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 John T.
Cacioppo
University of Chicago

Laura A.
Freberg
California Polytechnic
State University,
San Luis Obispo

Discovering
Psychology
The Science of Mind

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Discovering Psychology: The Science of Mind
John T. Cacioppo and Laura A. Freberg
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About the Authors
John T. Cacioppo is the Tiffany and
Margaret Blake Distinguished Service Professor and Direc-
tor of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at
the University of Chicago. He is the Chair of the Psychol-
ogy Section of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science and the President of the Society for Social
Neuroscience, and he is a past President of four other sci-
entific societies including the Association for Psychological
Science. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including
the National Academy of Sciences Troland Research Award,
the American Psychological Association Distinguished Sci-
entific Contribution Award, the Society for Experimental
Social Psychology Scientific Impact Award, the Presidential Citation from the American
Psychological Association, and the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Theo-
retical Innovation Prize. He has served as Editor and Associate Editor of various journal
boards, and currently serves on the Council of the Center for Scientific Review at the
National Institutes of Health.

Laura A. Freberg is Professor of Psy-

chology at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis
Obispo, where she teaches courses in Introductory Psy-
chology, Biological Psychology, and Sensation and Percep-
tion. Recently, to better understand the needs of the online
education community, Laura also began teaching Social
Psychology for Argosy University Online. Laura’s teach-
ing career began over 35 years ago when she taught her
first college course at Pasadena City College at the age of
23. She has received Faculty Member of the Year recogni-
tion from Cal Poly Disabilities Resource Center three times
(1991, 1994, and 2009) for her work with students with dis-
abilities. She enjoys using technology and social media in the classroom, and is a syn-
dicated expert blogger for Live Right Live Well! She serves as the Bylaws and Archives
Committee Chair for the Society for Social Neuroscience.
 Brief Contents
1 The Science of Mind The Discipline of Psychology 2

2 The Measure of Mind Methods of Psychology 42

3 The Evolving Mind Nature and Nurture Intertwined 86

4 The Biological Mind The Physical Basis of Behavior 124

5 The Perceiving Mind Sensation and Perception 178

6 The Aware Mind Elements of Consciousness 234

7 The Feeling Mind Motivation and Emotion 286

8 The Adaptive Mind Learning 346

9 The Knowing Mind Memory 396

10 The Thinking Mind Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 452

11 The Developing Mind Life-Span Development 506

12 The Individual Mind Personality and the Self 568

13 The Connected Mind Social Psychology 618

14 The Troubled Mind Psychological Disorders 678

15 Healing the Troubled Mind Therapy 734

16  The Healthy Mind Stress and Coping, Health Psychology, and Positive
Psychology 786

References R-1
Name Index N-1
Subject Index/Glossary S-1

iv
 Contents
1 The Science of Mind
The Discipline of Psychology

What Is Psychology? 5

What Are Psychology’s Roots? 6

The Philosophers’ Questions 7

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

Psychology as a Hub Science Psychology Connects to
Other Disciplines 8
The Physical Scientists’ Methods 10
Summary 1.1 13

How Did the Science of Psychology What Does It Mean to Be a

Begin? 14 Psychologist? 33
Wilhelm Wundt and Structuralism 14
Experiencing Psychology Which Psychology Careers
Gestalt Psychology 15
Work for Me? 34
William James and Functionalism 15
Summary 1.3 37
Connecting to Research The Experiment That
Launched Gestalt Psychology 16 Interpersonal Relationships From the
The Behaviorists and the Cognitive Revolution 18 Psychological Perspective 38
Clinical Roots: Freud and the Humanists 21 Chapter Reflections 40
Sigmund Freud 23 Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 41
Humanistic Psychology 24 Media Resources 41
Summary 1.2 26

What Are Psychological

Perspectives? 27
Seven Perspectives of Psychology 27
Thinking Scientifically Can the Use of a Single
Perspective Be Misleading? 30
A New Connectivity: Integrating Psychology’s Seven
Perspectives 32

v
 2 The Measure of Mind
Methods of Psychology
What Is Science? 44
The Scientific Mind-set 45
Psychology as a Hub Science Testing the Effects of
Food Additives on Children’s Behavior 46
The Importance of Critical Thinking 48
The Scientific Enterprise 49
Scientific Theories 49

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

Thinking Scientifically Using the Five Steps of Critical
Thinking to Evaluate Survey Data 50
Generating Good Hypotheses: Falsifiability and
Testability 52
Evaluating Hypotheses 53
Summary 2.1 54 Descriptive Statistics With Two Variables 75
Inferential Statistics 75
How Do Psychologists Conduct
Connecting to Research Do You Believe in ESP? 76
Research? 54
Descriptive Methods 55
The Case Study 55
How Can We Conduct Ethical
Naturalistic Observation 56 Research? 78
The Survey 57 Human Participants 79
Correlational Methods 59 Animal Subjects 80
Experimental Methods 61 Summary 2.3 81
Experiencing Psychology Taking a Video Game and Interpersonal Relationships From a
Aggression Survey 62
Methodological Perspective 82
Meta-analyses 66 Chapter Reflections 84
Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 85
How Do We Study the Effects Media Resources 85
of Time? 67
Summary 2.2 69

How Do We Draw Conclusions From

Data? 70
The Importance of Valid and Reliable Measures 70
Descriptive Statistics 71
Central Tendency 72
Variability 73
The Normal Curve 74

vi contents
 3 The Evolving Mind
Nature and Nurture Intertwined

Why Do We Say Nature and Nurture

Are Intertwined? 89
Connecting to Research Genes, Bullying, and Emotional
Problems 90

