Overview of Neurodevelopmental →

Disorders
➢
→

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
➢
Disorder
→
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

→
→


➢


WHAT IS NORMAL? WHAT IS ABNORMAL?
➢


→ The 
child develops one skill before acquiring the next,
and subsequent skills often build upon one
another. 
→

➢
 Duration and demographics:

→
 Disability:
Clinical Description. ➢
difficulty sustaining their attention

➢
motor hyperactivity →

➢ STATISTICS
impulsivity

➢
→

 Inattention

 Hyperactivity and Impulsivity ➢

cultural construct

→
→
Predominantly Inattentive Presentation or
Subtype
→

Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive
➢
Presentation or Subtype

Combined Subtype/Presentation

➢
 

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)




  Duration and Demographics:

 Duration and Demographics:

 Distress or Disability:
 Distress disability

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Conduct Disorder

 Duration:


 Demographics:


 Distress or Disability:

 Duration:

 y:

 Childhood-Onset Type
Bipolar Disorder

 Adolescent-Onset Type

Disrupted Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

 CAUSES
➢
→

Communication Disorder
➢
Communication Disorders
→

→
copy number variants— CNVs stuttering
→
speech sound disorder

➢ →
morphology
→ syntax semantics
pragmatics

→ →

Language Disorder (LD)

➢ 

→ 

→ 
 Duration and Demographics: Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

 Disability:

Speech Sound Disorder (SSD)



phonological disorder 


→
→

 →

→
 Duration: Disability:


Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

 Disability:
Duration:



Specific Learning Disorder

Specific Learning Disorder





→

dyslexia
 Duration: Distress →
or Disability:
 ➢

→
→ response to
dyscalculia intervention

Response to Intervention

 Demographics:
STATISTICS
➢
 Disability:

CLINICAL DESCRIPTION →

➢

→


→

 With impairment in reading (dyslexia) CAUSES

➢

 With impairment of written expression

Genetic.

→
 With impairment of mathematics (dyscalculia)

➢
 →

➢ Rett Disorder
➢
word recognition
dyslexia fluency

comprehension
➢ Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
→

CLINICAL DESCRIPTION

Neurobiological. ➢

Broca’s area

left parietotemporal area

➢

left occipitotemporal area

→

intraparietal sulcus

Psychosocial.

three levels of severity:

 Level 1:
 Level 2:
 Level 3:

Autism Spectrum Disorder →

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

→

➢ →
 ➢

IMPAIRMENT IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL

INTERACTION. →

echolalia

→
➢
social communication and social
interaction →

➢
→

Problems with social reciprocity

Nonverbal communication
Initiating and maintaining social relationships RESTRICTED, REPETITIVE PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR,
INTERESTS, OR ACTIVITIES.
➢
maintenance of sameness.
➢ ➢

joint attention

➢
→

self-focused and not showing

→
interest
➢

STATISTICS
➢

prosody ➢

➢
➢

problems maintaining social relationships.

 →

→ IQ measures are used to determine prognosis

➢ echolalia

→
→

CAUSES → self-
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS. injurious behavior

BIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS (GENETIC INFLUENCES).

➢
→
→

➢ oxytocin
→

➢
→

de novo mutations
➢

BIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS (NEUROBIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES).

→ Savant skills
amygdala
→
→
 → CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
➢
➢

➢
→

→
→

→
Intellectual Developmental Disorder

Intellectual Disability (ID)

 Intellectual
➢
Developmental Disorder

Conceptual  significantly subaverage
intellectual functioning

Social
 deficits or impairments in adaptive
functioning.
→

Practical
conceptual social practical


before the person is 18.

 mental
→
retardation

→
 →

STATISTICS
➢
➢
➢

→ ➢

 Mild

CAUSES
 Moderate ➢

 Genetic causes (about 5%).

 Severe

 Early pregnancy factors (about 30%).

 Profound

 Later pregnancy and perinatal factors (about 10%).

→

➢
 Acquired childhood physical conditions (about 5%).
AAIDD American Association on Intellectual and
Developmental Disabilities
 Environmental influences and mental disorders
(about 20%).
intermittent, limited,
extensive, or pervasive.  No identifiable cause (about 30%).
→ GENETIC INFLUENCES.

Down
syndrome
➢
identifiable single-gene disorders
dominant gene →

recessive gene
→

X-linked gene

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
→

→
Fragile X Syndrome

→ it were hanging from a thread

CHROMOSOMAL INFLUENCES. →
Down syndrome

→
→

→ mongoloidism
→
Down
syndrome
→ perseverative speech

→ Physical characteristics:
→

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS.

nondisjunction

Cultural–Familial Intellectual Disability

→ Characteristic facial features: