Changing Coordinates

01. A Cartesian coordinate system:

Figure # 130
Rectangular coordinates in 3-D:

Figure # 131 Figure # 132

The polar coordinate: the polar coordinate system in which each point on a plane is
determined by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction.

Figure # 133 Figure # 134

1 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

02. Changing Coordinate Systems: Rectangular and Cylindrical

Figure # 135: Rectangular Coordinates (Cartesian Coordinates) Figure # 136

Figure # 137 Figure # 138

Figure # 139: Cylindrical Polar Coordinates

2 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

r is the radial distance of P from the axis of the cylinder
 is the angle between the i direction and the projection of OP onto the xy- plane
z is the length of the projection of OP on the axis of the cylinder.

If the relationships between the variables (x, y, z) of the Cartesian coordinate system
and those of the cylindrical system (r, φ, z) are easily obtained from Figure below:

Figure # 140: Cylindrical Polar Coordinates

OA
 cos 
OM
x
 cos 
r
x  r cos  ------------------------(i)
AM
 sin 
OM
y
 sin 
r
y  r sin  ------------------------(ii)

Finally we get, the Cylindrical Polar Coordinates are

x  r cos  ------------------------(iii)
y  r sin  ------------------------(iv)
z  z -------------------------------(v)

3 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

03. Changing Coordinate Systems: Rectangular and Spherical

A SPHERE

Figure # 141

Figure # 142

4 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Figure # 143: Spherical Polar Coordinates

OA
 cos 
OM
x
 cos 

x   cos  ------------------------(i)
&
AM
 sin 
OM
y
 sin 

y   sin  ------------------------(ii)

Again,

ON
 cos 
OP
z
 cos 
r
z  r cos  ------------------------(iii)

Figure # 144

&

5 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

PN
 sin 
OP
PN
 sin 
r
 PN  r sin 
 PN  OM  r sin  [ PN  OM ]
 PN    r sin  [ OM  ] ]
 PN    r sin  ----------------(iv)
Again,
OAM ,
OM 2  OA 2  AM 2
 2  x 2  y 2 -----------------------(v)

Again,
OPN ,
OP 2  ON 2  PN 2
r 2  z 2  2 [ PN   ]
r 2  z 2  2
r 2  z 2  x2  y 2 [  2  x 2  y 2 ]
Again, putting the value of  in (i) and (ii),
x   cos 
x  r sin  cos  [ PN    r sin  ]
&
y   sin 
y  r sin  sin  [ PN    r sin  ]

Finally we get, the Spherical Polar Coordinates are:

 x  r sin  cos  -----------------------(vi)
y  r sin  sin  -----------------------(vii)
z  r cos  -----------------------------(viii)

R is the distance of P from the origin

is the angle between the k direction and OP

is the angle between the i direction and the

projection of OP onto a plane through O normal
to k

Figure # 145

6 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 04. Jacobian Determinant: In order to change variables in a double integral or triple
integral we will need the Jacobian of the transformation. The Jacobian of the
transformation x  x(u, v ) and y  y (u, v ) is denoted by:
x x
 ( x , y ) u v
J ( u, v )  
 ( u , v ) y y
u v
Q # 97 : To see how this works we can start with one dimension. If we have an integral
x2
in rectangular coordinates such as  f ( x) dx
x1
dx
We can change coordinate systems if we define x  x(u ) . Then we have dx  du .
du
To transform the limits of the integral, we need to invert the definition to get u  u( x ) .
Then the integral becomes
x2 u( x 2 ) dx u( x2 ) dx
 f ( x ) dx   f x( u ) dx du   f x(u ) J(u ) du [Here J (u )  ]
x1 u ( x1 ) du u ( x1 ) du
That is  f ( x) dx   f (u ) J (u ) du ------------------------------(i)

Q # 98:
dx
Find 
( 3 x  2) 5
Solution: Let
u  3 x  2.
Now directly,
u  3 x  2.
du
3
dx
dx 1

du 3
1
dx  du ------------------------------------(i)
3
Another way, Using Jacobian Determinant,
Here Variable x  u
Then  f ( x ) dx   f ( u) J ( u) du -------------------------(ii)
That is, dx  J ( u) du -----------------------------------------(iii)
x
Where, J ( u)  -----------------------------------------(iv)
u
Now, we have to find out the value of J (u)
u  3 x  2.

