History Notes <Final

Fan
e
 What is History ? Introduction to History
History is
1 The
.

past and true events of humans.

2 A written record ofthe
.
past
3
. A study of historical records

Features of history
1. History be different
1 can
types, such as :
-

Personal history
-
Local History
-
World History
2
.
Change and Continuity
They are two important concepts in History
.

Continuity
Describes a phenomenon that has continued for a long time.
-

Change
Means there is a break with the past.

3
. Similarities and differences
To help us avoid over-generalisation about people in the past, to recognise and
anlyse the diversity of past experience.

Why do we study history?

-

Promote the sense of belonging to our society

-
Tells us about the development of our community our country and the
,
world
-
We can learn from past mistakes
 How do we study history ?
. How
1 to
express time ?
"AD and BC" :
The Christan calendar is the most common method of counting years.It starts
.The period before his birth is called B((Before
with the birth of Jesus Christ
christ) and that after his birth is called 6 AD (Anno Domini).

Note:
In B C time the number,the earlier the time is.
greater the
-

,
.

In AD time, the the number the later the time is.

greater
-

b) Decades (10 years) and centuries <100 years) are also used to count time.

) Historians divide the past into Prehistoric times the period before
,
people invented writing and Historic times, which refers to the period after
the invention of writing.

6) Historic times be further divided into :

can
Ancient times (about 3500 Bc to AD476)
Middle Ages
/ Medieval times CAD 476-1453)
Modern times(AD 1453 -

present
 River Civilisation : Ancient Egypt

What is civilisation?

The word civilisation" comes from the Latin word civilis, which means a citizen
or a person who lives in a city or town
generally defined as an advanced
. It is

state of human society

containing highly developed forms of government, culture,
industry, and common social norms , but what are the features of civilisation?
.
1
Writing
C Use of metal
.

3 Towns
.

4
, Trade
5 Government
,

6
.
Religion
Why did early civilisation start near the river?
Between 4000 BC-3000 BC people developed
, began to settle in river valleys and
their own civilisation .

The advantages of
living in river valleys?
Provides water for drinking
,cooking
and washing
-

People could travel to other places by boat and trade with the people there
People could hunt and fish at the river.
-

The land on the river banks was fertile It was

good for farming.
-

The four ancient civilisation

-
The Nile river (Egyptians)
-

The Fertile Crescent (Sumerians)

-

The Indus Valley (Indians)

The Huanghe Valley <Chinese
-

Geography of Egypt
Egypt is in the north-east of Africa in the
,
Sahara Desert, so it is a hot dry
and
place , 90% of it is covered by the Sahara Desert.
 The river hile
It is the
longest river in the world
-

It flows north to the Mediterranean

Sea
.
-

Early Egyptians lived on both sides of the river which is called the Nile Valley.
Farming in the Nile Valley
every year in the past, it left behind
The river flooded dark mud on
a layer of
-

its banks.This mud was fertile and farmers could

, grow good crops there
.
-

The soil has been so fertile that ancient Egyptians farmed for two
to three harvest a
year.
Summary :

-
The river provided the early Egyptians with food,water, fertile black mub for

farming .The river

and the Sahara desert
gave protection to early Egyptians from
foreign attacks .

Government and governance of ancient Egypt

. Egypt was first divided into two
1
kingdoms
: lower Egypt and Upper Egypt In .

3150BC,King Menes of Upper Egypt congured Lower Egypt Egypt became a .

unified country .

Egyptian kings were called the pharaoh. Pharaoh means Great house, Egyptians
2 .

believed thattheir king was a god from heaven,therefore he was the most powerful
,
person in Egypt .

3 .
Egyptian society
·
Class A
-

The Pharaoh was at the top.

-

Laws were passed inthe name of him

.

·
Class B
-

They were the people who knew how to write

-

They were nobles officials and priests

,
or scribes.
-

They helped the pharaoh rule the country.

-

scribes kept records for the government .

·
Class (
They were the common people.
-

They were craEts men and farmers

-

craftsmen had to help the pharaoh carry out building projects.