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

What Are the Building Blocks of
Behavior? 92
Genetic Variation 93
Experiencing Psychology Reading a DNA
Fingerprint 94
Relatedness 95
How Does Evolution Influence
Sex Chromosomes 96
Behavior? 112
The Evolutionary Psychology Perspective 112
Epigenetics 97
Origins of Social Behavior 112
What Is the Field of Behavioral Humans as a Social Species 113
Genetics? 99 Sexual Selection 115
Parental Investment 115
Psychology as a Hub Science Understanding Risk
Traits Possibly Influenced by Sexual Selection 116
Taking 102
Culture 116
Summary 3.1 104
Thinking Scientifically The Sexual Selection of
Humor 118
How Does Evolution Occur? 105
Mechanisms of Evolution 106 Summary 3.3 120
Adaptation 107
Evolution of the Human Brain 109 Interpersonal Relationships From an
The Contemporary Human Brain 110 Evolutionary Perspective 121
Summary 3.2 111 Chapter Reflections 122
Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 123
Media Resources 123

vii Contents vii

 4 The Biological Mind
The Physical Basis of Behavior
What Is Biological Psychology? 127
Early Attempts to Understand Biological Psychology 127
Thinking Scientifically When Does Reductionism Work?
When Does It Fail? 128
Contemporary Approaches in Biological Psychology 130

How Do Neurons Communicate? 131

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

Neurons and Glia 131
Neural Signaling 135
Electrical Signaling 135
Chemical Signaling 139
Types of Neurotransmitters 141
Summary 4.1 144
The Parietal Lobe 162
How Is the Nervous System Right Brain and Left Brain 163
Organized? 145 Right-Left Brain Myths 165
The Function of Lateralization 165
What Are the Structures and Functions Experiencing Psychology Handedness 166
of the Central Nervous System? 146
The Spinal Cord, Brainstem, and Cerebellum 148 Summary 4.2 168

Connecting to Research The Discovery of Mirror What Are the Major Structures and
Neurons 148 Functions of the Peripheral Nervous
Subcortical Structures 152 System and the Endocrine System? 169
The Thalamus 152 The Somatic Nervous System 169
The Basal Ganglia 153 The Autonomic Nervous System 170
The Hypothalamus 153 The Endocrine System 172
The Hippocampus 154 Summary 4.3 174
The Cingulate Cortex 154
The Amygdala 154 Interpersonal Relationships From a
The Nucleus Accumbens 155 Biological Perspective 175
The Cerebral Cortex 155 Chapter Reflections 176
Localization of Functions in the Cerebral Cortex 157 Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 177
The Frontal Lobe 158 Media Resources 177
Psychology as a Hub Science Law, Responsibility, and
the Brain 160
The Occipital Lobe 162
The Temporal Lobe 162

viii contents
5 The Perceiving Mind
Sensation and Perception
How Does Sensation Lead to
Perception? 180
Sensory Information Travels to the Brain 182
The Brain Constructs Perceptions From Sensory

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

Information 183
Measuring Perception 184
Signal Detection 186
Summary 5.1 187

How Do We See? 188

The Visual Stimulus 188
The Biology of Vision 188
How Do We Feel Body Position, Touch,
Rods and Cones 190 Temperature, and Pain? 217
Visual Pathways 190 Somatosensory Stimuli 217
Visual Perception and Cognition 192 The Biology of the Somatosenses 217
Color Vision 192 Body Position 218
Touch 219
Psychology as a Hub Science Color and Accessible
Pain 221
Web Design 194
Sociocultural Influences on the Somatosenses 222
Recognizing Objects 195
Connecting to Research Can We Identify a Halle Berry How Do We Process Smells and
Cell? 196 Tastes? 223
Chemical Stimuli 223
Gestalt Psychology 198
The Biology of the Chemical Senses 223
Recognizing Depth 200
Olfaction 223
Developmental and Individual Differences in Vision 204
Taste 225
Sociocultural Influences on Visual Perception 205
Experiencing Psychology Are You a Supertaster? 226
Thinking Scientifically The Roger Shepard Parallelogram
Illusion “Turning the Tables” 206 Perception and Cognition in the Chemical Senses 227
Developmental and Individual Differences in the Chemical
Summary 5.2 208
Senses 228
How Do We Hear? 209 Sociocultural Influences on the Chemical Senses 229
The Auditory Stimulus 209 Summary 5.3 230
The Biology of Audition 210
Auditory Pathways 212
Interpersonal Relationships From
Auditory Perception and Cognition 212
the Perspective of Sensation and
Pitch Perception 212 Perception 231
Perceiving Loudness 213 Chapter Reflections 232
Localization of Sound 214 Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 233
Auditory Groupings 215 Media Resources 233
Developmental and Individual Differences in Audition 216
Sociocultural Influences on Auditory Perception 216

Contents ix
 6 The Aware Mind
Elements of Consciousness
What Does It Mean to Be
Conscious? 236
The Evolution of Consciousness 237
Consciousness as Variations in Alertness 237
Consciousness as an Awareness of Ongoing Sensations 238
Consciousness as Self-Awareness 238

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

Psychology as a Hub Science Can Machines Become
Conscious? 238

Thinking Scientifically What Does “Blindsight” Tell Us

About Consciousness? 240
Searching for Consciousness in the Brain 241
Summary 6.1 243
Seizures 265
What Happens to Consciousness
During Wakefulness and Sleep? 243 How Do People Intentionally Alter
Circadian Rhythms 243 Their States of Consciousness? 266
Modern Challenges for Circadian Rhythms 244 General Features of Psychoactive Drugs 267
Individual Variations in Circadian Rhythms 247 Tolerance and Withdrawal 267
Wakefulness 247 Addiction 267
Experiencing Psychology The Epworth Sleepiness Hallucinogens 269
Scale 248 Mushrooms 269
Mescaline 269
Sleep 249 Phencyclidine (PCP) 270
Stages of Sleep 249 Marijuana 270
The Benefits of Sleep 251 LSD 270
The Special Benefits of REM Sleep 252 Stimulants 271
Connecting to Research Loneliness Impacts Sleep 254 Caffeine 271
Dreaming 255 Nicotine 272
Sleep Disorders 256 Cocaine and Amphetamine 272
Nightmares and Night Terrors 256 Methylphenidate (Ritalin) 273
Insomnia 257 MDMA (Ecstasy) 274
Narcolepsy and Cataplexy 257 Depressants 274
Sleep Apnea 259 Alcohol 274
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 259 Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates 275
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) 259 Opiates 275
Summary 6.2 260 Hypnosis 276
Meditation 280
How Is Consciousness Affected by Other Deliberate Changes in Consciousness 280
Summary 6.3 282
Brain Damage? 260
Specific Areas of Brain Damage and Consciousness 260 Interpersonal Relationships From a
Coma 261
Persistent Vegetative State (PVS) 262 Perspective of Consciousness 283
Brain Death 262 Chapter Reflections 284
Near-Death Experiences 263 Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 285
Thinking Scientifically Can Patients in Vegetative States Media Resources 285
Communicate? 264

x contents
7 The Feeling Mind
Motivation and Emotion

How Are Motivation and Emotion

Related? 288
What Does It Mean to Be
Motivated? 289
Hunger and Eating 292
Thinking Scientifically Why Do We Procrastinate? 292

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

The Sensation of Hunger 293
The Sensation of Satiety 296
Obesity 297
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa 301
Sexual Motivation 303
Thinking Scientifically The Impact of Pro-Ana Theories of Emotion 333
Websites 304 The James-Lange Theory of Emotion 333
Hormones and Sexual Motivation 305 Psychology as a Hub Science Lie Detection and the
Sexual Orientation 308 Law 334
Experiencing Psychology The Revised Sociosexual The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion 337
Orientation Inventory (SOI-R) 310
Connecting to Research Botox and the Ability to Read
Cognitive and Social Motives 313 the Emotions of Others 338
Achievement Motivation 313
The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory 338
Psychology as a Hub Science Children of Lesbian and Contemporary Approaches 340
Gay Parents 314 Summary 7.2 342
The Motivation to Affiliate 315
Motivational Priorities 317 Interpersonal Relationships From the
Summary 7.1 319 Perspective of Emotion 343
Chapter Reflections 344
Why Are We Emotional? 320 Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 345
The Biology of Emotion 322 Media Resources 345
The Amygdala and the Insula 323
The Cingulate Cortex and the Basal Ganglia 325
The Cerebral Cortex and Emotion 327
Expressing Emotion 328
Interpreting Emotion 332

Contents xi
 8 The Adaptive Mind
Learning
How Do Animals Use Reflexes,
Instincts, and Learning to Respond to
the Environment? 348
What Are the Three Main Types of
Learning? 351
Summary 8.1 353

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

What Is Classical Conditioning? 354
Classical Conditioning Terminology 355
Classical Conditioning Phenomena 355
Acquisition 355
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery 357
Inhibition 357 Partial Reinforcement Effect in Extinction 378
Generalization and Discrimination 358 Comparing Schedules 379
Higher Order Conditioning 359 Shaping: The Method of Successive Approximations 379
Latent Inhibition 359 Cognitive, Biological, and Social Influences on Operant
Cognitive and Biological Influences on Classical Conditioning 380
Conditioning 359 Cognitive Influences on Operant Conditioning 381
The Element of Surprise 360 Biological Influences on Operant Conditioning 382
Taste Aversion 361 Social Influences on Operant Conditioning 382
Applying Classical Conditioning 363 Applying Operant Conditioning 383
Overcoming Fear 363 Token Economies 384
Addiction 364
Experiencing Psychology How Do I Break a Bad
Attitudes and Prejudice 365
Habit? 384
Psychology as a Hub Science Classical Conditioning
Behavior Therapies 385
Informs Medicine 366
Summary 8.3 386
Creativity and Schizophrenia 367
Summary 8.2 368 What Is Observational Learning? 386
Albert Bandura and Aggression 388
What Is Operant Conditioning? 369 Imitation 389
Types of Consequences 369 Mirror Neurons 389
Positive Reinforcement 370
Connecting to Research Why Do Children
Thinking Scientifically Why Do People Deliberately Over-Imitate? 390
Injure Themselves? 370
Cultural Transmission of Learning 391
Negative Reinforcement 372 Summary 8.4 392
Punishment 373
Schedules of Reinforcement 375 Interpersonal Relationships From the
Fixed Ratio Schedules 375 Learning Perspective 393
Variable Ratio Schedules 376 Chapter Reflections 394
Fixed Interval Schedules 377 Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 395
Variable Interval Schedules 377 Media Resources 395
xii contents
9 The Knowing Mind
Memory
What Are the Advantages of
Memory? 399
Memory and the Continuum of Information
Processing 399
Memory Provides an Adaptive Advantage 401
How Are Memories Processed? 401

