Course Code and Title: MAT100 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Lesson 10 Week 10
Topic: NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES OF GROUPED DATA

INTRODUCTION:

Descriptive measures that indicate where the center or the most typical value of a set of data are called
Measures of Central Tendency, often referred to as average. The measure of central location, or central
tendency, the mean, median, and the mode is a single number that represents the typical score of the data.

The measures of dispersion, or variation mean a measure of differences, deviation or how far or how
close the values, items, or scores in the distribution are. The lower computed value or measure means the
closer the distribution to are homogeneity and the higher computer value or measure means the closer the
distribution to heterogeneity. They are the range, MAD, standard deviation, and the variance.

For the measures of position, the quartiles, deciles, and percentiles are the values of a random variable
dividing the distribution of the data into a given number of groups of equal frequency.

LESSON OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. understand and be able to compute for the different measures of data values;
2. differentiate/distinguish an ungrouped data and a grouped data;
3. explain the importance of numerical descriptive measures of data; and
4. remember to create good vibes with one another.

CONTENTS:

POPULATION PARAMETER AND SAMPLE STATISTIC

A numerical measure such as the mean, mode, range, variance, or standard deviation calculated for a
population data set is called the population parameter, or simply a parameter. A summary measure
calculated for a sample data set is called the sample statistic, or simply, a statistic.

Thus, 𝝁 and 𝝈 are population parameters and 𝑥̅ and s are sample statistics.
A. MEAN, MEDIAN, AND MODE OF GROUPED DATA (MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY)

Class Interval Frequency Class Mark

(c. i.) f x fx
5- 9 5 7 35
10 -14 3 12 36
15 -19 9 17 153
20-24 7 22 134
25-29 6 27 162
30-34 4 32 128
35-39 2 37 74
40-44 1 42 42
ƩN = 37 𝚺𝒇𝒙 = 𝟕𝟖𝟒

𝚺𝒇𝒙 𝟕𝟖𝟒
MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA: ̅ =
𝒙 ; ̅ =
𝒙 ; ̅ = 21.2
𝒙
𝑁 𝟑𝟕

Where: x = midpoint of c. i. or sum of c. i. divided by 2

fx = product of class mark and frequency

MEAN OF GROUPED DATA BY UNIT CODED DEVIATION:

Another formula for computing the mean of grouped data is by the process called coding or deviation
method. Select a class mark denoted by x’ as an assumed mean and mark its deviation by 0. The values of d =
0, +1, +2, +3, +4, and so on.

𝚺𝒇𝒅
Formula: ̅ = X1 +
𝒙 • i ̅ = mean of grouped data
Where: 𝒙
𝑁
X1 = assumed mean or class mark where d = 0
d = unit coded deviation, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, and so on.
f = frequency
𝚺𝒇𝒅 = sum of the products of frequency and unit
coded deviation
N = total frequency
i = class interval

EXAMPLE: Solve for the mean, median, and mode of the grouped data.

SOLUTION: Place coded deviation d = 0 in any cell, then multiply the frequency to the coded deviation, f(d).

N = 37 X1 = 7, class mark where d = 0

i = 5, class interval, from c. i.
= 10 – 5, or 15 – 10
 𝚺𝒇𝒅
SOLVING FOR MEAN OF GROUPED DATA: ̅ = X1 +
𝒙 • i
𝑁

−𝟔
= 22 + 5
𝟑𝟕

= 22 – 0.811

̅ = 21.189 or 21.2
𝒙

c. i. f x d fd
5- 9 5 7 -3 -15
10 - 14 3 12 -2 -6
15 - 19 9 17 -1 -9
20 - 24 7 22 0 0
25 - 29 6 27 1 6
30 - 34 4 32 2 8
35 - 39 2 37 3 6
40 - 44 1 42 4 4
ƩN = 37 𝚺𝒇𝒙 = − 𝟔

SOLVING FOR MEDIAN OF GROUPED DATA: Md

Median class in the class containing a cumulative frequency (<F) equal to N/2 or next higher to N/2.
𝑵 𝟑𝟕
Then, ̅ =
𝒙 = = 18.5
𝟐 𝟐

18.5 not found in < F, so the next higher N/2 is 24 the class with < F = 24 will be the median class.
Let: LCB = lower limit of the class boundary of median class = 19.5
Ʃ F’ = the cumulative frequency before the median class = 17
fm = frequency of median class = 7
i=5
c. b. = Class boundaries
𝒏
𝟐
−Ʃ 𝑭’
FORMULA of Median for Grouped Data: Md = LCB + ⋅i
𝒇𝒎
 𝟑𝟕
−𝟏𝟕
𝟐
= 19.5 + (5)
𝟕