-

Farmers worked in the farmland and they had to give part of their crops to the

Pharaoh .

· Class D

They were the slaves

-

They were criminals, prisoners of war and people who failed to pay taxes.
-

Religion in ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptians believed in many religion. Each place was protected by
its own patron god People build many temples and
gave offerings to their gobs
.
.

Worship ceremonies were held after harvest and during festivals.

. Afterlife and Mummification
1

a) Ancient Egyptiansbelieved in life death . They therefore try to keep the

after
dead bodies in good condition A method of preservation called mummification was
.

,
developed by the ancient Egyptians. Mummification was a complicated and lengthy
process which lasted up to 70 days.
steps of mummification

1 . Wash the body

↓
2 Take out the brain , organs intestines them in jus
.
and and store

3 Put medicine into the

.
body so to make it
dry
4
. Wrap the body with long pieces of cloth

s
, put the body into a coffin

Architecture in ancient Egypt

-
They built several major cities like Memphis and Thebes to meet political and

religious needs .

Use equipment principles of mathmatics and mechanics ,the ancient

and

Egyptians built different great buildings by linestones and mudbricks,as wood

was rare in the Nile Valley so
, examples are the pyramids and the great sphinx of
Giza
...

.
1

Pyramid
It is the tomb of pharaoh,build with large blocks of stone 70 Pyramids still
a >
-

stan- Great Pyramid is the largest 140 meters Seven wonders ofthe Ancient world
> >
- >
-

Steps :
. Carve
1
blocks from large stone

2 .
Measure the blocks and cuts them to the right size

3 . Bring the stone blocks down the River Nile on boats

. The
2 Great Sphinx of Giza
Near the Great Pyramid-carved from one piece of rock > they
-

are mythical creatures with the body of a lion and the face of a pharaoh.
3 .
Temples in ancient Egypt
Most important buildings in the city > place where gods lived > priests
- -

carry got's statues outside for everybody to see every year.

 Writing in ancient Egypt
. In 3500B-invented
1
hieroglyphs >
-
few people croyal members, nobles , officials
and scribes) knew how to .
use it

2
.
·
Pay Y rus
>

Paper" comes from "papyrus' > Latin word-writing

-

material > made from

-

Egyptians .

Science and technology in ancient Egypt

1 . Mathematics
a .
Invented numeral system, decimal system
.

b knew how calculate

.
to areas of squares, circles and triangles, and made
fractions .

c . Used cubits and palms to measure length.

2 .
Chemistry and medicine

a)
Metallurgy : Mastered refining and metalworking skills

b) Brewery : Fermentation knowledge and knew how to make wine and beer

Medicine : Performed operations and used herbal medicine to cure disease

and relieve pain

3 .
Astronomy , calendar and counting time.

a) Made a calendar system by observing star movements and flooding cycle

of the Nile-> 365 days in the Egyptian's calendar.
b) Invented sundials and water dock to count time.

4 .
Transport
Egyptians used needs to make boats > merchants sailed in large ships to
-
trade
with
people around the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
.
 Ancient Greek Civilisation
Greek civilisation market the beginning of European civilisation > -

people in Europe learnt from the early civilisation centers which were located in Asia
and Africa- the Greco-Roman civilisation developed along the Mediterranean Coast.
Also known as the classical civilisation.

Introduction to the Greek civilisation

1 GeographicalLocation
.

Covered the
present day:
·

Greek Peninsula
-

Macedonia
-
Asia Minor

·
Formed by different city-states :
-

Marathon
-

Athens
-

Sparta
-

Olympia
The relief of Greece is
·

hilly > no major rivers

-

-
Made transportation > trade difficult between different regions
- >
-

let to the development of maritime trade

made farming difficult - not

enough flat land
-

Transportation and difficult between different regions > retained form

-
-
own

of government and culture.