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

Sensory Memory 402
Short-Term Memory 403
Working Memory 406
Long-Term Memory 408
Moving Information Into Long-Term Memory 409
Differences Between Working and Long-Term Retrieval From Long-Term Memory 429
Memory 410 The Role of Cues 429
Summary 9.1 412 Tip-of-the-Tongue 432
Reconstruction During Retrieval 432
What Are the Different Types of Retrieval of Emotional Events 435
Long-Term Memory? 413
Declarative Memories 413 Why Do We Forget? 436
Nondeclarative Memories 415 Decay 437
Classical Conditioning 416 Interference 438
Procedural Memories 416 Motivated Forgetting 439
Priming 417
Psychology as a Hub Science How Reliable Are
Thinking Scientifically Can Subliminal Messages Eyewitnesses? 440
Influence Our Behavior? 418
Long-Term Memories and the Brain 419 What Is the Biology of Memory? 442
Declarative Memories and the Hippocampus 419 Memory at the Level of the Synapse 442
Declarative Memories and the Cerebral Cortex 421 Biochemistry and Memory 443
Connecting to Research What Does Driving a Cab in
How Can We Improve Memory? 444
London Do to Your Brain? 422
Distribute Practice Over Time 444
Procedural Memories and the Basal Ganglia 423 Take Tests 445
Summary 9.2 424 Sleep 445
Recite 445
How Is Long-Term Memory Use Mnemonics 446
Organized? 425 Summary 9.3 448
Connectionist Theories 425
Inferences: Using Schemas 426 Interpersonal Relationships From the
Perspective of Memory 448
How Do We Retrieve Memories? 428 Chapter Reflections 450
Retrieval From Short-Term Memory 428
Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 451
Experiencing Psychology Schemas and False Media Resources 451
Memories 428

Contents xiii
10 The Thinking Mind
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
What Do We Think About? 454
Thought as Images 455
Thought as Concepts 456
Prototypes and Exemplars 458
Concepts as Theories 459
Concepts and Schemas 460
Concepts and the Brain 460

© Argosy Publishing, Inc.

How Do We Solve Problems? 462
Understand the Problem 463
Make a Plan 464
Generating Solutions 465
Decide on a Solution 467
Carry Out the Plan 469
Experiencing Psychology Are You a Maximizer or a
What Is Intelligence? 489
Assessing Intelligence 489
Satisficer? 470
General and Specific Abilities 491
Look Back 472 Emotional and Social Intelligence 492
The Biological Psychology of Decision Making 472 Biological Influences on Intelligence 493
Summary 10.1 475 Brain Structure, Brain Activity, and Intelligence 493
Psychology as a Hub Science Influencing Decisions Connecting to Research What Is Collective
With Neuropolitics 476 Intelligence? 494
Genetics and Intelligence 495
How Does Language Influence Extremes of Intelligence 497
Behavior? 478 Intellectual Disability 497
The Evolution of Human Language 479
Thinking Scientifically Can Children’s IQs Be Increased
The Basic Building Blocks of Language 479
With Special Baby Videos? 498
The Biological Psychology of Language 480
Lessons From Language Disorders 480 Giftedness and Genius 500
Are Nonhuman Animals Capable of Real Language? 482 Summary 10.3 501
How Do We Learn Language? 483
Variations in Language Processing 485
Interpersonal Relationships From the
Dyslexia 486 Cognitive Perspective 502
Multilingualism 487 Chapter Reflections 504
American Sign Language (ASL) 488 Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 505
Summary 10.2 489 Media Resources 505

xiv contents
11 The Developing Mind
Life-Span Development
What Does It Mean to Develop?
New Ideas About Development 508
Developmental Themes 510
Nature and Nurture Intertwined 510
Continuity or Discontinuity 511
Universal or Ecological Development 512
How Do We Change Prenatally?
Genetic Risks to Development 515
Environmental Risks to Development 516
What Can Newborns Do? 520
The Newborn’s Reflexes 520
The Newborn’s Activity 521
The Newborn’s Senses 521
Summary 11.1 523
What Physical Changes Occur in
Infancy and Childhood? 523
Nervous System Development 523
Motor Development 525
How Does Cognition Change During
Infancy and Childhood? 527
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 528
The Sensorimotor Stage 528
The Preoperational Stage 529
The Concrete Operational Stage 530
The Formal Operational Stage 530
Criticisms of Piaget 531
Alternative Approaches to Cognitive Development
Vygotsky 531
Information Processing 532
Naïve Theories 533
Theory of Mind 533
How Do Social and Emotional
Behaviors Change During Infancy
and Childhood? 534
Temperament 535
Attachment 536
Connecting to Research The Evolution of Attachment
Behavior 536
Parenting Styles 540
Thinking Scientifically Do Parents Make a
Difference? 540
Summary 11.2 544
508
© Argosy Publishing, Inc.
512
What Does It Mean to Be an
Adolescent? 544
Physical Changes in Adolescence 545
Sex and the Adolescent 545
The Adolescent Brain 546
Cognitive and Moral Development in Adolescence 547
Adolescent Cognition 547
Moral Reasoning 548
Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence 549
Identity Formation in Adolescence 549
The Benefits of Ethnic Identity 551
Family Influences 551
What Is It Like to Be a Young Adult? 552
Physical Status 553
Cognition in Young Adulthood: Postformal Thought 553
Relationships in Young Adulthood 554
531 What Happens During Midlife? 554
Physical and Cognitive Aspects of Midlife 556
Experiencing Psychology How Committed Are You? 556
Social Changes in Midlife 558
What Is Late Adulthood Like? 559
Physical Changes in Late Adulthood 559
Cognition in Late Adulthood 560
Psychology as a Hub Science Entertainment and the
Aging Brain 560
Social and Emotional Aspects of Late Adulthood 561
Summary 11.3 564
Interpersonal Relationships From the
Developmental Perspective 565
Chapter Reflections 566
Key Terms: The Language of Psychological Science 567
Media Resources 567
Contents xv
Experiencing Psychology This interactive feature provides ways for stu-
dents to connect the course material to their own lives and interests. Some
hands-on examples are the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in the consciousness
chapter, Coren’s handedness scale in the biological psychology chapter, and
Anderson and Dill’s video game violence and aggression instruments in
the research methods chapter. In other cases, this feature provides longer-
term opportunities for students to apply their learning, such as working to
reduce the frequency of a bad habit.

Thinking Scientifically This interactive feature models critical thinking

skills for students by providing them with opportunities to critique the
progress of science. For example, students are guided through five steps
of critical thinking while evaluating data about the economy and marriage
rates published in the news.

Connecting to Research To emphasize psychology as a science, this fea-

ture explores either a classic or a very contemporary study relevant to the
chapter’s material and comments on its significance to the field. Sections
on the question, methods, results, and conclusions provide a guided intro-
duction for the student to the essentials of the peer-reviewed literature.
From Wertheimer’s classic study of apparent motion to the discovery of
mirror neurons to Quiroga and colleagues’ patient with the “Halle Berry”
cell, students are given insight into what psychological scientists do.

Interpersonal Relationships From a [Chapter Topic] Perspective In keep-

ing with the integrative mission of this textbook, the goal of this feature is
to demonstrate how the information in a particular chapter can be applied
to a single topic—building and maintaining important relationships. This
issue is personally meaningful to college students, especially first-year
students, and it applies across the board—regardless of gender, race, eth-
nicity, sociocultural background, sexual orientation, or level of academic
preparation. The feature has two main purposes: (1) to engage and main-
tain student interest throughout the text and (2) to stitch together into an
integrative, thematic quilt the patchwork of traditional introductory psy-
chology topic areas.

Chapter Reflections We envision our prologue and Chapter Reflections

features as bookends for each chapter. In the prologue, we introduce a way
of thinking about psychology that will be elaborated in the body of the
chapter. In the chapter-ending narrative section of Chapter Reflections, we
tie all the loose ends together. This feature is not a summary of the material
for studying purposes; rather, it is a discussion of how the student can now
see the material differently for having studied the chapter.

preface xxvii
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Title: History for ready reference, Volume 6

Recent history - 1894-5 to 1901 A-Z

Author: J. N. Larned

Release date: October 17, 2023 [eBook #71897]

Language: English

Original publication: Springfield, Mass: C. A. Nichols Co, 1895

Credits: Don Kostuch

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY FOR READY REFERENCE, VOLUME
6 ***
[Transcriber's Notes: These modifications are intended to provide
continuity of the text for ease of searching and reading.

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between subjects.

5. Use of em dashes and other means of space saving are

replaced with spaces and newlines.

6. Subjects are arranged thusly:

---------------------------------
MAIN SUBJECT TITLE IN UPPER CASE
Subheading one.
Subheading two.

Subject text.

See CROSS REFERENCE ONE.

See Also CROSS REFERENCE TWO.

John Smith,
External Citation Title,
Chapter 3, page 89.
---------------------------------

Main titles are at the left margin, in all upper case

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Subheadings (if any) are indented three spaces and

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Text of the article (if any) follows the list of subtitles

(if any) and is preceded with an empty line and indented
three spaces.

References to other articles in this work are in all upper

case (as in the original) and indented six spaces. They
usually begin with "See", "Also" or "Also in".

Citations of works outside this book are indented six spaces

and in italics (as in the original). The bibliography in
Volume 1, APPENDIX F on page xxi provides additional details,
including URLs of available internet versions.
 ----------Subject: Start--------
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indicates the start/end of a group of subheadings or other
large block.

To search for words separated by an unknown number of other

characters, use this Regular Expression to find the words
"first" and "second" separated by between 1 and 100 characters:
"first.{1,100}second"

A list of all words used in this work is found at the end of

this file as an aid for finding words with unusual spellings
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I use these free search tools:

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End Transcriber's Notes.]

----------------------------------
Spine
Map of Asia

HISTORY FOR READY REFERENCE.

FROM THE BEST HISTORIANS, BIOGRAPHERS, AND SPECIALISTS

THEIR OWN WORDS IN A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF HISTORY

FOR ALL USES, EXTENDING TO ALL COUNTRIES AND SUBJECTS,
AND REPRESENTING FOR BOTH READERS AND STUDENTS THE BETTER
AND NEWER LITERATURE OF HISTORY IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY
J. N. LARNED
 WITH NUMEROUS HISTORICAL MAPS FROM ORIGINAL
STUDIES AND DRAWINGS BY

ALAN O. REILEY

REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION

IN SIX VOLUMES

VOLUME VI—RECENT HISTORY

1894-5 TO 1901
A to Z

SPRINGFIELD, MASS.

