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Rajib Roychowdhury
Shuvasish Choudhury
Mirza Hasanuzzaman
Sangeeta Srivastava Editors

Sustainable
Agriculture
in the Era of
Climate Change
Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate
Change
Rajib Roychowdhury • Shuvasish Choudhury
Mirza Hasanuzzaman • Sangeeta Srivastava
Editors

Sustainable Agriculture
in the Era of Climate Change
Editors
Rajib Roychowdhury Shuvasish Choudhury
Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Plant Stress Biology & Metabolomics
Institute of Plant Sciences Laboratory, Central Instrumentation
Agricultural Research Organization Laboratory (CIL)
(ARO) – The Volcani Center Assam (Central) University
Rishon Lezion, Israel Silchar, Assam, India

Mirza Hasanuzzaman Sangeeta Srivastava

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Division of Crop Improvement
Agriculture ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane
Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Research
Dhaka, Bangladesh Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

ISBN 978-3-030-45668-9    ISBN 978-3-030-45669-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45669-6

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

Since ancient times, human beings have been dependent on agricultural production,
and previously the production systems were more natural and sustainable. Presently,
climate change and global population increase jointly challenge sustainable agricul-
ture and crop productivity. One of the imposing tasks for crop researchers globally
is to diminish the negative effects of climate change on crop biology, especially in
relation to yield and nutritive values of the harvested products of cereals, legumes,
vegetables and fruits. This is of special significance in view of the impending cli-
mate change, with complex consequences for economically profitable and both eco-
logically and environmentally sound global agriculture. The challenge at the hands
of the crop scientist in such a scenario is to promote competitive and multifunc-
tional agriculture, leading to the overall crop improvement in a sustainable agricul-
tural system. Hence, crop improvement is an urgent need for us to feed the
ever-increasing world population. As a result of continuous climatic changes in the
form of environmental hazards, abiotic stresses (water scarcity, salinity, high and
low temperature, heavy metals and metalloids, oxidants, and others), high disease
incidents, global warming, etc., natural and cultivated habitats of crop plants are
continuously disturbed. Crop productivity and biology are seriously affected by
such changing patterns. Beyond such kind of hazardous barriers, this book is aimed
at crop improvement through sustainable agricultural processes.
In this book Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate Change, Chap. 1
emphasizes the landraces of the crops which serve as the genetic stock having the
many useful alleles/genes and can bridge between their genetic progenitors and
modern cultivars and to utilize them in the modern breeding program. Chapter 2 is
focusing on how to improve the grain damage of cereals due to pre-harvest sprout-
ing and late maturity for gearing up production. Chapters 3 and 4 are dealing with
the macro- and micronutrients for better crop development and physiological pro-
ductivity. Chapter 5 describes the plant-mediated mitigation strategies of air pollu-
tion in the environment caused by the urbanization of lands. Chapters 6 and 7 are
depicting the drought stress responses of crop plant and mitigation strategies with
special aid from the involvement of silicon. Chapters 8, 9, and 10 are providing
scientific background of crop plants that cope with salinity, high temperature, and