2 .
Climate of Greek Civilisation
a
Climate
summer-> very dry and hot Allow limited
-

farming
-
Winter-
> cold and wet only grow crops > not-
need much water
 ·
How to tackle the issue
. Begin to trade with other countries for food.
1

c
. Yet up colonies in the Asia Minor -> get more farmland

Development of the Greek Civilisation

·
The Minoan civilisation start?
↓
-

On the Island of Crete

↓
·
Why did civilisation start there ?
↓
-
southern most island of Greece -
> close to Egypt and Middle East
↓
Tra
with those places > d
learn their culturesi n g - .

3000BC-Minoan civilisation started on the island of Crete-absorbed the

1450 BC cultures of Egypt and Mesopotamia
.

1450Bc >
-

Mycenaeans conquered Crete in 1450B >

-
learnt from Minoan civilisation > developed their
-

1100BC own .

1100BC-
> Mycenaean civilisation declined > greek peninsula
-
entered the Dark Ages > Dorians
-

8th century BC from the north- > invaded Greek Peninsula

Boo BC Greeks built city-states >invented writing

-
sth-4th Rapid development of the city-states > Greek entered Golden age > Macedonian
- -

centuries BC king Alexandar the Great build a large empire > Asia Minor,Greece and Persia
-

3(entury Greek civilisation influenced the Mediterranean region>Rome invaded

-

BC Greece

=
BCGRomans occupied peninsula Greek > the
-
civilisation declined

City-states in ancient Greece

.
1
Features in city-state .

IPaintendent
a religion
Feature 2 There is only one city in the city-state

Feature3 It had its own

government and way of life

came language and

.
2 Social system in city-states
-

800B2-1600B2 >hundreds of city-states > various kinds of people

-

living there > abult menborn in city-state citizen of that state > woman, children
-
-> -

not
rights of citizen .

citizens > political rights foreigners lower status in society > cannot participate
-
-
>
- -

political activities
-- I
eneinnott
en

can sold-work for masters

3 Governments

I
.
in ancient Greece

I
System

-
Ruling
the Houseotfhe people
and Hundreds

cheintnorich
he affairs
.

to the government
citizens affirs
City-state Athens Sparta
following this

system

-
Practiced Oligarchy

vote for bills nobles

-

Spartans join the Assembly to

could
could vote according to their own vote on bills but it only had limited
,
Will powers .

Council of Five Hundred was

-

kings and five overseers,they

There were two
elected to draft the bill Were elected by the citizens to supervise
the king
.
--
-

n
Government

-
·
-

-
officials were chosen among
The
the citizens by lots.They had
to report on their work to the
citizens

citizens
-

The jurors

sort L

learn reading

-
oble liked
Pel

Legacy
1. The
1

·
were

by lots

and writing

to talk

of Ancient Greece

Olympic Games
Why were they held ?
Religious event to honour zeus
When and where were the first
776B2 at Olympia
The Council of Elders consisted of 28 elders

chosen among the

to ensure fair trials.

games ?
and
-

selected from nobles aget over 60.

-
Farming and keeping

people hated learning

Only a few
animals were the
main activities and were done by slaves

could read and write

· How often were they held ?

-

Every four years

Who took part ?
·

-
Men only
·
What prizes would the winners get ?
-
Crown of Olive leaves

·
When and why did they end ?
-
A393 , Theodosius I -> Christan> banned the
-

games
·
When and where did the modern ones start ?
AD 1896 Athens
-

Why are they regarded as a

symbol of
peace and friendship ?
When the help-> city-states stop fighting
games are wars .
-

2
. Architecture
-
Great builders

. Temples
1

Stone columns and

carving
-

2 .
Theater
-

Open areas > frama performance> to honour gots

-
-

3
, Sculptures
-

used marble and bronze

Emphasized > ideal

-

proportion of the human body

> life-like
personality
-

>
-
body movement

4 .
Religion
-

Gots and goddesses > like humans > have feelings

- -

-lived at the top of Mount Olympus

 Chief
gobizens
-

Each city-state has own got

-

Build temples >held festivals > did plays > show respect
- -
->

Olympic games >

-
honour zeus

Development
.