𝟏𝟖.𝟓 −𝟏𝟕
= 19.5 + (5)
𝟕

Md = 20.6

Class Interval Frequency

(c. i.) f <F c. b.
5-9 5 5 4.5 – 9.5
10 -14 3 8 9.5 – 14.5
15 -19 9 17 14.5 – 19.5
Median Class
20 - 24 7 24 19.5 – 24.5
25 - 29 6 30 24.5 – 29.5
30 - 34 4 34 29.5 – 34.5
35 - 39 2 36 34.5 – 39.5
40 - 44 1 37 39.5 – 44.5
ƩN = 37

SOLVING FOR MODE OF GROUPED DATA: M0

(c. i.) f <F c. b.

5- 9 5 5 4.5 – 9.5
10 -14 3 8 9.5 – 14.5
Modal class
15 -19 9 17 14.5 –19.5
20 - 24 7 24 19.5 – 24.5
25 - 29 6 30 24.5 – 29.5
30 - 34 4 34 29.5 – 34.5
35 - 39 2 36 34.5 – 39.5
40 - 44 1 37 39.5 – 44.5
ƩN = 37

FORMULA of Mode for Grouped Data:

𝒅𝟏
M0 = LCB +
𝒅𝟏+𝒅𝟐
⋅i
 Let: f = frequency
i = class interval
LCB = Lower limit of the class boundary of modal class
d1 = difference between the highest frequency and the frequency just above it.
d2 = difference between the highest frequency and the frequency just below it
Modal Class = is the class with the highest frequency

LCB = 14.5
d1 = 9 – 3 = 6
𝒅𝟏
d2 = 9 – 7 = 2 M0 = LCB +
𝒅𝟏+𝒅𝟐
⋅i

𝟔
= 14.5 + ⋅5
𝟔+𝟐
= 14.5 + 0.75 (5) = 14.5 + 3.75

M0 = 18.3

B. RANGE, MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION, STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF GROUPED DATA
(MEASURES OF DISPERSION)

Measures of dispersions mean a measure of differences, variation, scatter, spread or how far or how
close the values, items or scores in the distributions. The lower computed value or measure means the closer
the distribution to homogeneity and the higher computed value or measure means the closer the distribution
to heterogeneity.

When descriptive statistics are presented, there is usually at least one measure of central tendency and
at least one measure of variability reported. The measures of dispersion includes range, mean absolute
deviation, standard deviation, and variance.

THE RANGE – the range of a data set is defined to be the difference between the highest and lowest value in
the data set. It is easy to compute and understand. It emphasizes the extreme values. However,
it is the most unreliable measure because its value easily changes or fluctuates with the change
in the extreme values.

FORMULA of Range for grouped data: RANGE = HIGHEST VALUE – LOWEST VALUE

Arrange first the data set of values in an array of numbers from the lowest to the highest or vice-versa.
R = 44 – 5 = 39 (Assuming the raw data starts with 5 as the lowest and 44 as the highest)
MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION for Grouped Data:

The mean deviation measures the average deviation of the values from the arithmetic mean. It gives
equal weight to the deviation of every observation. The mean deviation is the mean of the distances between
each value and the mean. It gives us an idea of how spread out from the center the set of values is.

̅ |
𝚺𝒇|𝒙−𝒙
MAD = (for a sample) Where: ̅ = mean of the sample observations
𝒙
𝒏
x = midpoint or class mark of a class
n = total number of sample observations
EXAMPLE: Solve for the Range, Mean Absolute Deviation, Standard Deviation, and Variance:

Height Frequency Class Mark

(in inches) f X fx ̅|
|𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅|
𝒇|𝒙 − 𝒙
61 - 63 2 62 124 8.94 17.88
64 – 66 5 65 125 5.94 29.70
67 – 69 12 68 816 2.94 35.28
70 – 72 15 71 1065 0.06 0.90
73 – 75 8 74 592 3.06 24.48
76 – 78 5 77 385 6.06 30.30
79 - 81 3 80 240 9.06 27.18
Ʃn = 50 Ʃfx= 3547 ̅|
𝒇|𝒙 − 𝒙
= 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟕𝟐

SOLUTION:
Range = 81 – 61 = 20 (Assuming that the lowest value is 61 and the highest is 81)
Let us solve first for the mean of the data values.