v
vi Preface

irradiation stress, respectively. As a part of abiotic and biotic stress response path-
ways, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed and needed to activate the crop’s
anti-oxidant mediated mitigation pathways, which are described in Chaps. 11 and 12.
Chapter 13 is providing heavy metal–based tolerance of crops. More specifically,
arsenic becomes a serious threat to contaminate the crops and human health.
Chapters 14 and 15 are describing the arsenic stress response of plants and their
signaling pathways to mitigate the serious issues caused by such metalloid.
Chapter 16 is providing the idea of heme oxygenase enzyme activity for its role to
mitigate the stress conditions. In organic agriculture, plant growth-promoting rhizo-
bacteria (PGPR) are found to be very useful for crop’s stress tolerance and it is
described in Chaps. 17. 18 is focusing on different tissue cultural methods to propa-
gate the crop in vitro. Chapter 19 is showing the involvement of different state-of-
the-art omics technologies that can be utilized in crop stress response research.
Chapter 20 is describing microbial influences for crop’s abiotic stress response.
Chapter 21 is briefing molecular mechanism of plant–pathogen interaction for dis-
ease resistance of crop plants. Chapter 22 is focusing on the role of small RNA or
microRNA (miRNA) for crop’s abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. Chapter 23 is
dealing with the transgenic improvement of crops and Chap. 24 is describing the
utilization of very new gene-editing tool CRISPR/CAS for crop improvement.
Different bioinformatics tools and their utilization for crop improvement research
have been detailed in Chap. 25. Chapter 26 is emphasizing on nano-biotechnologi-
cal utility in crop’s stress tolerance. Chapter 27 is describing how to improve crop’s
agrobiodiversity with special reference to the underutilized cereals “millets” which
can be an alternative source of carbohydrate and nutrition for the global population.
Thus, Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate Change covers a wide range of
topics under present-­day environmental challenges, agronomy and agriculture pro-
cesses, and biotechnological approaches.
We are grateful to all the authors/contributors who gave their valuable time to
write the scientific chapters within the deadline for the possible success of this
book. We shall be highly thankful to the readers for pointing out the errors and
omissions which, in spite of all care, might have crept in. All suggestions for further
improvement of this edited volume will be highly appreciated and accepted. We,
along with all the contributors, apologize to those researchers for the parts of their
work that could not be cited in this edited volume/chapters due to the space
limitation.
We are highly thankful to Kenneth Teng (Publishing Editor, Springer Nature,
New York), Jacco Flipsen (Vice President, Springer, New York), Eric Schmitt
(Managing Director, Springer International Publishing AG, New York), Nicholas
DiBenedetto (Editorial Assistant, Springer Nature, New York), Saveetha
Balasundaram (Production Editor for Springer Nature, SPi Global, Chennai, India),
Mario Gabriele (Senior Project Manager, SPi Global, Chennai, India), Anthony L
Dunlap (Project coordinator, Springer Natute, New York), and other members of the
editorial staff for their approval of this book project, prompt and timely responses
during the acquisition, production coordination and support, formatting, proof
checking, and editorial corrections in the manuscripts to make this volume complete
and publishable.
Preface vii

In this book Sustainable Agriculture in the Era of Climate Change, the diverse
chapters are contributed by experienced, highly dignified, and internationally
reputed scientists, researchers, and academicians from around the world who have
worked on the challenging problems of achieving crop improvement in the variable
environments. Every chapter has been written in such a way that it deals with the
theoretical as well as applied aspects of its specific theme. Hope such hot topics will
be helpful to formulate the future keys toward the crop improvement in the present
challenging and changing climate. This book has been written for a wide range of
readers with easy-to-understand tables and simplified diagrams.
We believe this book will be very useful for scientists, researchers, and students
working in the fields of agriculture, plant science, environmental biology, and
biotechnology.

Rishon Lezion, Israel Rajib Roychowdhury

Silchar, India  Shuvasish Choudhury
Dhaka, Bangladesh  Mirza Hasanuzzaman
Lucknow, India  Sangeeta Srivastava
Contents