THE C. A. NICHOLS CO., PUBLISHERS

COPYRIGHT, 1901,
BY J. N. LARNED.

The Riverside Press,

Cambridge, Massachusetts, U. S. A.
Printed by H. O. Houghton & Company.

PREFACE TO THE SIXTH VOLUME.

The six years that have passed since the original five volumes
of this compilation were published, in 1894-5, have been
filled with events so remarkable and changes so revolutionary
in political and social conditions that the work has seemed to
need an extension to cover them. The wish for such an
extension, expressed by many people, led to the preparation of
a new volume, in which all the lines of the historical record
are taken from the points at which they were dropped in the
early volumes, and are carried to the end of the Nineteenth
Century, and beyond it, into the opening months of the present
year.

In plan and arrangement this additional volume is uniform with

the preceding ones; but the material used in it is different
from that dealt with before, and a quite different character
is given consequently to the book. The former compilation
represented closet-studies of History—perspective views of a
past more or less remote from those who depicted it. This one,
on the contrary, exhibits History in the making,—the day by
day evolution of events and changes as they passed under the
hands and before the eyes and were recorded by the pens of the
actual makers and witnesses of them. If there is crudeness in the
story thus constructed, there is life in it, to quite make good
the lack of literary finish; and the volume is expected to
prove as interesting and as useful as its predecessors. It
sets forth, with the fulness which their present-day interest
demands, all the circumstances that led to the
Spanish-American war; the unforeseen sequences of that war, in
the Philippine Islands, in Cuba, in Porto Rico, and in
 American politics; the whole controversy of Great Britain with
the South African Boers and the resulting war; the shameful
dealings of western nations with China, during late years,
which provoked the outbreak of barbaric hostility to
foreigners, and the dreadful experiences of the siege and
relief of Peking; the strange Dreyfus agitations in France;
the threatening race-conflicts in Austria; the change of
sovereign in England; the Peace Conference at The Hague and
its results; the federation of the Australian colonies; the
development of industrial combinations or trusts in the United
States; the archæological discoveries of late years in the
East, and the more notable triumphs of achievement in the
scientific world. On these and other occurrences of the period
surveyed, the record of fact is quoted from sources the most
responsible and authentic now available, and always with the
endeavor to present both sides of controverted matters with
strict impartiality.

For purposes of reference and study, a large number of

important documents—laws, treaties, new constitutions of
government, and other state papers—are given in full, and, in
most instances, from officially printed texts.

BUFFALO, NEW YORK; May, 1901.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

I am indebted to the following named authors, editors, and

publishers, for permission kindly given me to quote from books
and periodicals, all of which are duly referred to in
connection with the passages severally borrowed from them:

The manager of The American Catholic Quarterly Review;

the editor of The American Journal of Archæology;
the editor of The American Monthly Review of Reviews;
General Thomas F. Anderson;
Messrs. D. Appleton & Company;
Messrs. Wm. Blackwood's Sons (Blackwood's Magazine);
Mr. Andrew Carnegie;
Messrs. Chapman & Hall (The Fortnightly Review);
Mr. Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain);
Hon. W. Bourke Cockran;
the editor of The Contemporary Review;
Prof. John Franklin Crowell;
the G. W. Dillingham Company;
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Company;
Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Company;
The Ecumenical Conference on Foreign Missions;
Mr. J. Foreman;
The Forum Publishing Company;
Harper & Brothers (Harper's Magazine);
Mr. Howard C. Hillegas;
Prof. H. V. Hilprecht;
Hon. Frederick W. Holls;
 Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Company (The Atlantic Monthly);
Mr. George Iles;
the editor of The Independent;
Prof. John H. Latané;
Messrs. Longmans, Green & Company (The Edinburgh Review);
Mr. Charles F. Lummis;
Messrs. McClure, Philips & Company (The Popular Science Monthly);
Messrs. MacMillan & Company (London);
The New Amsterdam Book Company;
the editor of The Nineteenth Century Review;
the editor of The North American Review;
the editors of The Outlook;
the managing editor of The Political Science Quarterly;
Mr. Edward Porritt;
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons;
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons;
George M. Sternberg, Surgeon-General, U. S. A.;
The Frederick A. Stokes Company;
the managing editor of The Sunday School Times;
Prof. F. W. Taussig;
Prof. Elihu Thomson;
the manager of The Times, London;
The University Press, Cambridge;
Mr. Herbert Welsh; the editors of The Yale Review.

My acknowledgments are likewise due to the Hon. D. S.

Alexander, Representative in Congress, and to many officials
at Washington, for courteous assistance in procuring
publications of the national government for my use.

LIST OF MAPS.

Map of Asia, Preceding the title page

Map of Africa, Following page 2

Map of Alaska, Following page 8

Map of Australia, Following page 30

Map of Central America,

showing the Isthmian Canal routes, Following page 66

Map of the East Coast of China, Following page 76

Map of Cuba and the West Indies, Following page 170

Map of Hawaii, Following page 254

Map of the Philippine Islands,

and of the seat of war in Luzon, Following page 368
 Map of Porto Rico, Following page 410

Map of the Boer Republics

and their surroundings, Following page 492

Map illustrating the Santiago campaign

in the Spanish-American war, On page 603

LIST OF TABLES.