5 Cultural
a) Dramas
To honour
gots
-

-
Two main types
↓
play male
comedy >
>
-
were mask >show
-

expressions
or female roles

② tragedy

b) Alphabets and
Language
-

Made up of 24 letters

c) Philosophers and writers

Good at thinking >
great thinkers writers , poets :
-
-

exploring truth by asking

. Socrates :
and answering questions> stimulate
-
1

critical thinking,draw out ideas

2 . Plato : Concept of society ruled by wise virtuous man-started schools >

ideal -

teach students >wrote books on governing people

-

3. Aristotle : Books on politics , philosophy , education , science > laid

-
foundation of logic->
teacher of Alexanbar the Great
, Herodotus : Wrote
4
history of Persian Wars-
> called Father of History

S Homer : Most famous

.
poet in Greece-two poems on the Trojan War

6 Aesop : Wrote tables

.

6 Democracy
.

comes from two Greek works > -

meaning ruled by the people"

-

Athens chose their leaders

7
, Law
6th > Athens > legal reforms
century B2- protest civil rights
-
-

-
People in Athens >tried by
-
a public court > Jurors chosen from
-
different
classes -> ensure fairness

. Mathematics and
8 Science

1. Pythagoras : The pythagoras Theorem

2 .
Endid : Wrote book on geometry Elements"
2 . Archimedes : Found way to measure circumference of circle -> discovered
·
Archimedes' principles

. Most famous doctor in ancient Greece-wrote code of

4
Hippocrates :

conduct for doctors > studied causes of illnesses- cured many people
-

S
.

Greeks:Drew maps and found their way at sea

by watchingone
 Ancient Roman Civilisation
Development of the Roman Civilisation

.
1
Origin ofcivilisation
2000 B 1000 BC-
>tribe Latin settled in
Itly - build villages along river
- -

Tiber > United >Form Rome > expanded northwards southwards Italy·
- - -

Roman Kingdom Roman Republic Roman Empire

(753BC to SO9BC) (509BC to 27 BC) (2) B(toAD 476)

.
2 Republic in ancient Roman
-

Roman Kingdom-
> in
753BC > Rome was a country > ruled by a king> Etruscans
- - - >
-

from North- brough ancient Greek civil > taught them > dig channels> build
-
- -

rches

-
509B(-> Romans >forced Etruscan king to leave > replace with Roman
- -
Republic
Under Republican system > leaders > chosen by elections > x hereditary kingship
-
- - - ->

different > earlier kingdom, Roman Empire

-

3. Politics of Early Roman Republic

Legislative body : Senate
↓
Formed by 300 nobles > Responsible for
-

making laws
>
Nominated Change in legislative body in Roman
Executive body every Republic
Thief Excutives :
year
1 .
↓
Early Roman Republic > nobles > only
- -
Consuls
two consuls L and Senators

-
3 .
Assembly> later
-
added > elected
-

by "
C After commoner
fought > participation >
-
-

commoners > participating > making laws

-
- elect two tribunes-
> join Senate
4.
Dictatorship of Julius Caesar in the late Roman
Julius Caesar > famous military dictators > 59BC-> elected
Republic
Consul > rule Rome
-

- -
-

↓
leadership Julius Caesar > Rome powerful > lives improved
-

-
more -

↓
-
Defeated general Pompey > senators against him > made Dictator for life 44 BC
- -

↓
-

same year > assassinated by

-
senators > adopted son
-
Octavian > general Antony
-
ruled
Rome

5 .
Republic Monarchy
-

3/B2 civil war broke out Antony defeated > Octavian-

>
-
> sole ruler
-

↓
27 B(- Augustus
> Senate offered Octavian > title
Augustus > 66 supreme ruler called
-

