Perfect Modal Verbs

Dolores Piñero

They could have gone out.

They must have gone out. It couldn’t have been easy to say no.
I told you, you should have studied.

OUGHT TO HAVE/
MUST HAVE COULD HAVE SHOULD HAVE

MAY HAVE/ CAN’T HAVE WOULD HAVE

MIGHT HAVE

If I had studied, I would have passed the test.

It can’t have been easy to say no.
I think it may have worked.