The descendants of Queen Victoria, Page 215

Protestant foreign missions

and missionary societies, Pages 311-313

Navies of the Sea Powers, Page 318

Philippine Islands, area and population, Pages 367-369

The Shipping of the World in 1900, Page 452

British military forces in South African war, Pages 509-510

Statistics of the Spanish-American War, Pages 628-631

Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), Pages 645-646

Revenues and expenditures of the government

of the United States for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1900, Page 666
Losses from all causes in the armies
of the United States from
May 1, 1898, to May 20, 1900, Pages 666-667

Qualifications of the elective franchise

in the several States of the United States, Pages 676-677

Military and naval expenditures of

the greater Powers, Pages 694-697

Chronological record of events, 1895 to 1901, Pages 702-720

{1}

HISTORY FOR READY REFERENCE.

ABORIGINES, American.
 See (in this volume)
INDIANS, AMERICAN.

ABRUZZI, the Duke of: Arctic expedition.

See (in this volume) POLAR EXPLORATION, 1899-1900, 1901.

ABYDOS, Archæological exploration at.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: EGYPT: RESULTS.

ABYSSINIA: A. D. 1895-1896.
Successful war with the Italians.

See (in this volume) ITALY: A. D. 1895-1896.

ABYSSINIA: A. D. 1897.
Treaty with Great Britain.

A treaty between King Menelek of Abyssinia and the British

Government was concluded in May, 1897. It gives to British
subjects the privileges of the most favored nations in trade;
opens the port of Zeyla to Abyssinian importations; defines
the boundary of the British Somali Protectorate, and pledges
Abyssinia to be hostile to the Mahdists.

ACETYLENE GAS, Production of.

See (in this volume)

SCIENCE, RECENT: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.

ADOWA, Battle of.

See (in this volume) ITALY; A. D. 1895-1896.

AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1893-1895.
Relinquishment of claims over Swat, Bajaur and Chitral.

See (in this volume)

INDIA: A. D. 1895 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1894.
The Waziri War.

See (in this volume) INDIA: A. D. 1894.

AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1895.
Anglo-Russian Agreement.
Determination of the northern frontier.

The joint Anglo-Russian Commission for fixing the northern

frontier of Afghanistan, from Zulfikar on the Heri-Rud to the
Pamirs, finished its work in July, 1895. This was consequent
upon an Agreement between the governments of Great Britain and
Russia which had been reduced to writing on the previous 11th
 of March. In part, that Agreement was as follows:

"Her Britannic Majesty's Government and the Government of His

Majesty the Emperor of Russia engage to abstain from
exercising any political influence or control, the former to
the north, the latter to the south, of the above line of
demarcation. Her Britannic Majesty's Government engage that
the territory lying within the British sphere of influence
between the Hindu Kush and the line running from the east end
of Lake Victoria to the Chinese frontier shall form part of
the territory of the Ameer of Afghanistan, that it shall not
be annexed to Great Britain, and that no military posts or
forts shall be established in it. The execution of this
Agreement is contingent upon the evacuation by the Ameer of
Afghanistan of all the territories now occupied by His
Highness on the right bank of the Panjah, and on the
evacuation by the Ameer of Bokhara of the portion of Darwaz
which lies to the south of the Oxus, in regard to which Her
Britannic Majesty's Government and the Government of His
Majesty the Emperor of Russia have agreed to use their
influence respectively with the two Ameers."

Great Britain, Papers by Command: Treaty Series,

Number 8, 1895.

AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1896.
Conquest of Kafiristan.

By the agreement of 1893, between the Ameer of Afghanistan and

the government of India (see, in this volume, INDIA. A. D.
1895-MARCH-SEPTEMBER), the mountain district of Kafiristan was
conceded to the former, and he presently set to work to
subjugate its warlike people, who had never acknowledged his
yoke. By the end of 1896 the conquest of these Asiatic Kafirs
was believed to be complete.

AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1897-1898.
Wars of the British with frontier tribes.

See (in this volume) INDIA: A. D. 1897-1898.

AFGHANISTAN: A. D. 1900.
Russian railway projects.

See (in this volume) RUSSIA-IN-ASIA: A. D. 1900.

----------AFRICA: Start--------

AFRICA: A. D. 1891-1900
(Portuguese East Africa).
Delagoa Bay Railway Arbitration.

See (in this volume)

DELAGOA BAY ARBITRATION.
AFRICA: A. D. 1893 (Niger Coast Protectorate).
Its growth.

See (in this volume)

NIGERIA: A. D. 1882-1899.

AFRICA: A. D. 1894 (The Transvaal).

The Commandeering question.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA: (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1894.

AFRICA: A. D. 1894 (The Transvaal).

Dissatisfaction of the Boers with the
London Convention of 1884.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1884-1894.

AFRICA: A. D. 1894-1895 (British South Africa Company).

Extension of charter and enlargement of powers.
Influence of Cecil J. Rhodes.
Attitude towards the Transvaal.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA
(BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY): A. D. 1894-1895.

AFRICA: A. D. 1894-1895 (Rhodesia).

Extended territory and enlarged powers of the British
South Africa Company.
Ascendancy of Cecil J. Rhodes.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA
(BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY): A. D. 1894-1895.

AFRICA: A. D. 1894-1898
(British Central Africa Protectorate: Nyassaland).
Administrative separation from British South Africa Company's
territory.
Conflicts with natives.
Resources and prospects.

See (in this volume)

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA PROTECTORATE.

{2}

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Bechuanaland).

Partial conveyance to British South Africa Company.

Several Bechuana chiefs visited England to urge that their

country should not be absorbed by Cape Colony or the British
South Africa Company. An agreement was made with them which
reserved certain territories to each, but yielded the
 remainder to the administration of the British South Africa
Company.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (British East Africa).