- - >
-

Caesary memory
↓
End to Roman - Augustus
Rep > beginning Roman Empire> ruled 40 years > Empire >
-
- - -

strong powerful
,

Empire > followed > imperial system> Emperor x elected > held executive , indicial
- -
-
-

power->nobles x Power

6. Expansion into world power

-

3rd century BC- Roman invaded other regions >270BC-

- >
conquered whole Italian Peninsula
↓
-

After invation of Carthage in Punic Wars (2461C-146BC) > Conqured most

-

regions around
Mediterranean- claimed it as Inland sea - won lot of treasures- conquests > enhancing
-

economic power

7
. Development of the Roman Empire
-
First tow centuries Roman Empire (27BC-AD 180) > called Pax Romana (Roman
-

Peace" >-

golden age
-
AD3as-> Empire divided to Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman
>
-
Empire
-

Prolonged wars
>
>
-
decline of classical civilisation AD476-Germanic people
overthrew West Roman

Legacy of Ancient Rome

Romans- good learners > borrowed many ideas from Greeks > in proved them> important
-
> - - -

achievements in areas > politics, law , architecture > left many treasure > continues
-
-
-

influence modern lives

.
1
Language and numbers
Romans spoke , wrote Latin -> used letters > used all
greek alphabet > changed some
-
- -

over the Empire- > used

by Catholic Church
-

Medieval times educated people in Europe -> read and wrote it > basis of modern
-

European
,
language
-

Developed own numbers -> still use today

2 . Governance and Law

Romans took Greek idea - democracy > developed government > with upper,lower
-
-
-

house

Romans build large empire > ruled with laws > laws fair,just
- -
>
-

everyone equal before it-

nobles , commoners obeyed same laws

-
laws protected people right to properties - land kept to poor farmers > citizens -

outside Rome > if not tried fairly > appeal to Rome.

- -
3 . Calendar
-

When Julius ruled Rome> asked Greek mathematician > improve Roman calendar > the new
- -

one had 365 days in a

year every 4 year > extra day-called Julian Calendar>improved
-> - -

become modern calendar.

. Architecture
4

Romans build temples, palaces , theatres , circuses and forums > took ideas greek -> support
-

building >tall columns > invented own method > build large arches ,domes > Columns,arches,
- -
-
-

Comes > typical style of Roman architecture

-
 Life in Medieval Times
What was the Medieval Time?

Early Medieval Times CAD 476-800) (Also called the Dark Ages

Late Medieval Times CAD 800-1492)

1 .
Europe in Medieval Times
-

Many small kingdoms in Medieval times

-
Wars broke out as kingdoms > compet for land
-
and other resources

2 . Features of Medieval Times

-
Fall of Western Roman Empire > foreign tribes > not
- -
as civilized

Wars broke out often -> most ancient Greco-Roman Civilisation was destroyed - called
Dark Ages

Feudalism in Medieval Times

1 .
Meaning of feudalism
-
AD8th century > development - new political and economic system > feudalism
- -

-
Small kingdoms in Europe- the kings were not powerful enough-rule whole kingdom
by themselves ->needed nobles> help rule
-

2. Features of feudalism
-

Medieval European political , economic system

-

where lord->land , protection to vassals > return> gave taxes, he

- -

loyal > fought for them

-

-
Land vassal receive - called flet-can be small village ,manor , large region
-
Eldest son inherited the fief when vassal dies

-
Church given land

-
Noble could be both Lord and vassal

-
Manorial system used to manage one's land

-Manor produced
food their economy > self-sufficient- tree
and daily goods - -

local nobles > rich , strong power > king > ruler in
- - -
name

3. How did feudalism work

·
The King
only limited by gob -right the land , receive taxes,
-
All powerful > power
- :
own all

protected by nobles and knights

·
The nobles
-

Obey and serve the king -> rights : receive land from king protected by knights, live
,
in castles

·
Knight
-

Fight for their lords - rights : receive land from king or a higher rank

a
Peasants/serfs
X Freedom-give
crops > lords taxes
-
>
-
provide services >right: receive land from the
-

lord
 Making of Christendom

, Birth of
1
Christianity
-

Began in Palestine in AD1t century > started by-

Jesus Christ

Believe in one Got-bible > holy book

-

Believe in redemption through God

Christian ->love another > forgive enemies

-

one -

2. Development of Christianity in the Roman Empire

-
St Paul spread it > Empire from AD45
.
-

Early Christians > persecuted > not worship Roman gots

-
- -

AD 313 > Emperor Constantine stopped killed Christian-> became Christian

-

-
-

AD380 > Theodosius Official religion Empire

-
-
I>-
in

3 Great Schism
.

> Christian Church also

After split Roman Empire- split-Eastern Church in
-

Constantinople> Western
-
Church in Rome >
-
AD 395

Church Orthodox Church Roman Catholic Church in AD1054

officially split-> Eastern
-

,
Called Great Schism

4 Formation of Christendom
.

Spite of Great Schism- Christianity gradually > #I religion -

of feudal kingdoms
-
9th Century > Charlemgne-> build large empire > people follow Christianity
- -
Spread Christianity > Christendom emerged > influence of
of Roman (tholic
-
- -

Church continuously

Power and influence of the Church

Medieval Church position of life > Pope leader
among Europeans > influenced aspects
-

-
-

Church- God's representative

·
Political Power
Kings crowned by Pope-gain support of Christians > Pope hishops > advisors to king
-
-
-

Pope > power>- settle disputes > mediate wars > maintain political stability
-
- - -

·
Economic power
-

church- > owned lots

> wealthy- of farmland > collected taxes from people
-

·
Legal power
-

Church made Canon Laws > set courts in different places

-

Carried campaigns > stop nobles exploiting help maintain

-

-
>
-
commoners > -

Law , order

Social
·
Services
-
Provide many social services > O looking after elderly, children > O treating patients >
-
- -

③building roads bridges

,

·
Education
-
Church-
> set schools >taught Latin > religion-related knowledge > rhetoric >
up
- - -
-

meaning of the bible > mathematics > calculation of religious festivals

-
-

·
Cultural Inheritance
-

monks copies ancient texts and classics in Monasteries > preserved classical
-
 civilisation late times -> developed modern European civilisation

Social Development inthe medieval times

1 Rise of towns
.

-
late medieval times > craftsmen merchances >live outside
-
>towns> owned
manors- -
by
,
-

fedual lords >townspeople needed to

pay taxes
-

-
Social status >townspeople decided
-
by wealth x
,
birth

Merchants paid > charter > got

-
-
autonomy > electing Consul , setting courts
-

Europeans live in towns > enjoy

-
more freedom

2
. Contractual spirit and constitution
-
contracteal spirit->
spirit norm > both lords , vassals valued > feudal -

rights Juties
,
> contractual
-

relationship
- 1215- English nobles forced kings to sign Magna Cartax
king recognise rights of people > people obey him-

. Rise of universities
3
~
strictly controlled by the Church-mainly taught religious
knowleAge
-

Townspeople wanted to learn other knowledge , study >

-
newly-build schools

Medicine, law , philosophy were taught

-

Degree > practised

system , wearing academic gown- now
days
 Decline of feudalism
1 . Serfs became free
~
late medieval times > serfs start sell crops in towns >exchange money
- -

-
serfs used money > saved >
- -

buy freedome
2.
Black Death
-
AD 14th century plague -broke out > killed
-

many people
,

-
Not enough peasants >work on fields > manorial system weakened
- -

3
. Decline of Church influence
-
kte medieval times > control -
over education- broken up by
universities

-
Got new knowledge from advanced Arab civilisation> different->weakened
-

influences on
people's mind

lost power after failure of Crusades

4 . Rise of the middle class

-

Some townspeople> very rich-formed

-
new middle class

-
Paid large amount of money > might -
become autonomous
S
,
Strong Kings
kings grew stronger took land and
power from nobles
~
>
-

