CONFUSING WORDS

affect (v.) effect (n.)

Meaning: Meaning:
to have an influence on someone or the result of a particular influence
something, or to cause a change in From the Cambridge Dictionary
someone or something Example:
From the Cambridge Dictionary The effects of the medicine are
Example: very strong.
The storm affected the whole city.

Useful Tip:
In British English, the word "effect" is
pronounced /ɪˈfekt/, but it is pronounced
/əˈfekt/ in American English.
inflammable (adj.) inflammatory (adj.)

Meaning: Meaning:
an inflammable substance or intended or likely to cause anger
material burns very easily. or hate
From the Cambridge Dictionary
From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example: Example:
Be careful! We should avoid making
That container is inflammable. inflammatory remarks on the news.
disinterested (adj.) uninterested (adj.)

Meaning: Meaning:
having no personal involvement or not interested
From the Cambridge Dictionary
receiving no personal advantage,
and therefore free to act fairly Example:
From the Cambridge Dictionary I am uninterested in Politics.
Example:
The professor was able to make a
disinterested decision.
aural (adj.) oral (adj.)

Meaning: Meaning:
relating to hearing spoken and not written
From the Cambridge Dictionary From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example: Example:
Her English aural comprehension I have an oral French exam
is great. next week.
empathy (n.) sympathy (n.)

Meaning:
the ability to share someone else's
feelings or experiences by imagining
what it would be like to be in that
person's situation
From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example:
He loves children and has a certain
empathy with them.
Meaning:
(an expression of) understanding and
care for someone else's suffering
From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example:
I have much sympathy for him.
emigrate (v.) immigrate (v.) migrate (v.)

Meaning: Meaning: Meaning:

to leave a country
permanently and go to live
in another one
From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example:
Millions of Germans
emigrated from Europe in
the nineteenth century.
From the Cambridge Dictionary
to come to live in a
different country
From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example:
She immigrated with her
parents in 1885.
When an animal
migrates, it travels to a
different place, usually
when the season changes.
From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example:
These animals migrate
annually in search of food.
From the Cambridge Dictionary

Useful Tip:
In British English, the word
"emigrate" is pronounced
/ˈem.ɪ.ɡreɪt/, but it is
pronounced /ˈem.ə.ɡreɪt/ in
American English.
endemic (adj.) pandemic (adj.) epidemic (adj.)

Meaning: Meaning: Meaning:

especially of a disease or a
condition, regularly found
and very common among a
particular group or in a
particular area
From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example:
Malaria is endemic in
some countries and
regions.
a disease outbreak
that's growth is
exponential
From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example:
In some parts of the
world malaria is still
pandemic.
From the Cambridge Dictionary
the appearance of a
particular disease in a
large number of people at
the same time
From the Cambridge Dictionary
Example:
We also recorded all
influenza epidemics during
this 40 year period.
CAMBRIDGE
VOCABULARY
Verbs of movement:
UNIT 1
- Crawl: To move slowly on hands and knees.
The baby began to crawl across the floor towards her favorite toy.

- Dive: To plunge headfirst into water.

He decided to dive into the pool to cool off on a hot summer day.

- Stagger: To walk or move unsteadily.

After a few too many drinks, he staggered out of the bar.

- Hop: To move by jumping on one foot.

The bunny hopped through the garden, nibbling on carrots.

- Rush: To move with great speed or urgency.

She had to rush to catch the train before it departed.

- Swing: To move back and forth or from side to side while suspended.
The children loved to swing on the swings at the park.
- Tiptoe: To walk quietly and carefully on one's toes.
She tiptoed into the room, trying not to wake anyone.

- Leap: To jump or spring a long way, to a great height, or with great force.
The athlete made a spectacular leap over the hurdle.

- Wander: To walk or move in a leisurely, casual, or aimless way.

They decided to wander through the forest, enjoying the sights and sounds.

- Climb: To ascend something by gripping it with one's hands and feet.

The hikers began to climb the steep mountain trail.
 Unit 1
Adjectives to describe uncomfortable feelings
1.Ashamed: Feeling embarrassed or guilty because of one's actions or
circumstances.
She felt ashamed of her behavior at the party last night.
2.Awkward: Feeling uncomfortable or embarrassed in social situations.
He felt awkward when he realized he had forgotten her name.
3.Desperate: Feeling a sense of urgency or extreme need.
After searching for hours, they were desperate to find their lost dog.
4.Guilty: Feeling responsible for having done something wrong or committing a
wrongdoing.
He felt guilty for lying to his friend about what had happened.
5.Puzzled: Feeling confused or uncertain about something.
She looked puzzled as she tried to solve the riddle.
6.Stuck: Unable to move or escape from a situation.
The car was stuck in the mud, and they couldn't get it out.
 Unit 1
Right
1.Right in the middle: Directly in the center of something.
The town is located right in the middle of the valley.

2.Rightly or wrongly: Regardless of whether it's correct or incorrect.

She was blamed for the mistake, rightly or wrongly.

3.Right away: Immediately or without delay.

Please attend to this matter right away.

4.Right?: Used to seek agreement or confirmation from someone.

The presentation went well, right?
 Vocabulary extra
1.March: To walk steadily and rhythmically forward, especially in a military manner.
The soldiers began to march in perfect formation.

2.Slide: To move smoothly along a surface, typically with a gradual decrease in

speed or effort.
The children love to slide down the playground slide.

3.Soar: To fly or rise high in the air with little effort.

The eagle soared gracefully above the mountains.

4.Sprint: To run at full speed over a short distance.

He sprinted to catch the bus before it left.

5.Tumble: To fall suddenly and uncontrollably.

She tripped on the step and tumbled down the stairs.
Groups of people Unit 2
1.Employees: Individuals who work for a company or organization.
The employees gathered in the conference room for the meeting.

2.Employers: Individuals or entities that hire and employ workers.

The employers provided health insurance benefits for their employees.

3.Immigrants: People who have moved to a different country to settle there.

The city welcomed immigrants from various parts of the world.

4.Inhabitants: People who live in a particular place.

The inhabitants of the small village lived simple lives.

5.Motorists: People who drive vehicles, especially on roads or streets.

The motorists patiently waited for the traffic light to turn green.

6.Pedestrians: People who travel on foot, especially on a street or road.

The pedestrians crossed the street at the crosswalk.
7. Politicians: Individuals who are involved in politics, especially as elected officials or
candidates.
The politicians debated the proposed legislation in parliament.

8. Refugees: People who have been forced to leave their home country due to
persecution, war, or violence.
The organization provided aid and support for refugees fleeing the conflict.

9. Residents: People who live in a particular place, especially for an extended period.
The residents of the neighborhood organized a community clean-up event.

10. Staff: The collective term for employees working in an organization or institution.
The hospital staff worked tirelessly to care for patients.

11. Commuters: People who regularly travel between their place of residence and place
of work or study.
The commuters crowded onto the train during rush hour.

12. Crew: A group of people who work together, especially on board a ship or aircraft.
The film crew set up lights and cameras for the movie shoot.
 Phrasal verbs (1)
1.Put up with: To tolerate or endure something unpleasant or annoying.
She put up with her noisy neighbors for years before finally moving.
2.Turn out: To happen or develop in a particular way; to result.
Despite the rain, the picnic turned out to be a great success.
3.Wear out: To become worn or exhausted through use; to make someone tired or
exhausted.
The old shoes were worn out from years of walking.
4.Bring about: To cause something to happen; to make something occur.
The new policy brought about significant changes in the organization.
5.Set out for: To begin a journey or trip to a particular destination.
They set out for the mountains early in the morning.
6.Touch down: To land, especially of an aircraft.
The plane touched down at the airport after a long flight.
7.Go through: To experience or endure a difficult or challenging situation.
She went through a lot of hardship before achieving success.
 Vocabulary extra
1.Board:
1. Noun: A long, thin, flat piece of wood or other hard material, used for floors or other
building purposes.
They nailed the boards to the wall to create a makeshift shelf.
2. Verb: To get on or into (a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle).
They boarded the plane and found their seats.
2.Cast:
1. Noun: The actors taking part in a play, movie, or other production.
The cast of the play rehearsed their lines for the opening night.
2. Verb: To throw something forcefully in a specified direction.
He cast the fishing line into the river in hopes of catching a big fish.
3.Household:
1. Noun: A group of people living together and sharing duties, responsibilities, and
resources, especially in a domestic setting.
The household gathered around the table for dinner.
4.Squad:
1. Noun: A small group of people having a particular task.
The police sent a squad to investigate the crime scene.
5.Troupe:
1. Noun: A group of performers or actors, especially one that travels around to different
places to perform.
The theater troupe rehearsed for their upcoming tour.
 Unit 3
For your body
1.Shield: A piece of armor carried in the hand or worn on the arm to protect against blows or
missiles.
The knight raised his shield to defend against the enemy's attack.
2.Leather jacket: A jacket made from leather, often worn for protection or fashion.
He wore a leather jacket to keep warm during the motorcycle ride.
3.Apron: A protective garment worn over clothes, tied around the waist, and covering the front
part of the body, often used in cooking or crafting to keep clothes clean.
The chef wore an apron while cooking to avoid getting stains on his clothes.
4.Football top: A jersey or shirt worn by players in football (soccer) matches.
He proudly wore his favorite football top to support his team.
5.Sword: A weapon with a long metal blade and a hilt with a handguard, used for thrusting or
striking.
The knight unsheathed his sword and prepared for battle.
6.Poncho: A garment made of a single piece of fabric with an opening in the center for the
head, worn as a raincoat or for warmth, typically associated with South American cultures.
She wore a colorful poncho to stay dry during the rainy hike.
7.Bathrobe: A loose-fitting robe, typically made of toweling fabric, worn before or after bathing
or swimming.
After her shower, she wrapped herself in a plush bathrobe.
For your head
Unit 3
1.Mask:
1. Noun: A covering for the face or part of the face, typically used for protection,
disguise, or as part of a costume.
The doctor wore a surgical mask during the operation to prevent the spread of
germs.
2. Verb: To conceal or disguise one's true identity or feelings.
He tried to mask his disappointment with a smile.
2.Helmet:
1. Noun: A hard protective covering worn on the head, often used in sports,
construction, or military activities.
The cyclist always wears a helmet when riding her bike.
3.Snorkel:
1. Noun: A tube for breathing while swimming underwater, typically with a
mouthpiece at one end and a valve at the other to prevent water from entering.
They explored the coral reef while wearing snorkels to observe the marine life.
4.Wig:
1. Noun: Artificial covering of real or synthetic hair worn on the head for personal
adornment, as part of a costume, or to conceal baldness.
She wore a wig to disguise herself for the costume party.
 Unit 3
Bringing up children

1.Childhood:
•Noun: The period of life when a person is a child, typically from birth to
adolescence.
•Her childhood memories are filled with laughter and joy.
2.Grow up:
•Verb phrase: To mature or develop from childhood to adulthood.
•He wants to be a firefighter when he grows up.
3.Do well:
•Verb phrase: To perform successfully or achieve a good outcome in a
task or activity.
•She studied hard and did well on her exams.
4.Do your best:
•Phrase: To make the greatest possible effort in a given situation.
•Even though the task was difficult, she promised to do her best.
5. Soft:
1. Adjective: Having a pleasingly yielding texture; not hard or firm to the touch.
1. The kitten's fur was soft and fluffy.
2. He has a soft heart and can't bear to see anyone suffer.
6. Bring up:
1. Verb phrase: To raise or rear a child; to mention or introduce a topic.
1. She was brought up by her grandparents after her parents passed away.
2. He brought up the issue of funding during the meeting.
7. Get ahead in life:
1. Phrase: To progress or succeed in one's personal or professional life.
1. He worked hard to get ahead in life and eventually became a successful
entrepreneur.
8. Strict:
1. Adjective: Demanding that rules, orders, or laws are obeyed and enforced
rigorously.
1. Her parents were very strict when she was growing up.
2. The teacher had a strict policy against late assignments.
 Vocabulary extra
1.Childcare:
•Noun: The care and supervision of children, especially as a service provided by
an organization or individual.
•They enrolled their daughter in daycare for childcare while they were at
work.
2.Childproof:
•Adjective/Verb: Designed or made safe for children to use or be around, often by
preventing access to potential dangers.
•They installed childproof locks on all the cabinets to keep their toddler safe.
3.Curfew:
•Noun: A regulation requiring people to remain indoors during specified hours,
typically at night.
•The city imposed a curfew to reduce crime and maintain public safety.
4.Ground:
•Verb: To prevent someone, typically a child, from going out as a punishment.
•He was grounded for a week after he was caught sneaking out past
curfew.
5.Homeschool:
•Verb/Noun: To educate (one's child) at home instead of sending them to a
school.
•They decided to homeschool their children to provide a more
personalized education.
6.Spoil:
•Verb: To harm the character of (a child) by being too lenient or indulgent.
•She didn't want to spoil her child by giving in to every demand.
•Adjective: Having been ruined or impaired, often as a result of
overindulgence.
•The milk had spoiled, so they had to throw it away.