Transfer of territory to the British Government.

The territories previously administered by the Imperial

British East Africa Company (excepting the Uganda
Protectorate, which had been transferred in 1894) were finally
transferred to the British Government on the 1st of July. At
the same time, the dominion of the Sultan of Zanzibar on the
mainland came under the administrative control of the British
consul-general at Zanzibar.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Cape Colony).

Annexation of British Bechuanaland.

Proceedings for the annexation of British Bechuanaland to Cape

Colony were adopted by the Cape Parliament in August.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (French West Africa).

Appointment of a Governor-General.

In June, M. Chaudie was appointed Governor-General of French

West Africa, his jurisdiction extending over Senegal, the
Sudan possessions of France, French Guinea, Dahomey, and other
French possessions in the Gulf of Benin.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Orange Free State).

Proposed federal union of the Free State with the Transvaal.

A resolution making overtures for a federal union with the

Transvaal was passed by the Volksraad of the Orange Free State
in June.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Sierra Leone).

Establishment of a British Protectorate over the
Hinterland of Sierra Leone.
Anglo-French boundary agreement.

See (in this volume)

SIERRA LEONE PROTECTORATE.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Transvaal).

Action in Swaziland.

By a proclamation in February, the Transvaal Government

assumed the administration of Swaziland and installed King
Buna as paramount chief.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (The Transvaal).

Closing of the Vaal River Drifts.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1895 (SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER).
AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (The Transvaal).
Discontent of the Uitlanders.
The Franchise question.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1895 (NOVEMBER).

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (The Transvaal).

Opening of Delagoa Bay Railway.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1895 (JULY).

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (Zululand).

Extension of Boundary.

A strip of territory west of Amatongaland, along the Pondoland

River to the Maputa was formally added to Zululand in May, the
South African Republic protesting.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (Portuguese East Africa).

War with Gungunhana.

The Portuguese were involved in war with Gungunhana, king of

Gazaland, which lasted from September, 1895, until the
following spring, when Gungunhana was captured and carried a
prisoner, with his wives and son, to Lisbon.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (The Transvaal).

Revolutionary conspiracy of Uitlanders at Johannesburg.
The Jameson raid.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1895-1896.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1897 (British East Africa Protectorate).

Creation of the Protectorate.
Territories included.
Subjugation of Arab chiefs.
Report of commissioner.

See (in this volume)

BRITISH EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE:
A. D. 1895-1897.

AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (Ashanti).

British conquest and occupation.

See (in this volume)

ASHANTI.

AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (British South Africa Company).

 Resignation of Mr. Rhodes.
Parliamentary movement to investigate.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA COMPANY):
A. D. 1896 (JUNE); and (JULY).

AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (Cape Colony).

Investigation of the Jameson raid.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE COLONY): A. D. 1896 (JULY).

AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (Rhodesia).

Matabele revolt.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (RHODESIA):
A. D. 1896 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

AFRICA: A. D. 1896 (Zanzibar).

Suppression of an usurper by the British.

On the sudden death (supposed to be from poison) of the Sultan

of Zanzibar, August 25, his cousin, Said Khalid, seized the
palace and proclaimed himself sultan. Zanzibar being an
acknowledged protectorate of Great Britain, the usurper was
summoned by the British consul to surrender. He refused, and
the palace was bombarded by war vessels in the harbor, with
such effect that the palace was speedily destroyed and about
500 of its inmates killed. Khalid fled to the German consul,
who protected him and had him conveyed to German territory. A
new sultan, Said Hamud-bin-Mahomed was at once proclaimed.

AFRICA: A. D. 1896-1899 (The Transvaal).

Controversies with the British Government.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1896 (JANUARY-APRIL), to 1899 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER).

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Congo Free State).

Mutiny of troops.

The Congo troops of an expedition led by Baron Dhanis mutinied

and murdered a number of Belgian officers. Subsequently they
were attacked in the neighborhood of Lake Albert Edward Nyanza
and mostly destroyed.

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Dahomey and Tongoland).

Definition of boundary.

By a convention concluded in July between Germany and France,

the boundary between German possessions in Tongoland and those
of France in Dahomey and the Sudan was defined.
AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Nigeria).
Massacre at Benin.
British expedition.
Capture of the town.

See (in this volume)

NIGERIA: A. D. 1897.

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Nigeria).

Subjugation of Fulah slave-raiders.

In January and February, the forces of the Royal Niger Company

successfully invaded the strong Fulah states of Nupé and
Ilorin, from which slave raiding in the territory under
British protection was carried on. Bida, the Nupé capital, was
entered on the 27th of January, after a battle in which 800
Hausa troops, led by European officers, and using heavy
artillery, drove from the field an army of cavalry and foot
estimated at 30,000 in number. The Emir of Nupé was deposed,
another set up in his place, and a treaty signed which
established British rule. The Emir of Ilorin submitted after
his town had been bombarded, and bowed himself to British
authority in his government. At the same time, a treaty
settled the Lagos frontier. Later in the year, the stronghold
at Kiffi of another slave-raider, Arku, was stormed and
burned.
Map of Africa

{3}

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Orange Free State and Transvaal).

Treaty defensive between the two republics.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (ORANGE FREE STATE AND TRANSVAAL):
A. D. 1897 (APRIL).

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (Sudan).

Beginning of the Anglo-Egyptian conquest.

See (in this volume)

EGYPT: A. D. 1885-1896.