Refused to pay taxes to Church

Openly disobeyed the

pope
 Islamic Civilisation
Origin of Islam
1 .
ProphetMuhammad and Start of Islam
-
Islam started > An >th century > Arabian
-
-

peninsula
-
Muhammad ->founder of Islam >
-
AD 610 >
-

Angel Gabriel told him

Allah - one and only got

Mahammas started preach Islam in Mecca > regarded >Allah's

messenger,
- - -

prophet by the followers

C. The
Hegira
-

People in Mexca-worship many gods

-

Islam believed in one god-not welcomed by > local religious leader, merchants
-

>
-

profited from pilgrims -> joined forces >against Muhamma

-

AD 622 Muhammad followers > Hegira(Migration

migrated to Medina > know
-

as
-
-

,
of Muhammad >first year Islamic calendar
-

2 . Mecca becoming
holy city
-
A 630, Huhammad returned > controlled Mexco
-

Removed all ibol from Kabha > Mecca > Pilgrimage Centre- holy
-
-

city of Islam

Teachings of Islam
1 .
Meaning : Submitting to Allah
.
2 Holy book :the Koran
-
Contains words of Allah to Muhammed through Angel Gabriel

Written in Arabic-only read in Arabic- religious rituals

-

>

wash hands before reading holy book

3 . Placeof Worship : mosque
-
Minaret> call made to prayers five times each day
-
Qibla Wall-direction of Mexca- pray in the direction

4
.
Symbol of Islam : The cresent Moon
-
symbolises birth of new era-by Islam
S Followers : Muslims
.

Oney teachings of Allan and Muhammad >

-
follow six articles of Faith

·
Belief in Allah : Allah as one and only got
·
Belief in angels : Allah's servants > invisible
-

·
Belief in Day of Judgement : People will go to heaven or hell
·
Relief in Holy Book : Koran -> last perfect book given
,
by Allan-
follow Goctrines in Book strictly

·
Belief in predestination : Wordly affairs - arranges by Allah
-

Practise Five Pillars

Profession of faith : Recite beliefs There is got but God , and

·
no
 Muhammed
messenger of God
is

·
Prayer : Face towards Mexca> pray five times a day
-

·
Fasting Must not eat, brink-month of Ramadan > sunrise
: - to sunset-> purify

body, mind -> please Allah

·
Alms : Give alms to help poor,needy

Pilgrimage -> Make one pilgrimage to Mea in one's lifetime

Development of Islamic world in Medieval times

- . Internal Development m External Conquest

AD 622 Arabic Empire founded >
-

Unite Muhammed Fought Arabic tribes >

-
-
-

state and religious conquered ones followed Islam

-
Muslims- > controlled whole Arabian

peninsula,west Asia
-

AD632 -
Muhammed died >x choose anyone-> Rashidun Caliphate >formed by four caliphs->
-
-

caliph (successor to Allah's prophets elected from tribs of Muhammed -> let Arab
> Muslim elected 4
-

caliphs > Split

-
Muslims - military conquests .

Islam to :
·
Shia(follower : recognised Ali Muhammed's
cousin, son-in-laws only

·
Sunni<tradition) : Recognised all four
successors

U
AD661 m
Dynasty founded a
Arabian Empirey y
continued expans eastward
-

>
-

Central Asia> Westward > North Africa, Inberian

- -

I ↓ Peninsula
I
-Mus l
attacked im
Constanple (capital
Eastern Roman Empire) > failed

-
of -

- -

Al 732 -

Muslims >invate Gaul-failed

-

huslims
AD 751 > defeat Chinese army- Talas -
>

8
Century Umayyad Dynasty >Overthrown ->
-
t -
Christian Countriesh
-
try stop Muslim invasion
-

replace > Abbasid Dynasty > Baghdad recaptured lost land > Iberian Peninsula>
6 - > -
-
- -

capital city > developed into World's

-
Reconquista
centre of cultural integration golden >
-

age 28th-13th century

Christi
AD 11th-13th -> Crusades - recapture Jerusalm-

century Holy lands Muslim failed

AD 13th -
Abbasid Dynasty > overthrown >
- -
-

Islam Spread- > Southeast Asia>

-

Century Mongols >

-
< 8- end of Arabian Empire Southeasten Europe > Westward expansion
- - >

Ottoman Empire

3 Islamic civilisation develop cultural centre

-

Encouraged > Abbasid Dynasty > libraries , translation centres

- -

, research centres >

-

set up > House of Wisdom > Translation Movement> started translate > Greco-Roman
,
- - - -