1 Stress Management in Crops by Utilizing Landraces:

Genetics and Plant Breeding Perspective����������������������������������������������    1
Amit Kumar Pradhan, Jyotirmay Kalita, Lipika Lahkar,
Lisha Gurung, Surendra Kumar Ghritlahre, and Bhaben Tanti
2 Environmental Impact on Cereal Crop Grain Damage
from Pre-harvest Sprouting and Late Maturity Alpha-Amylase��������   23
Nisha Patwa and Bryan W. Penning
3 Plant Nutrients for Crop Growth, Development
and Stress Tolerance��������������������������������������������������������������������������������   43
Mukhtar Ahmed, Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Muhammad Ali Raza,
Amjad Malik, and Shakeel Ahmad
4 Role of Micronutrients in Biochemical Responses
of Crops Under Abiotic Stresses ������������������������������������������������������������   93
Shyam Narain Pandey
5 Phytomonitoring and Mitigation of Air Pollution by Plants���������������� 113
Nitesh Joshi, Ambika Joshi, and Bharati Bist
6 Drought Stress and Its Mitigation and Management
Strategies in Crop Plants������������������������������������������������������������������������ 143
Avinash Chandra Rai and Krishna Kumar Rai
7 Drought Stress: An Impact of Climate Change,
Its Consequences and Amelioration Through Silicon (Si)�������������������� 169
Sudeshna Das, Pratibha Rawat, Deepti Shankhdhar,
and Shailesh Chandra Shankhdhar
8 Ion Transporter Genes from Wild Relatives of Cereals
Hold the Key for the Development of Salinity Tolerance �������������������� 187
Buddhadev Sarkar and Swarnendu Roy

ix
x Contents

9 Role of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) and Heat Stress

Tolerance in Crop Plants ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 211
Zeba Khan and Durre Shahwar
10 Assessment of Irradiation Stress in Crop Plants
with Modern Technical Advances���������������������������������������������������������� 235
Indraneel Saha, Debabrata Dolui, Arijit Ghosh, Bipul Sarkar,
Arnab Kumar De, and Malay Kumar Adak
11 Antioxidants: Responses and Importance
in Plant Defense System�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 251
Narendra Kumar, Hukum Singh, and Satish Kant Sharma
12 Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defence Systems
in Plants: Role and Crosstalk Under Biotic Stress�������������������������������� 265
Koushik Biswas, Sinchan Adhikari, Avijit Tarafdar, Roshan Kumar,
Soumen Saha, and Parthadeb Ghosh
13 Climate Change-Induced Heavy Metal (or Metalloid)
Stress in Crop Plants and Possible Mitigation Strategies�������������������� 293
Navin Kumar, Shilpi Paul, and Shekhar Mallick
14 Arsenic-Induced Stress and Mitigation Strategies in Plants���������������� 327
Iti Sharma
15 Arsenic Tolerance and Signaling Mechanisms in Plants���������������������� 341
Sudhakar Srivastava and Vaishali Yadav
16 Heme Oxygenase 1(HO1): An Enzyme of Plant System
and Its Role Against Various Abiotic Stresses �������������������������������������� 355
Khushbu Verma and Afroz Alam
17 Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
for Crop Stress Management������������������������������������������������������������������ 367
Ashutosh Kabiraj, Krishnendu Majhi, Urmi Halder, Moitri Let,
and Rajib Bandopadhyay
18 Plant Tissue Culture and Crop Improvement �������������������������������������� 391
Kiranmai Chadipiralla, Pachipala Gayathri, Vemula Rajani,
and Pichili Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy
19 Abiotic and Biotic Stress Research in Plants: A Gizmatic
Approach of Modern Omics Technologies�������������������������������������������� 413
Nilofer Sheikh, Dina Barman, and Kaushik Bhattacharjee
20 Involvement of Microbes in Different Abiotic Stress
Environments of Cropping Lands���������������������������������������������������������� 441
Muhammad Zulqurnain Haider, Farah Saeed, Aqsa Ali, Qasim Ali,
Noman Habib, Muhammad Tariq Javed, Muhammad Azeem,
Naeem Iqbal, Shafaqat Ali, Imran Khan, Faisal Mahmood,
Youcai Xiong, and Muhammad Afzaal
Contents xi

