,𝛽 + (𝑃 𝑄𝐷12 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐷22 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐷66 + 𝑄2 𝐷26,𝛽 )
𝜕𝛽
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕 − 𝑃 2 𝐷16 + 𝑃 2 𝐷26 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐷66,𝛽 − 𝐴45
𝐿12 = 𝐴16 + 𝑄(𝐴12 + 𝐴66 ) + 𝑄2 𝐴26 2 + (−𝑃 𝐴26 + 𝑄𝐴66,𝛽 ) +
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝜕 𝐿24 = 𝐵16 + 𝑄(𝐵12 + 𝐵66 ) + 𝑄2 𝐵26
+ (𝑃 𝑄𝐴12 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐴22 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐴66 + 𝑄2 𝐴26,𝛽 ) 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2
𝜕𝛽
𝜕
− 𝑃 2 𝐴16 + 𝑃 2 𝐴26 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐴66,𝛽 + (𝑃 𝐵26 + 2𝑃 𝐵16 + 𝑄𝐵12,𝛽 ) +
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
𝐿13 = 𝐿23 = 𝐿31 = 𝐿32 = 0 + (𝑃 𝑄𝐵22 + 2𝑃 𝑄𝐵66 + 𝑄2 𝐵26,𝛽 ) + 2𝑃 2 𝐵26 + 𝑃 𝑄𝐵22,𝛽
𝜕𝛽
𝜕 𝜕
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝐿53 = −𝐴45 − 𝑄𝐴44
𝐿14 = 𝐿41 = 𝐵11 + 2𝑄𝐵16 + 𝑄2 𝐵66 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝜕 2 𝜕 𝐿54 = 𝐷16 + 𝑄(𝐷12 + 𝐷66 ) + 𝑄2 𝐷26
+ (𝑃 𝐵11 + 𝑄𝐵16,𝛽 ) + (𝑃 𝑄𝐵16 + 𝑄 𝐵66,𝛽 ) + 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕
+ 𝑃 2 𝐵12 − 𝑃 2 𝐵22 + 𝑃 𝑄𝐵26,𝛽 + (𝑃 𝐷26 + 2𝑃 𝐷16 + 𝑄𝐷12,𝛽 ) +
𝜕𝑥
𝜕
𝜕2 𝜕2 + (𝑃 𝑄𝐷22 + 2𝑃 𝑄𝐷66 + 𝑄2 𝐷26,𝛽 ) + 2𝑃 2 𝐷26 + 𝑃 𝑄𝐷22,𝛽 − 𝐴45
𝐿15 = 𝐿42 = 𝐵16 + 𝑄(𝐵12 + 𝐵66 ) 𝜕𝛽
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝜕2 𝜕 𝐿55 = 𝐷66 + 2𝑄𝐷26 + 𝑄2 𝐷22
2
+ 𝑄 𝐵26 + (−𝑃 𝐵26 + 𝑄𝐵66,𝛽 ) + 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2
𝜕𝛽 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕 + (𝑃 𝐷66 + 𝑄𝐷26,𝛽 ) + (𝑃 𝑄𝐷26 + 𝑄2 𝐷22,𝛽 ) −
+ (𝑃 𝑄𝐵12 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐵22 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐵66 + 𝑄2 𝐵26,𝛽 ) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕𝛽
− 2𝑃 2 𝐷66 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐷26,𝛽 − 𝐴44
− 𝑃 2 𝐵16 + 𝑃 2 𝐵26 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐵66,𝛽

𝜕2 𝜕2
𝐿21 = 𝐴16 + 𝑄(𝐴12 + 𝐴66 )
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 Appendix B
𝜕2 𝜕
+ 𝑄2 𝐴26 + (𝑃 𝐴26 + 2𝑃 𝐴16 + 𝑄𝐴12,𝛽 ) +
𝜕𝛽 2 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕
𝜕 𝐶𝑥11 = 𝐴11 + 𝑄𝐴16 + 𝑃 𝐴12 𝐶𝑥34 = 𝐴55
+ (𝑃 𝑄𝐴22 + 2𝑃 𝑄𝐴66 + 𝑄2 𝐴26,𝛽 ) + 2𝑃 2 𝐴26 + 𝑃 𝑄𝐴22,𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕𝛽 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑥12 = 𝐴16 + 𝑄𝐴12 − 𝑃 𝐴16 𝐶𝑥35 = 𝐴45
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝐿22 = 𝐴66 + 2𝑄𝐴26 + 𝑄2 𝐴22
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑥13 = 𝐶𝑥23 = 𝐶𝑥31 = 𝐶𝑥32 = 𝐶𝑥43 = 𝐶𝑥53 = 0 𝐶𝑥41 = 𝐵11 + 𝑄𝐵16 + 𝑃 𝐵12
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
+ (𝑃 𝐴66 + 𝑄𝐴26,𝛽 ) + (𝑃 𝑄𝐴26 + 𝑄2 𝐴22,𝛽 ) −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑥14 = 𝐵11 + 𝑄𝐵16 + 𝑃 𝐵12 𝐶𝑥42 = 𝐵16 + 𝑄𝐵12 − 𝑃 𝐵16
