The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

It is known that a current carrying conductor creates a magnetic field. Is it possible

to obtain an electric current using a magnetic field?
This problem was solved by Michael Faraday in 1831.
It has been experimentally shown that if you bring a
permanent magnet to the coil or vice versa, then an
electric current will appear in the coil.
The same thing happens with two closely spaced
coils: if you connect an AC source to one of the coils,
then an alternating current will also appear in the other.

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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

Generalizing these experiments, Faraday discovered the phenomenon

of electromagnetic induction. It consists in the fact that when the magnetic
flux changes through a surface bounded by a closed conducting circuit, an
electric current, called induction, arises in it.

Thus, moving charges (current) create a magnetic field, and a changing

magnetic field creates an electric field, which, as it turned out, is a vortex.

The appearance of an induction current indicates the presence in a

closed loop of an electromotive force, called the electromotive force of
electromagnetic induction, the value of which is proportional to the rate
of change of the magnetic flux:
d
i .
dt

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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

Later, E. H. Lenz established a general rule for finding the direction of the
induction current (Lenz's rule): for any change in the magnetic flux through a surface
bounded by a closed circuit, in the latter an induction current appears in such a direction
that its magnetic field counteracts the change in the magnetic flux that caused it.

Combining Faraday's law and Lenz's rule, we get the basic law of electromagnetic
induction:

d
i   .
dt

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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

German physicist G. Helmholtz showed that the basic law of

electromagnetic induction is a consequence of the law of conservation of
energy.
Consider a closed conductive loop with a
sliding bridge 1-2, placed in a magnetic field.

If this circuit is included in the circuit of a

galvanic cell, then under the action of the
Ampere force, the jumper 1-2 will start moving.

The elementary work L, performed during the time dt when moving the
jumper 1-2 with a current I, is expressed by the formula: L  Id , where
d is the change in the magnetic flux through the surface bounded by the
contour during the time dt.

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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

The work done during the time dt when the current I flows through the circuit with
the resistance R is equal to I2Rdt.
The total work performed during the same time by the galvanic cell is equal to
 Idt.
According to the law of conservation of energy
 Idt  I 2 Rdt  Id ,
 d 
from which   
I  dt      i ,
R R
where d
i   .
dt
Thus, when the magnetic flux coupled to the circuit changes, an additional
electromotive force arises.

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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

The circulation of the vector E of this field along any fixed contour L of the
B
conductor is e. etc. with. electromagnetic induction:

d
 i   EB  dl   .
L
dt
Thus, the electric field excited by an alternating magnetic field is
vortex (the circulation of the intensity vector along the closed loop is
nonzero).

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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
Let's calculate the inductance of an infinitely long solenoid.
0    N  I
Magnetic induction inside the solenoid B ,
l
and the magnetic flux penetrating one turn  . B  S
If the solenoid consists of N turns, then the total magnetic flux (flux linkage) is:

  N .
0  NI 0  N 2 S
N S  I.
l l N 2S
L  0  .
  LI l

The inductance of the solenoid depends on the number of turns N, the length l, the
cross-sectional area S and the magnetic permeability  of the material from which the
solenoid core is made (in the absence of the core  = 1).

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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
When the current in the circuit changes, the magnetic flux coupled to it will
change, therefore, e will be induced in the circuit electromotive force.
The emergence of electromotive force with induction in a conductive circuit
when the current strength changes in it is called self-induction.
Applying Faraday's law to the phenomenon of self-induction, we get that
electromotive force self-induction
d d  LI   dI dL 
s      L  I .
dt dt  dt dt 
If the contour is not deformed and the magnetic permeability of the medium does
not change, then L=const и dI
 s  L ,
dt
where the minus sign, due to the Lenz rule, shows that the presence of inductance in the
circuit leads to a slowdown in the change in the current in it.
Thus, the circuit, possessing a certain inductance, acquires electrical inertness,
which means that any change in the current is inhibited the stronger, the greater the
inductance of the circuit.
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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

A conductor through which an electric current flows creates a magnetic field in the
surrounding space, which appears and disappears along with the appearance and
disappearance of the current.
A magnetic field, like an electric one, is a carrier of energy. The energy of the
magnetic field is equal to the work that is expended by the current to create this field.
Consider a circuit with inductance L, through which current I flows.

To change the magnetic flux by d , it is necessary to perform work dLW = Id = ILdI.
Then the work on creating a magnetic flux Ф will be equal to:

I
LI 2
LW  W   L  I  dI  .
0
2
The study of the properties of alternating magnetic fields showed that the energy of
the magnetic field is localized in space.

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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
Let's consider a special case - a uniform magnetic field inside a long solenoid.

N 2S
We know , L  0 
l
the formula for the energy of the magnetic field takes the form:
LI 2 1 0  N 2 S 2
W  I .
2 2 l
  N I
Magnetic induction inside the solenoid B 0 ,
Bl l
I .
0  N
Then, for the energy of the magnetic field, we obtain the expression:
1 0  N 2 S B 2l 2 1 B 2 Sl 1 B 2
W   V , V=Sl – volume
2 l 0  N
2 2 2
2 0  2 0 
Так как B  0  H , то BB B 0  H BH
W V V W  V.
2 0  20  2

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 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

The magnetic field of the solenoid is uniform and concentrated inside it; therefore,
the energy is contained in the volume of the solenoid and distributed in it with a
constant bulk density:
W BH B 0  H
2 2
w    .
V 2 2 0  2
The expression for the volumetric energy density of the magnetic field is derived
for a uniform field, but it is also valid for inhomogeneous fields.

This expression is valid only for media for which the dependence of B on H is
linear, i.e., it applies only to para- and diamagnets.

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