21 Molecular Insight of Plant–Pathogen Interaction�������������������������������� 481

Anil Kumar, Chunoti Changwal, Alkesh Hada, and Prashant
Kumar Singh
22 Role of miRNAs in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management
in Crop Plants������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 513
Narayanan Nair Anjali and Kalluvettankuzhy Krishnannair Sabu
23 Recent Transgenic Approaches for Stress Tolerance
in Crop Plants������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 533
Krishna Kumar Rai and Avinash Chandra Rai
24 Improvement of Crop’s Stress Tolerance by Gene Editing
CRISPR/CAS9 System���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 557
Avinash Singh, Rajib Roychowdhury, Toolika Singh, Wenjing Wang,
Deepanker Yadav, Ajay Kumar, Arpan Modi, Avinash Chandra Rai,
Sandeep Ghughe, Anil Kumar, and Prashant Kumar Singh
25 Application of Bioinformatics for Crop Stress Response
and Mitigation������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 589
Anubhab Laha, Priyanka Chakraborty, Chiranjib Banerjee,
Anindya Sundar Panja, and Rajib Bandopadhyay
26 Nanobiotechnological Applications for Crop Improvement���������������� 615
Rachna Gupta and Parth Malik
27 Agrobiodiversity and Advances in the Development
of Millets in Changing Environment������������������������������������������������������ 643
D. A. Patil

Index������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 675
About the Editors

Rajib Roychowdhury is presently working as

Postdoctoral Visiting Scientist at the Institute of Plant
Sciences of Agricultural Research Organization
(ARO) – Volcani Center, Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development, Israel. His current research is
focusing on Genetics and Breeding of Berry fruits
(strawberry, blueberry, raspberry) to improve yield and
quality under Mediterranean climate. In the postdoc-
toral tenure, Dr. Roychowdhury extensively worked
on Winter Cereal Genetics and Breeding, especially to
improve wheat in Israeli semi-arid environments (a
part of fertile crescent of wheat domestication) using
diverse genetic stocks like modern cultivars, landraces,
durum, spelt, dicoccum, emmer, etc. Dr. Roychowdhury
received his Ph.D. in Plant Biotechnology from Visva-
Bharati Central University (India) for research on
previously unreported rice landraces for their agro-
morphology, grain quality, and abiotic stress tolerance.
Later, he also did short-term postdoctoral research on
“Metalloid stress tolerance in rice” under a CSIR proj-
ect (Government of India) from Assam Central
University, Silchar, India. During master’s and post-
master’s tenure, he worked a lot on mutation breeding
in Carnation, which was a pioneering work on this flo-
ricultural crop in South-­East Asia. Dr. Roychowdhury
was elected as a Fellow Member of the Linnaean
Society of London, UK. His biography was published
in the Pearl Edition of Marquis Who’sWho of the
World, USA. In 2019, he got the travel award by
International Wheat Initiative (Germany) for present-
ing his research in the 1st International Wheat Congress

xiii
xiv About the Editors

(Saskatoon, Canada) and to participate in the pre-­

conference workshop on ‘Un-manned Aerial Vehicle
(UAV) based phenotyping for wheat improvement’.
Dr. Roychowdhury has written several impacted research
papers, review articles, invited chapters, and books in
both international and nationally reputed journals and
publishers. Till date, his publications got a total of 1400
citations as per GoogleScholar with the h-Index 15.
Dr. Roychowdhury serves as Editorial Board member in
‘South African Journal of Botany’ (Elsevier), and
reviewed manuscripts for ‘Genetic Resources and Crop
Evolution’ (Springer), ‘Phytoparasitica’ (Springer),
‘Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety’ (Elsevier),
and ‘Journal of Crop Improvement’ (Taylor & Francis).