7 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 u
3
x
x 1

u 3
From (iv),
x 1
 ----------------------------(v)
J ( u) 
u 3
Putting the value of J (u) in (iii),
 dx  J ( u) du
1
 dx  du -----------------------------------------------------(vi)
3

We see, (i) & (vi) are same.

That is,
x2 u( x 2 ) dx u( x 2 )
 f ( x) dx   f x(u ) du   f x(u ) J(u ) du ------(vii)
x1 u ( x1 ) du u ( x1 )
1 1
Here, f ( x)  and f x(u ) 
( 3x  2 ) 5 u5
From (ii),
 f ( x ) dx   f ( u) J ( u) du
1 1 1 1
 ( 3 x  2) 5
dx   5
du   5 J ( u) du
u 3 u
5 1 1 u 5  1 1 u 4 1
= u du  .  . c [ J (u )  ]
3 3 51 3 4 3
1
 ( 3x  2)  4  c
12
1
 c
12( 3x  2) 4
Q # 99: In two dimensions,  f ( x, y ) dx dy ----------------------------(i)
Now if we want to switch to another coordinate system, we define x  x(u, v ) and
y  y (u , v )
That is:  f ( x, y )dx dy   f x(u, v ), y(u, v ) J(u, v ) du dv ---------(ii)
R R'
x x
 ( x , y ) u v
Where J(u, v )  
 ( u , v ) y y
u v

8 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Q # 100: Find area of a circle whose center (0,0) and radius r that is find

 f ( x, y ) dx dy
Answer: f ( x, y )  x 2  y 2  r 2
Let x  r cos  y  r sin 
Hence, dxdy  J ( r , ) drd ---------------------(i)
When x  r , y  0 and r  r then
x  r cos 
 r  r cos 
 1  cos 
 cos 0  cos 
0
Hence the limit of  for a circle is 0    2 Figure # 146
Again
When x  r and   0 then
x  r cos 
r  r cos 0
 r  r1
rr
rr
Hence the limit of r is 0  r  r
x x
 ( x , y ) r 
 J (r ,  )  
 ( r ,  ) y y
r 
 ( x, y ) cos   r sin 
J (r ,  )  
 (r , ) sin  r cos 
 ( x, y )
J (r ,  )   r cos 2   (  r sin 2 )
 (r ,  )
 ( x, y )
J (r ,  )   r cos 2   r sin 2 
 (r ,  )
 ( x, y )
J (r ,  )   r(cos 2   sin 2 )
 (r ,  )
 ( x, y )
J (r ,  )   r .1
 (r ,  )
 ( x, y )
J (r , )   r -----------------------------------(ii)
 (r , )
 ( x, y )
Putting the value of J(r , )   r in (i), we get
 (r , )
dxdy  J ( r , ) drd

9 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

dxdy  rdrd ---------------------------------------------(iii)

Now, we can write

 f ( x, y ) dx dy   f x(u, v ), y (u, v ) J(u, v ) du dv
 f ( x, y ) dx dy   f x(r , ), y (r , ) J (r , ) dr d
2 r
 dx dy    J(r , ) dr d
0 r 0
2 r  ( x, y )
 dx dy    r dr d [ J (r , )   r]
 0 r  0  (r , )
r
r2 
2
 dx dy     d
 2  0
 0 

2  r 2 02 
 dx dy      d
2
 0  2 
2  r 2 
 dx dy     0  d
2
 0  
r 2 2
 dx dy   d
2  0
r2
 dx dy   02
2
r2
 dx dy  2  0
2
r2
 dx dy  2
2
2
 dx dy  r
Q # 101: In three dimensions,  f ( x, y , z ) dx dydz ----------------------------(i)
V
Now if we want to switch to another coordinate system, we define x  x(u, v , w ) ,
y  y (u, v , w ) and z  z(u, v , w )
That is:  f ( x, y , z ) dx dydz   f (u, v, w ) J(u, v, w ) du dvdw ---------------(ii)
V V'
x x x
u v w
 ( x, y , z ) y y y
Where J(u, v, w )  
 ( u , v , w ) u v w
z z z
u v w

10 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Q# 102: Verify Green’s theorem for the integral
2 2
 {( x  y )dx  ( x  2y )dy } taken round the
C
boundary curve c defined by
y  0; 0  x  2
x 2  y 2  4; 0  x  2
x  0; 0  y  2