Ʃ𝒇𝒙 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟕
̅ =
𝒙 = = 70.94
𝒏 𝟓𝟎

̅ |
𝚺𝒇|𝒙−𝒙
MAD = Example for the 5th column: 𝒙 − 𝒙
̅ = 62 – 70.94 = - 8.94
𝒏
̅ |
𝚺𝒇|𝒙−𝒙 𝟏𝟔𝟓.𝟕𝟐
̅ | = 8.94
|𝒙 − 𝒙 Therefore: MAD = = = 3.31
𝒏 𝟓𝟎

THE STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE FOR GROUPED DATA

Computing the standard deviation and variance from a frequency distribution is similar to calculating
the measure from ungrouped data.
The formula used are as the following:

𝟐
𝝈 = √Ʃ𝒇|𝒙−𝒙̅ | (for population standard deviation)
𝑵
̅ |𝟐
Ʃ𝒇|𝒙−𝒙
S = √ (for sample standard deviation)
(𝒏−𝟏)

Ʃ𝒇(𝒙−𝝁 )𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = (for population variance)
𝑵

̅ )𝟐
Ʃ𝒇(𝒙−𝒙
S2 = (for sample variance)
𝒏−𝟏

Where: f = frequency or the number of observations in a class

X = midpoint or classmark of a class
N = total number of observations in the population
n = total number of observations in the sample
̅ = sample mean
𝒙
𝝁 = population mean

Height Frequency Class Mark

(in inches) f X ̅|
|𝒙 − 𝒙 ̅ |2
|𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒙 − 𝒙̅ |2
61 - 63 2 62 8.94 79.9236 159.8472
64 – 66 5 65 5.94 35.2836 176.418
67 – 69 12 68 2.94 8.6436 103.7232
70 – 72 15 71 0.06 0.0036 0.054
73 – 75 8 74 3.06 9.3636 74.9088
76 – 78 5 77 6.06 36.7236 183.618
79 - 81 3 80 9.06 82.0836 246.2508
Ʃn = 50 Ʃ|𝒙 − 𝒙̅ |2 Ʃ𝒇𝒙 − 𝒙̅ |2
=252.0252 = 9944.82

(For population standard deviation):

𝟐
𝝈 = √Ʃ𝒇|𝒙−𝒙̅ | = √
𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟒.𝟖𝟐
𝑵 𝟓𝟎

𝝈 = √𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒 = 14.10

 (For sample standard deviation):
̅ |𝟐
Ʃ𝒇|𝒙−𝒙 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟒.𝟖𝟐 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟒.𝟖𝟐
S = √ = √ = √ = √𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟗𝟔 = 14.25
(𝒏−𝟏) 𝟓𝟎−𝟏 𝟒𝟗

(For population variance)

Ʃ𝒇(𝒙−𝝁 )𝟐 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟒.𝟖𝟐
𝝈𝟐 = = = 198.8964 = 198.90
𝑵 𝟓𝟎

(For sample variance)

̅ )𝟐
Ʃ𝒇(𝒙−𝒙 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟒.𝟖𝟐
S2 = = = 202.9555 = 202.96
𝒏−𝟏 𝟒𝟗

For all computations it is safe to compute for more than 4 decimal places and do not round it
off yet as to attain the best and nearest answer to these problems.

SUMMARY:

The measure of central tendency (or average) is not enough to describe a set of scores
adequately. It tells you what the “typical” score is. But ut does not tell you how typical the typical
score is – that is, how accurately the average represents the individual scores. If individual scores
are mostly close to the average, then the average represents the individual score accurately.

If the scores are spread out – some very high, some very low, and some near the average,
then the average does not represent the individual scores accurately.

While the measures of central tendency convey information about the commonalities of
measured properties, the measures of position, or variability quantify the degree of which they
differ. Measures of variability are lengths between various points within the distribution, while the
measures of central tendency are specific data points,

REFERENCES:

Orence, Orlando A. and Mendoza, Marilyn O. (2013) " Exploring Mathematics II." Rex Bookstore,
Incorporated.

Orines, Fernando B., Dilao, Soledad, Bernabe, Julieta G. (2015) " Advanced Algebra –
Trigonometry and Statistics Functional Approach." Vibal Publishing House Incorporated
Orines, Fernando B., Dilao, Soledad, Bernabe, Julieta G. (2013) "Algebra II –Functional
Approach." Vibal Publishing House Incorporated

Enriquez, Ymas Jr., Patiak, Estuchi, Escalona, and Pelayo (2015), " College Algebra with
Recreational Mathematics," Sta. Monica Printing Corporation