Shuvasish Choudhury is an Assistant Professor at

Assam University, Silchar, India, since 2009. He
obtained his M.Sc., M.Phil., and Ph.D. in Life Sciences
from Assam University, Silchar, and Post Doctorate
from Oklahoma State University, USA. He has pub-
lished more than 40 research and review articles includ-
ing book chapters in journals and volumes of national
and international repute. Dr. Choudhury has been
awarded Young Botanist Award by Indian Botanical
Society in 2010 and thereafter with FAST TRACK
Young Scientist Award and Overseas Associateship by
SERB and Department of Biotechnology (DBT),
Government of India respectively. Dr. Choudhury has
undertaken several research projects in the multidisci-
plinary areas of plant sciences, funded by agencies of
Government of India such as University Grants
Commission (UGC), Department of Biotechnology
(DBT), Science and Engineering Research Board
(SERB), and Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR). He is also enlisted reviewer for sev-
eral journals published by Springer, Elsevier, American
Chemical Society, etc. His research interest involves
understanding the molecular physiological and metab-
olomic basis of abiotic stress perception and tolerance
in crops, especially metalloid and drought stress.
Besides this, Dr. Choudhury’s research also involves
identification of bioactive marker compounds in medic-
inal plants used by local and indigenous people of
Northeast India. Dr. Choudhury teaches biochemistry,
plant systems biology and analytical instrumentation.
About the Editors xv

Mirza Hasanuzzaman is Professor of Agronomy at

Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University in Dhaka,
Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in “Plant Stress
Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism” from the
United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime
University, Japan, as a recipient of a scholarship from
the Japanese government (MONBUKAGAKUSHO).
Later, Prof. Hasanuzzaman completed his postdoctoral
research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences,
University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, as a recipi-
ent of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
(JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. Subsequently, he
received the Australian Government’s Endeavour
Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an
Adjunct Senior Researcher at the Tasmanian Institute of
Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Australia. Prof.
Hasanuzzaman has supervised 20 M.S. students. His
current work is focused on the physiological and molec-
ular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Prof.
Hasanuzzaman has published over 120 research publica-
tions in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited 12 books
and written 45 book chapters on important aspects of
plant physiology, plant stress responses, and environ-
mental problems in relation to agricultural plants.
According to Scopus®, Prof. Hasanuzzaman’s publica-
tions have received roughly 4400 citations with an
h-index of 33. He is an editor and reviewer for more than
50 peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipi-
ent of the “Publons Peer Review Award 2017, 2018, and
2019.” He has been honored by different authorities for
his outstanding performance in different fields like
research and education, and has received the World
Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014). He
has attended and presented 25 papers at international
conferences in many different countries (USA, UK,
Germany, Australia, Japan, Austria, Sweden, Russia,
Indonesia, etc.). Prof. Hasanuzzaman is an active mem-
ber of 40 professional societies and is currently the
Acting Research and Publication Secretary of the
Bangladesh JSPS Alumni Association. He is also a fel-
low of The Linnean Society of London.
xvi About the Editors

Sangeeta Srivastava is presently working as Principal

Scientist at ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane
Research (IISR), Lucknow, India. She earned her M.Sc.
(Botany) with 1st position from Lucknow University in
1985 and Ph.D. from CSIR-­CIMAP, Lucknow, in 1989
as CSIR-NET JRF/SRF and secured the first rank in
ARS examination for Agricultural Scientist in India.
Since her Ph.D. and post-­doctoral work in Germany
and USA, Dr. Srivastava has made noteworthy contri-
butions to realize genetic enhancement and diversity of
sugarcane and sugar beet through classical and molec-
ular breeding interventions. Through her dedicated
efforts, a first-time Indian resource of 26,451 sugarcane
ESTs and molecular diagnostic assays to detect incipi-
ent infection of pathogens of sugarcane diseases have
been developed. She has more than 175 publications
from internationally and nationally reputed publishers/
journals including book compilation, chapters, popular
articles, etc. Dr. Srivastava is a recipient of many pres-
tigious national awards including ICAR-Young
Scientist award, DBT-CREST Award, ISCA Platinum
Jubilee award, Prof. YS Murty Gold Medal, Woman
Botanist Gold Medal, SAB Award of excellence, Best
Woman Scientist award, and fellowships of NABS,
UPAAS, IBS, ISGPB, SAB, and SSRP. She has guided
Ph.D. and M.Sc. theses and dissertations of many UG/
PG students. She is the Editor in Chief of Indian
Journal of Sugarcane Technology and has served as
editor of Journal of Environmental Biology, SugarTech
(Springer), Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular
Biology, and Indian Journal of Fundamental and
Applied Life Sciences, and reviewer of several national/
international journals.
Contributors