Figure # 147
Answer:
 Q P 
We have Green’s theorem   x  y dxdy  c(Pdx  Qdy )
S
LH.S.
 Q P 
First we have to evaluate   x  y dxdy ----------------------(i)
S
2 2
Given,  {( x  y )dx  ( x  2y )dy } --------------------------------(ii)
C

Since, R.H.S  ( Pdx  Qdy ) ---------------------------------(iii)

c
Comparing (ii) & (iii),
Here, P  x 2  y 2
P
  0  2y  2y
y
And Q  x  2y
Q
  1 0  1
x
P Q
So, from (i), we get, [Putting the values of & in (i)]
y x
 Q P 
  x  y dxdy  S 1  2 y  dxdy
S
--------------------------(iv)

It will be more convenient to work in polar coordinates, so we make the substitutions

Let x  r cos  y  r sin 
Then  f ( x , y )dxdy   f ( r , ) J ( r , ) dr d --------------------(v)
s s
Here f ( x , y )  1  2 y
From Jacobian Determinant,
x x
 ( x , y ) r 
 J (r ,  )   ---------------------------------(vi)
 ( r ,  ) y y
r 
We have, x  r cos 

11 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

x 
 ( r cos )
r r
x 
 cos  ( r )
r r
x
 cos .1
r
x
 cos  -------------------------------------(vii)
r
Again
x 
 ( r cos )
 
x 
 r (cos )
 
x
  r sin  ----------------------------------------(viii)


Again, y  r sin 
y 
 ( r sin )
r r
y 
 sin  ( r )
r r
y
 sin .1
r
y
 sin  -------------------------------------(ix)
r
Again
y 
 ( r sin )
 
y 
 r (sin )
 
y
 r cos  ----------------------------------------(x)


From (vi),
x x
 ( x , y ) r 
 J (r ,  )  
 ( r ,  ) y y
r 
 ( x, y ) cos   r sin 
J (r ,  )  
 (r , ) sin  r cos 

12 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  ( x, y )
J (r ,  )   r cos 2   (  r sin 2 )
 (r ,  )
 ( x, y )
J (r ,  )   r cos 2   r sin 2 
 (r ,  )
 ( x, y )
J (r ,  )   r(cos 2   sin 2 )
 (r ,  )
 ( x, y )
J (r ,  )   r .1
 (r ,  )
 ( x, y )
J (r , )  r ----------------------------------------(xi)
 (r , )
From (v),
 f ( x , y )dxdy 
s
 f ( r , ) J ( r , ) dr d ---------------------------(*)
s
Hence, From (iv),
 1  2 y  dxdy   1  2r sin  r dr  d ---------------------------(xii)
S S
[Comparing * & xii,
[Here, f ( x , y )  1  2 y , y  r sin , f ( r , )  1  2r sin , J ( r , )  r ]
Now,
When x  2 , y  0 and r  2 then
x  r cos 
 2  2 cos 
 1  cos 
 cos 0  cos 
0
Again
When x  0 , y  2 and r  2 then
y  r sin 
 2  2 sin 
 1  sin 

 sin  sin 
2


2
Hence the limit of  is 0    
2
Again
When x  2 and   0 then
x  r cos 
2  r cos 0
 2  r 1
2r

13 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

r2
When y  2 and    then
2
y  r sin 

2  r sin
2
 2  r 1
2r
r2
Hence the limit of r is 0  r  2

From (xii),
 1  2 y  dxdy 
S
 1  2r sin  r dr  d -
S

22
   (1  2r sin )rdrd
0 0

22
   (1  2r sin )rdrd
0 0

22
2
   (r  2r
0 0
sin )drd
 2
r2
2
r3 
    2 sin  d
0 
2 3 0

2
 22 23 
 0  2  2
3
sin   0 d


2
 16 
  2 
0
3
sin  d


 16  2
  2  cos 
 3 0
  16  16 
  2   cos  0  cos 0
 2 3 2 3 
 16 16 
     0  0   1
 3 3 
 16 
   
 3
 Q P   16 
    dxdy   1  2 y  dxdy     3  ------------------------------(xiii)
S  x y  S  

14 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Now we have to evaluate R.H.S of Green’s Theorem  ( Pdx  Qdy )
c
2 2
Given  {( x  y )dx  ( x  2y )dy }
C

 P  x 2  y 2 and Q  x  2y
We now take c1 , c 2 , c 3 in turn
i) c1 : y  0;  dy  0
2 2
  ( Pdx  Qdy )   ( x 2  y 2 )dx  ( x  2y )dy   ( x 2  0 2 )dx  ( x  2.0).0
c1 0 0