− 2𝑃 2 𝐴66 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐴26,𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑥15 = 𝐵16 + 𝑄𝐵12 − 𝑃 𝐵16 𝐶𝑥44 = 𝐷11 + 𝑄𝐷16 + 𝑃 𝐷12
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝐿24 = 𝐿51 = 𝐵16 + 𝑄(𝐵12 + 𝐵66 )
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽
𝐶𝑥21 = 𝐴16
𝜕
+ 𝑄𝐴66
𝜕
+ 𝑃 𝐴26 𝐶𝑥45 = 𝐷16
𝜕
+ 𝑄𝐷12
𝜕
− 𝑃 𝐷16
𝜕2 𝜕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
+ 𝑄2 𝐵26 + (𝑃 𝐵26 + 2𝑃 𝐵16 + 𝑄𝐵12,𝛽 ) + 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝛽 2 𝜕𝑥 𝐶𝑥22 = 𝐴66 + 𝑄𝐴26 − 𝑃 𝐴66 𝐶𝑥51 = 𝐵16 + 𝑄𝐵66 + 𝑃 𝐵26
𝜕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
+ (𝑃 𝑄𝐵22 + 2𝑃 𝑄𝐵66 + 𝑄2 𝐵26,𝛽 ) + 2𝑃 2 𝐵26 + 𝑃 𝑄𝐵22,𝛽 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝛽 𝐶𝑥24 = 𝐵16 + 𝑄𝐵66 + 𝑃 𝐵26 𝐶𝑥52 = 𝐵66 + 𝑄𝐵26 − 𝑃 𝐵66
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
𝐿25 = 𝐿52 = 𝐵66 + 2𝑄𝐵26 + 𝑄2 𝐵22 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2 𝐶𝑥25 = 𝐵66 + 𝑄𝐵26 − 𝑃 𝐵66 𝐶𝑥54 = 𝐷16 + 𝑄𝐷66 + 𝑃 𝐷26
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕 2 𝜕
+ (𝑃 𝐵66 + 𝑄𝐵26,𝛽 ) + (𝑃 𝑄𝐵26 + 𝑄 𝐵22,𝛽 ) − 𝐶𝑥33 = 𝐴55
𝜕
+ 𝑄𝐴45
𝜕
𝐶𝑥55 = 𝐷66
𝜕
+ 𝑄𝐷26
𝜕
− 𝑃 𝐷66
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
− 2𝑃 2 𝐵66 − 𝑃 𝑄𝐵26,𝛽
𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝛽11 = 𝐴16 + 𝑄𝐴66 + 𝑃 𝐴26 𝐶𝛽34 = 𝐴45
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝐿33 = 𝐴55 + 2𝑄𝐴45 + 𝑄2 𝐴44 + (𝑃 𝐴55 + 𝑄𝐴45,𝛽 )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝛽12 = 𝐴66 + 𝑄𝐴26 − 𝑃 𝐴66 𝐶𝛽35 = 𝐴44
𝜕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
+ (𝑃 𝑄𝐴45 + 𝑄2 𝐴44,𝛽 )
𝜕𝛽 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝛽13 = 𝐶𝛽23 = 𝐶𝛽31 = 𝐶𝛽32 = 𝐶𝛽43 = 𝐶𝛽53 = 0 𝐶𝛽41 = 𝐵16 + 𝑄𝐵66 + 𝑃 𝐵26
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐿34 = 𝐴55 + 𝑄𝐴45 + 𝑃 𝐴55 + 𝑄𝐴45,𝛽 𝐶𝛽14 = 𝐵16 + 𝑄𝐵66 + 𝑃 𝐵26 𝐶𝛽42 = 𝐵66 + 𝑄𝐵26 − 𝑃 𝐵66
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐿35 = 𝐴45 + 𝑄𝐴44 + 𝑃 𝐴45 + 𝑄𝐴44,𝛽 𝐶𝛽15 = 𝐵66 + 𝑄𝐵26 − 𝑃 𝐵66 𝐶𝛽44 = 𝐷16 + 𝑄𝐷66 + 𝑃 𝐷26
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐿43 = −𝐴55 − 𝑄𝐴45 𝐶𝛽21 = 𝐴12 + 𝑄𝐴26 + 𝑃 𝐴22 𝐶𝛽45 = 𝐷66 + 𝑄𝐷26 − 𝑃 𝐷66
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 = 𝐴26
𝜕
+ 𝑄𝐴22
𝜕
− 𝑃 𝐴26 = 𝐵12
𝜕
+ 𝑄𝐵26
𝜕
+ 𝑃 𝐵22
𝐿44 = 𝐷11 + 2𝑄𝐷16 + 𝑄2 𝐷66 𝐶𝛽22
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝐶𝛽51
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ (𝑃 𝐷11 + 𝑄𝐷16,𝛽 ) + (𝑃 𝑄𝐷16 + 𝑄2 𝐷66,𝛽 ) + 𝐶𝛽24 = 𝐵12 + 𝑄𝐵26 + 𝑃 𝐵22 𝐶𝛽52 = 𝐵26 + 𝑄𝐵22 − 𝑃 𝐵26
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ 𝑃 2 𝐷12 − 𝑃 2 𝐷22 + 𝑃 𝑄𝐷26,𝛽 − 𝐴55 𝐶𝛽25 = 𝐵26 + 𝑄𝐵22 − 𝑃 𝐵26 𝐶𝛽54 = 𝐷12 + 𝑄𝐷26 + 𝑃 𝐷22
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐿45 = 𝐷16 + 𝑄(𝐷12 + 𝐷66 ) + 𝑄2 𝐷26 𝐶𝛽33 = 𝐴45 + 𝑄𝐴44 𝐶𝛽55 = 𝐷26 + 𝑄𝐷22 − 𝑃 𝐷26
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝛽 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝛽

16
S. Kwak, K. Kim, J. Kim et al.
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