Malay Kumar Adak Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Research
Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
Sinchan Adhikari Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia,
West Bengal, India
Muhammad Afzaal School of Environment and Life Sciences, Salford, UK
Shakeel Ahmad Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University,
Multan, Pakistan
Mukhtar Ahmed Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden,
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Afroz Alam Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith,
Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
Aqsa Ali Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Qasim Ali Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Shafaqat Ali Department of Environment Sciences, Government College
University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Azeem Department of Botany, Government College University,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Rajib Bandopadhyay Department of Botany (UGC-Centre for Advanced Study),
The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
Chiranjib Banerjee Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

xvii
xviii Contributors

Dina Barman Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India

Kaushik Bhattacharjee Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in
Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
Bharati Bist Department of Botany, Rizvi College of Arts, Science and Commerce,
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Koushik Biswas Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati University, Bolpur,
West Bengal, India
Kiranmai Chadipiralla Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri
University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
Priyanka Chakraborty Department of Botany (UGC-Centre for Advanced
Study), The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
Chunoti Changwal Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, New Delhi, India
Sudeshna Das Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences &
Humanities, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar,
Uttarakhand, India
Arnab Kumar De Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Research Unit,
Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
Debabrata Dolui Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Research Unit,
Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
Pachipala Gayathri Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University,
Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
Arijit Ghosh Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology Research Unit,
Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
Parthadeb Ghosh Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia,
West Bengal, India
Surendra Kumar Ghritlahre ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, RRLRRS,
Kamrup, Assam, India
Sandeep Ghughe Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization
(ARO) – The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
Rachna Gupta Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan,
Bolpur, West Bengal, India
Lisha Gurung Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
Noman Habib Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Contributors xix

Alkesh Hada Department of Biotechnology, National College (Autonomous),

Tirruchirappalli, India
Muhammad Zulqurnain Haider Department of Botany, Government College
University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Urmi Halder Department of Botany (UGC-Centre of Advanced Study), The
University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
Mirza Hasanuzzaman Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-­
Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Naeem Iqbal Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Muhammad Tariq Javed Department of Botany, Government College University,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Ambika Joshi Department of Botany, Jai Hind College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Nitesh Joshi Department of Botany, Rizvi College of Arts, Science and Commerce,
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ashutosh Kabiraj Department of Botany (UGC-Centre of Advanced Study), The
University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
Jyotirmay Kalita Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati,
Assam, India
Imran Khan Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
Zeba Khan Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Ajay Kumar Institute of Post-Harvest, Agricultural Research Organization
(ARO) – The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
Anil Kumar Department of Entomology Nematology and Chemistry Units,
Institute of Plant Protections, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) – Volcani
Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
Narendra Kumar Forest Ecology and Climate Change Division, Forest Research
Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Navin Kumar Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science, National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Roshan Kumar Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central
University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
1 Stress Management in Crops by Utilizing Landraces: Genetics and Plant Breeding… 9

3.5 Heavy Metal

Heavy metals lead to the onset of oxidative injury in plants (Roychowdhury and Tah
2011h; Basu et al. 2012; Roychowdhury et al. 2018, 2019). In Arabidopsis thaliana,
cadmium uptake induces expression of Atcys-3A, which is involved in cysteine bio-
synthesis under heavy metal stress. Cysteine is the precursor in glutathione biosyn-
thesis, which in turn is required for phytochelatin production. Phytochelatins bind
to heavy metals and increase plant tolerance against heavy metal stress. Transformed
Arabidopsis plants overexpressing Atcys-3A have shown increased tolerance to cad-
mium (Domı́nguez-Solı́s et al. 2001). CABPR1 overexpression in tobacco also
showed increased tolerance to heavy metal stress (Sarowar et al. 2005). In rice,
OsPIP2;6 has been demonstrated to play a role in As3+ efflux, thereby increasing
plant tolerance against arsenic. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing
PvACR3 from Pteris vittata, involved in vacuole sequestration of arsenic, have been
shown to have increased tolerance to arsenic (Kalita et al. 2018).