2 8
  x 2 dx 
0 3
1
ii) c 2 : x 2  y 2  4  y 2  4  x 2  y  4  x 2  (4  x 2 ) 2

dy 1 1 d
  (4  x 2 ) 2 . (4  x 2 )
dx 2 dx
dy 1 1
  (4  x 2 ) 2 .(0  2x )
dx 2
1  xdx
 dy  (4  x 2 ) 2 .xdx 
4  x2
  ( Pdx  Qdy )   ( x 2  y 2 )dx  ( x  2y )dy
c2 c2

 xdx
  ( x 2  4  x 2 )dx  ( x  2 4  x 2 ).
c2
4  x2
xdx
  4dx  ( x  2 4  x 2 )
c2
4  x2
x 2 dx xdx
  4dx   2 4  x2
c2 2
4x 4  x2
x 2 dx
 
c2
4dx 
4  x2
 2xdx

x 2 dx
 
c2
(4  2x)dx 
4  x2
x2
 
c2
( 4  2x 
4  x2
)dx

0
x2
  ( 4  2x  )dx ---------------------------------------(xiv)
2 4  x2
Let x  2 sin 
 dx  2 cos d
 4  x 2  4  ( 2 sin ) 2  4  4 sin 2   4(1  sin 2 )  4 cos 2   2 cos 

15 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Given, x  2 sin 
   sin 1 ( x )
2
x 0 2
   sin ( x )
1
  sin 1 ( x )
2 2
1 0 1 2
   sin ( )    sin ( )
2 2
1 1
   sin (0)    sin (1)
   sin 1 sin 0    sin 1 (sin )

0 2


2

0
x2
  ( Pdx  Qdy )   (4  2x  )dx
c2
2 4  x2
0
( 2 sin ) 2
  {(4  2  2 sin   }2 cos d
 2 cos 
2
0
  {(8 cos   4  2 sin  cos   4 sin 2 )d

2
0 0 0
2
  ( Pdx  Qdy )   8 cos d   4  2 sin  cos d   4 sin d --------------(xv)
c2
  
2 2 2
Now,
0

 8 cos d  8 sin 
0
a)   8 sin 0  8 sin  0  8  1  8

2 2
2
0
b)  4  2 sin  cos d

2
Let z  sin 
 dz  cos  d
Since z  sin 
   sin 1 ( z )
2
 0 
2
z z  sin  z  sin 
z  sin 0 z  sin 
z0 2
z1

16 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 0 0 0
 z2 
 4  2 sin  cos d  1 4  2zdz  8  2   4(0  1)  4
 1
2

0 0 0
2 2
c)  4 sin d  2  2 sin d  2  (1  cos 2)d
  
2 2 2
0
 sin 2  1  1   1  1
 2     2(0  sin 2.0   sin 2. )  2(0  0   . sin  )  2(   .0)
 2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
 
From (xv)
0 0 0
2
  ( Pdx  Qdy )   8 cos d   4  2 sin  cos d   4 sin  d
c2
  
2 2 2
 8  ( 4 )  (   )
 8  4  
 4
iii) c 3 : x  0;  dx  0
0
2 2  y2  0
  ( Pdx  Qdy )   (0  y ).0  (0  2y )dy   2ydy   2   4
c3 c3 2
 2 2
Collecting our three partial results
8 16
c( Pdx  Qdy )  3    4  4    3 --------------------(xvi)
From (xiii) and (xvi), we can write
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
 Q P 
    dxdy   ( Pdx  Qdy ) (Proved)
S  x y  c

2
Q# 103: Use Green’s theorem to evaluate C ( x  xy)dx  ( x 2  y 2 )dy where C is the
square formed by the lines y  1, x  1
Answer: From Green’s theorem, we have,
 
 dx  dy   ( x  y )dxdy
C R

Here,   x 2  xy and   x 2  y 2
 
  dx  dy   (  )dxdy
C R
 x y
1 1
2 2 2  2  2
Here,  (x  xy)dx  ( x  y )dy    {( x ( x  y2 )  ( x  xy)}dxdy
C  1 1
y

17 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 1 1
   ( 2x x)dxdy
 1 1
1 1
   xdxdy
 1 1
1 1
x2 
    dy
1 
2  1
1
 12 ( 1) 2 
   dy
1 
2 2 
1
 12 12 
    dy
1 
2 2
 0 Answer

18 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC