Under supervision \ Dr. Prof.

Waleed Elazab

Student name \ Ahmed mohamed mostafa gawish

 oil recovery systems

 Primary Recovery
Natural Flow:
• Oil is produced using the natural
energy of the reservoir.
 Natural reservoir energy
sources
• Rock and fluid expansion
• Solution gas drive
• Gravity drainage
• Water influx
 Secondary Recovery
The second stage of hydrocarbon production during which an external fluid is
injected into the reservoir. methods of secondary recovery :
 Water Flooding:
• This is the most common secondary
recovery method. Water is injected
into the reservoir through injector
wells to maintain pressure and
displace oil towards production wells.
 Artificial Lift:
• When the natural reservoir
pressure declines artificial
lift mechanisms such as
mechanical pumps (ESP-
PCP-Beam pump) or gas
assist systems (Gas lift –
Plunger lift) are employed to
bring oil to the surface.
 Gas Injection:
• Natural gas injected into the
reservoir through injector wells
to maintain reservoir pressure
and displace oil towards
production wells.
 Water Sources
 Produced Water:
It is water that comes up along with oil and gas during production

 Surface Water:
Freshwater from lakes, rivers, or oceans.

 Aquifer Water:
Groundwater extracted from underground formations.

 Wastewater:
Treated wastewater from municipal or industrial sources.

 Mixed Sources:
Combining different water sources like produced water with treated surface water.

 Water flooding - Process Overview

• Water Treatment: The
water is often treated to
remove impurities and adjust
its properties to ensure
compatibility with the
reservoir fluids.

Displacement: injected water • Injection: Treated water is

moves through the reservoir, it
displaces the oil by pushing it
towards production wells. This
process helps maintain reservoir
pressure and improves sweep
efficiency.
then injected into the
reservoir through the injection
wells at high pressure. The
injected water displaces the
oil, pushing it towards
production wells.
 Types of Water Flooding Patterns
• Water flooding begins with the drilling of injection wells or converting
existing production wells into injectors. Water injection wells are
strategically placed throughout the reservoir in a specific geometric pattern.
Common patterns include:

• Peripheral Flooding: The injection wells are located

surrounded of the reservoir and water is injected around the
perimeter of the reservoir, forcing oil inwards towards centrally
located production wells.

• Two -Spot Pattern: This is pattern with one production well

and one water injection well.

• Four -Spot Pattern: This is pattern with one water injection well
surrounded by three production well .

• Five -Spot Pattern:

This is pattern with one water injection well surrounded by four
production well .

• Seven -Spot Pattern:

This is pattern with one water injection well surrounded by six
production well .

• Line Drive Pattern:

Water injection wells are placed in parallel lines alternating with
production wells in a single row.
 Water flooding - Benefits

Oil
• Water flooding helps sweep oil towards production
wells improving recovery efficiency.

• Injection of water helps maintain reservoir pressure

which can delay natural pressure decline and improve
overall recovery.

• Water flooding is often economically viable compared

Water
to other enhanced oil recovery methods due to its
relatively low cost and proven effectiveness.

 Tertiary Recovery (Enhanced Oil

Recovery - EOR)
• EOR techniques aim to further increase oil recovery beyond primary
and secondary methods by altering reservoir conditions or fluid
properties.
 EOR - Thermal Methods (conventional)

 Steam Injection:  Combustion:

Steam is injected into the reservoir to
heat the oil, reducing its viscosity and
improving its flow properties, thus
making it easier to recover and it have
two types soaks and drives.
air or oxygen is injected into the
reservoir to initiate combustion of the
oil generating heat and creating a
displacement effect to push the oil
towards production wells and it have
two types forward and reverse.

 Non-Thermal Methods (conventional)

• Chemical Flooding: Chemicals such as surfactants, polymers, or alkalis
are injected into the reservoir to alter the properties of the oil and
improve its flow characteristics.
 Non-Thermal Methods (conventional)
• Gas Immiscible Injection:
Immiscible gases such as nitrogen
or natural gas are injected into the
reservoir to create a gas cap,
expanding and pushing the oil
towards production wells.
• Gas Miscible Injection:
Miscible gases such as carbon dioxide
(CO2) or hydrocarbon gases are injected
into the reservoir to mix with the oil,
reducing its viscosity and improving
displacement.

 EOR- Unconventional Methods

• Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR): Microorganisms are
introduced into the reservoir to alter the properties of the oil and improve
recovery. Microbes can change the viscosity of the oil, produce surfactants
to reduce interfacial tension, or generate gases to enhance displacement.