3.6 Radiation

Transcript levels of PyroA, Ubq3, and MEB5.2 were found to be increased by a low
dose of UV-B radiation. PyroA, involved in the biosynthesis of pyridoxine, is impor-
tant in protection of cellular structures against singlet oxygen. Ubq3 encodes ubiq-
uitin, associated with protein degradation. MEB5.2 is a novel gene with unknown
function (Brosche et al. 2002). Plant flavonoids are important secondary metabo-
lites that protect against UV-B exposure, due to its absorbance in this wavelength
region and elevation of its levels in epidermal cell layers. Flavonoids are also found
to inhibit oxidative stress. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is a key enzyme in the
flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, which is encoded by RsF3H in Reamuria soong-
orica. RsF3H gene expression and enzyme activity increase rapidly under stress
(Liu et al. 2013).

3.7 Submergence

A QTL for submergence response in rice, Sub1, has been identified near the centro-
mere of chromosome 9 of rice. Sub1A, Sub1B, and Sub1C are three genes identified
in the Sub1 locus, of which Sub1B and Sub1C are present in all genotypes. Sub1A
which is the variant gene has two alleles, of which Sub1A-1 is specific for submer-
gence tolerance and Sub1A-2 is specific for intolerance. Sub1A-1 overexpression
has been found to confer submergence tolerance in transgenic rice (Xu et al. 2006).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Mr. Gentle. If it were proper to deprive the animal of life, it would
be a duty to do it in as expeditious a manner as possible, and very
wicked to torment the poor creature; but the accusation is false, and
you are unjust as well as cruel.—Release it this instant!
William. Will the hedge-hog be glad when he gets loose?
Grandfather. Very glad.
William. Then I shall be glad too.
Grandfather. I hope that you will always delight in making other
creatures happy: and then you will be happy yourself.
William. I love to see the dog happy, and the cat happy.
Grandfather. Yes, surely; and you love to make them happy.
William. How can I make them happy?
Grandfather. By giving them what they want, and by taking kind
notice of them, and when you get on Cæsar’s back again, as he lets
you ride, do not strike him, but coax him gently.
William. Can I make my brothers and sisters happy?
Grandfather. You can each of you make yourself and all the rest of
the children happy, by being kind and good-humored to each other;
willing to oblige, and glad to see the others pleased.
William. How, pray?
Grandfather. If you were playing with a toy, and Bartle wished to
have it, perhaps you would part from it to please him; if you did, you
would oblige him.
William. Should not I want it myself?
Grandfather. You would be pleased to see him delighted with it,
and he would love you the better, and when George goes out, and
you stay at home, if you love him as well as you do yourself, you will
be happy to see his joy.
William. I shall be happy to see his joy.
 Grandfather. Your parents are always watching over you all, for
your good; in order to correct what is amiss in your tempers, and
teach you how you ought to behave; they will rejoice to see you fond
of each other, and will love you all the better.
William. Grandpa, I remember that my brother wrote a piece last
Christmas, which you called Brotherly Love.—I wish I could
remember it.
Grandfather. I recollect it;—you shall learn to repeat it.
William. I shall like that; pray let me hear it now, sir.
Grandfather. You shall.
“The children of our family should be like the fingers on a hand;
each help the other, and each in his separate station promote the
good of the whole. The joy of one should be the joy of the whole.
Children in a house should agree together like the birds in a nest,
and love each other.”
William. I thank you grandpa: I remember Watts’ hymn:

“Birds in their little nests agree,

“And ’tis a shameful sight,
“When children of one family,
“Fall out and chide and fight.”