persial,Indian texts >helped preserve , development of learning

Arabia- located Europe , Asia- wars and trade- >
spread , exchange of
-

products,technology , religions
> between Europe Asia-
-

, promoted
 Development of Trade between East and West
-

Arabs > acted

-
business middlement >th century > travelled
as
-
overseas > traded
-

goods different places >make profits

-

Controlled parts of Silk Roads -8th century > euro-asian

-
trade-
> frequent under
control -
>
merchanting trade

8th
century > China developed > Maritime Silk road European ,Asian traders >
-

- -
>
-
-

used route -> trade luxury goods > silk,spices

-

-
11th century , ports, city-states > develope along supply
-
lines > Crusaders > Italian
-
-

city-states > Venice , Genoa - controlled Mediterranean Sea> developed trade ->Asia
-
-

-
Promoted spread-exchange products , technology , religions :

1 .
Arabia to Europe and Asia
-

Promoted > expansion of Arabian merchanting trade- important language

-
> for
European , Asian traders
-

Islam> popular in Europe and Asia

-

Muslims->translated , studied Greco-Roman classics >

-

astronomy, medicine > -

spread across Asia

2
. Europe to Asia via Arabia

European traders > buy crafts > precious stones, glass > Asia
-
-
- -

Christianity Spread -> China-AD635 > -

Nestorian Priest Alopen> Chang'an China
-

-
Nestorianism- known as Tingjiaol
 3
. Asiato Europe via Arabia
-
Chinese-> Paper-making , mathematics >spread to Arabia- Muslims improved >Spread to
-
-

Europe
-

Products >silk, spices

-

cane > brought to

sugar- Europe
,

Cultur
Legacy Islamic civilisation of

I
-
Aspect Legacy
Language and -

European ,Asian vocabularies> derived from Arabic

-

writing system
=

Philoso
>

·
Rise of ideas ofi
-

Rationalism > Opinions

- and actions based on reasons and knowledge
-

secularism > free from religious influence

-

Empiricism -> conclusion based on observation and research

-

L i te ra ttranslates
u
-Bookof Kings
one rights-arabian classics
thousand and a
,one
-

P a
Arabesques > consisted
-

infinitely i
repeating n
-
>
-
t
extensible geometric patterns symbolic i - >
-

Islamic decorative style > due - -> avoidance -> painting human figures and animals

Arc hi
Characterised > Greco-Roman
-

Comes , arches > mosques tec

-

decorated > colored bricks > -

>
-
- -

arabesques
-

na tofh
Muslims > concept e
0-ancientIndia-
-

developed m
-
Arabic numerals a
Studied Greek geometry
proposed theories >trigonometry
-

>
- -
 I
-

Muslim scholars > promoted

-

algebra , decimal numeral system

Alchemy -
Islamic scholars used scientific methods-
> alchemy >
-
experiment ,analysis
and

Chemistry -

Fostered development of alchemy >

- laid founadtion of early chemistry

medicine -
Scholars combined Greco-Roman medicine> Persian,Indian theories
-

Muslims> set up earliest hospitals > Islamic doctors opium > anaesthetic-alcohols
-
-
-
>
-
-

disinfectantin surgery

Translated Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine to Latin- 12th century

Book of Pharmacists >

-

published > 1sth century > classify drugs >- based on Ibn
- -

al Baitar's Book of Medicine,Nutritional Terms

Astronomy -
Islamic scholars invented astrolable, quadrant

Advanced
astrolable > set up in auadrant
-
-

Time for Islami calendar > determined

worship ,
-

by astronomy

Based on Greek, Persian astronomy >

-
Muslims' observation > star movements
-

Geography -

Al-Biruni-mathematics >tell geographical locations

-

-
Divided world into different parts > recorded
- the history , peography, products,
custom- > countries

navigating technology-based
European improved on Muslim knowledge > led
-
-

to
voyages of Discovery > 15th century -