MAGNETISM & MATTER (CH-05)

(CH

PROPERTIES OF A MAGNET:

(i) A magnet shows attractive properties as it attracts certain materials like Ni, Fe etc. Such materials are
called magnetic materials.
(ii) A magnet shows directive property. A freely suspended bar magnet always rests in geographical
geogra North-
South direction.
(iii) A magnet has two poles named as North Pole & South Pole respectively.
(iv) Like poles repel each other & unlike poles attract each other.
(v) In a magnet, monopole (single pole) does not exist. It means we cannot not isolate the two poles of a magnet.
Thus a magnet is always a dipole.
(vi) In a barr magnet, the magnetic field is directed outwards at north pole & inwards at south pole.
(vii) Magnets found in nature are called natural magnet & those prepared in labs by electricity are called
electromagnet.

MAGNETIC FIELD LINES:

(i) about the strength & direction of magnetic field at any point
These are the continuous curves which tell about
near a magnet.
(ii) The tangent drawn at any point on these field lines show the direction of magnetic field at that point.
(iii) These are closed curves unlike electric field lines. They are directed from N N-pole to S-pole outside the
magnet & S-pole to N-pole
pole inside the magnet
magnet.
(iv) Magnetic field lines are always normal to the surface of the
magnet.
(v) Two magnetic field lines do not intersect
inte each other. If they
do so, there will be two directions of magnetic field at that
point, which is impossible.
(vi) In uniform magnetic field, they are parallel & equidistant.

(QUALITATIVE):
EQUIVALENCE OF BAR MAGNET & CURRENT CARRYING SOLENOID (QUALITATIVE)

Similarities:

(i) re similar.
Both show similar magnetic field. The magnetic field lines due to both are
(ii) Both rests in N-S
S direction when suspended freely.
(iii) an be considered to be equivalent to a small bar magnet.
Each turn of the current carrying solenoid can
Differences:

(i) The magnetic field of a given bar magnet is fixed & cannot be altered as per the wish but in case of
solenoid, by changing the current, or the core material, the magnetic field can be altered.
(ii) The poles of a bar magnet are fixed while that of a solenoid can be changed by changing the direction of
current in it.
(iii) The magnetic field outside the bar magnet is considerable while outside the long solenoid, it is negligible.

MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO A MAGNETIC DIPOLE (BAR MAGNET):

(i) Along the axis of magnetic dipole:

(ii) At the equatorial point of magnetic dipole:

TORQUE ON A MAGNETC DIPOLE IN UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD:

When a magnetic dipole is placed in uniform magnetic field, a torque acts on it in the same manner as in case of
electric dipole placed in uniform electric field. This torque tends to align the dipole in the direction of the external
magnetic field.

POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A MAGNETIC DIPOLE IN MAGNETIC FIELD:

ELECTROSTATIC ANALOGS IN MAGNETISM:

CIRCULAR CURRENT LOOP AS MAGNETIC DIPOLE:

Magnetic field on the axis of the circular current loop is given by,

Which is similar to the expression of magnetic field on the axis of the bar magnet (magnetic dipole). Thus a current
loop is equivalent to a magnetic dipole.

GAUSS’S LAW IN MAGNETISM: It states that the total magnetic flux passing through a closed surface is zero.

Difference between Gauss’s law in Electrostatics & Magnetism: In electrostatics, Gauss’s law is given by

Which proves the existence of an isolated charge but in magnetism, it is given by

Which signifies that in magnetism, isolated pole does not exist. Hence a magnet is always a dipole.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL:

(i) Magnetisation: It is defined as ‘magnetic moment developed per unit volume’.

If the magnetic field in the free space is Bo , then the magnetic field developed in the magnetic material of
magnetization M is

Then the total magnetic field in that region = (magnetic field in free space + magnetic field in material)

(ii) Magnetic Intensity: It is the external factor responsible to contribute to the total magnetic field in any
region. It is given by,

As magnetic intensity(H) affects the total magnetic field, it will influence magnetization(M) of the material
too, which is found to be,
 (iii) Relation b/w magnetic permeability & magnetic susceptibility:

Magnetic permeability describes the ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field inside
itself whereas susceptibility describes whether a material is attracted to a magnetic field or is repelled from it.

CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS :

Origin of Diamagnetism: 1) Atoms of such materials contain paired electrons in the orbits.
2) Due to motion of electrons in the orbit, current is generated that causes the magnetic moment due to each electron.
3) As the paired electrons move in opposite sense, the net magnetic moment becomes zero in the absence of external
magnetic field.
4) When ext. magnetic field is applied, the electrons with magnetic moment in same direction slow down & those
with magnetic moment in opposite direction speed up.
5) Due to this, the atom & hence the material gets the tendency to get repelled from the applied magnetic field. Thus
the diamagnetic materials tend to move from stronger to weaker field & allow minimum magnetic field lines to pass
through themselves.

Origin of Paramagnetism: 1) Atoms / ions / molecules of such materials contain unpaired electrons.
2) Due to the motion of electrons, current & hence magnetic moment is generated in each atom.
3) So each atom contains permanent magnetic moment but due to random thermal motion, the net magnetic moment
becomes zero in the absence of ext. magnetic field.
4) When strong ext. magnetic field is applied at low temperature, most of the atomic dipoles tend to align along the
applied magnetic field & hence the net non zero magnetic moment appears in the same direction. Thus the
paramagnetic materials tend to bet attracted in the ext. magnetic field & move from weaker to stronger magnetic
field. They allow more magnetic field lines to pass through themselves as compared to diamagnetic materials.

5) On increasing the temperature, the randomness of atomic dipoles increases & hence the magnetization decreases.
Origin of Ferromagnetism: 1) Atoms in such materials have permanent magnetic moment as in paramagnetic
materials but in ferromagnetic materials, such atomic dipoles interact with each other & align in common direction in
small regions (~ 1mm) called domains.

2) Macroscopically, many such domains remain there with each domain has some non zero magnetic moment but as
all the domains are randomly oriented, net magnetic moment of material is zero in the absence of ext. magnetic field.

3) When ext. magnetic field is applied, the domains align themselves along the applied field & those domains with
same direction as ext. field increase in size causing the strong magnetization in the material & hence the material
gets strongly attracted towards the applied magnetic field.
4) In such materials, magnetic field lines are highly concentrated they tend strongly to move from weaker to stronger
magnetic field.

5) Hard Ferromagnets: In such, magnetization persists even when the external magnetic field is removed. They are
used to make permanent magnets. Eg.: Alnico ( alloy of Fe, Al, Ni, Co, & Cu)

Soft Ferromagnets: In such, magnetization disappears on removing the external magnetic field. They are used to
make temporary electromagnets. Eg.: Soft iron.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PARAMAGNETISM (CURIE’S LAW):

It states that the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON FERROMAGNETISM (CURIE WEISS’ LAW / MODIFIED CURIE’S

LAW): It states that the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnets varies as

Note: Diamagnetism does not depend on temperature. Diamagnetism is present in all materials but its strength is very
low in paramagnetic & ferromagnetic materials.