The master Rebels often fight; many say that it is jealousy that
makes them do so.—Pray, grandpa, what is jealousy?
Grandfather. A passion which I hope will never enter your breast.
Your excellent parents love you all equally, and take care to make it
appear that they do so. A good parent looks around with equal love
on each child, if all be equally good, and each be kind to the rest.
When a family is affectionate, how happy is every member of it! each
rejoiceth at the happiness of the rest, and so multiplies his own
satisfactions. Is any one distressed? the tender and compassionate
assistance of the rest mitigates where it cannot wholly relieve his
pain!
“Our joys when thus shared are always increas’d,
“And griefs when divided are hushed into peace.”
 THE USEFUL PLAY.

First Girl. Let us lay words. Where is the box?

Second Girl. How do you play?
First Girl. I will show you. Here I give you c, e, u, h, q, and n; now
place them so as to make a word.
Second Girl. It is quench!
First Girl. You are quick; now let us pick out some words for
Charles. What shall we choose?
Second Girl.
Let us lay thrust, thresh, branch,
ground, school, thirst, quince, quail,
and dearth.
First Girl.
I will lay plague, and neigh, and
nought, and naught, and weight, and
glare, and freight, and heart, and
grieve, and hearth, and bathe, and
thread, and vaunt, and boast, and
vault, and tongue, and grieve, and
beard, and feast, and friend, and
fraught, and peace, and bread, and
grape, and breath, or the verb to
breathe, and thought, and grace, and
mouse, and slave, and chide, and
stake, and bought.
Second Girl. I shall like the play, and it will teach Charles to spell
well.
 First Girl. That is its use: we have sports of all kinds to make us
quick: we have some to teach us to count; else I could not have
been taught to do sums at three years old.
Second Girl. Were you?
First Girl. Yes; I was through the four rules by the time that most
boys learn that two and two make four.
Second Girl. I wish you would teach me some of your sports; that I
could teach Charles.
First Girl. Print words on a card; on the back write the parts of
speech; let it be a sport for him to try if he can find what each one is;
let him have the words, and place them so as to make sense; thus I
give you these words:
you, done, do, be, would, by, as.
Place them in their right order, and make
Do as you would be done by.
Or give him two or three lines: here and there scratch out a word;
let him tell what those words must be to make sense.
Second Girl. The card on which you have a, b, c, and so on, might
have a, b, c, made with a pen at their backs, to teach written hand.
First Girl. I have a set of those; I could read my mother’s writing
when I was four years old.
Second Girl. I will buy some prints or cuts, and paste at the back
of cards, for our little ones; so they will soon learn to distinguish
nouns. On one side shall be dog; I will ask what part of speech is
that? Charles will say, Is it not a noun?—He will turn the card, and
find a cut.
First Girl. Let us prepare some words of all kinds; we can lay
sentences for little ones to read. For Lydia, we will place them thus:

Our new dog.

An old cat.
 My mother says that three words are as much as a child could
read in a breath at first.
Second Girl. Where there is a house full of young folks, it might be
good sport to teach and learn in these ways.
First Girl. It is; we play with our words thus; mother gives to one
some words; he is to place them so as to make sense: one is to
parse them: one to tell more than the parts of speech, as the tense,
mode and so on, of the verbs.—George and I have false English to
correct; verse to turn to prose; we write out a passage which we like;
we write letters upon given subjects; we read a story, and then write
it in our own words.
Second Girl. Do you repeat much?
First Girl. To strengthen our memories, we learn to repeat
passages in prose—we also repeat verse, and read it aloud.
Second Girl. That is a great pleasure.
First Girl. Yes, and my mother reads aloud to us; this teaches us to
read with propriety; and she often stops to inquire whether we
understand any expression which is not perfectly plain.

THE END.
 Transcriber’s Notes

pg 18 Changed: Bo as you are bid

to: Do as you are bid
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