COP 28 REPORT:

ANALYZING GLOBAL CLIMATE

NEGOTIATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE
SOLUTIONS IN DUBAI,
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2023
Navigating Challenges and Opportunities:
Preparing for COP 28 in Dubai

Prepared for
Ms. Sophia Rodriguez
Director of Environmental Policy
Global Climate Initiative

Prepared by
Dr. Jonathan Carter
Lead Researcher
Center for Sustainable Development

Date of Submission:
February 28, 2024
Authorization Letter
14 August 2023
Ms. Sophia Rodriguez
Director of Environmental Policy
Global Climate Initiative

Subject: Authorization to Prepare Report on COP 28

Dear Sophia Rodriguez ,

I am writing to inform you that you have been authorized to prepare a comprehensive report on the upcoming UN Climate Change Conference
(COP 28) held in Dubai from November 30th to December 12th, 2023.

Given your expertise and experience in the field of climate change and environmental policy, the [Your Organization] has entrusted you with the
task of analyzing and documenting key themes, discussions, and outcomes of COP 28. Your report will serve as an essential resource for our
organization and stakeholders interested in understanding the developments and implications of this crucial event.

Please adhere to the highest standards of professionalism and integrity in carrying out this assignment. Your report should reflect a balanced and
objective assessment of the COP 28 outcomes, contributing to informed decision-making within our organization and the broader community.

If you require any assistance or have any questions during the preparation process, please do not hesitate to contact me or [Name of
Supervisor/Coordinator].

Thank you for your dedication and commitment to this important task.

Sincerely,
Dr. Jonathan Carter
Lead Researcher
Center for Sustainable Development
Transmittal Letter
Dear Sophia Rodriguez,

I am pleased to present the attached research report titled "Advancing Climate Action: Insights and
Recommendations for COP28." Our team prepared this report at [Your Organization] and aims to provide valuable
insights into key themes and discussions pertinent to the upcoming COP28 conference on climate change.

As the recipient of this report, you will find detailed analyses and recommendations on various aspects of the
climate agenda, including the Global Stocktake, financing for the developing world, the role of hydrocarbon
producers, key technologies, multilateral agreements, carbon markets, hard-to-abate sectors, and the future of the
COP process.

Our team has meticulously researched and synthesized information from credible sources to offer a
comprehensive overview of global climate action challenges and opportunities. Moreover, the report outlines
actionable recommendations for discussions and decision-making at COP28 and beyond.

The insights presented in this report will be of great value to policymakers, stakeholders, and delegates involved in
the COP28 conference and organizations and individuals committed to advancing climate action worldwide.

Thank you for considering our contribution to the climate change discourse; we remain available for any further
inquiries or collaborations.

Yours sincerely,
Dr. Jonathan Carter
Table Of Content
Executive Summary
01. Overview of the Research Paper

Introduction
02. Background and Context of COP Conferences

The Global Stocktake (GST)

03. Objectives and Framework of the GST

Loss & Damage Fund

04. Challenges and Debates Surrounding Funding

Financing of the Developing World

05. Future Financing Goals and Challenges
EXECUTIVE The 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), set to convene in Dubai from November

SUMMARY
30 to December 12, 2023, will address critical issues stemming from COP27's
dissatisfaction, emphasizing the urgency for more ambitious commitments and
global cooperation.
Key themes include:

Global Loss & Damage Financing of the Role of Hydrocarbon

Stocktake (GST): Fund: Developing World: Producers:

COP28 marks the inaugural Despite establishment, With previous funding

review of GST, highlighting
disparities between climate
commitments and Paris
Agreement goals. Proposed
solutions aim to phase out fossil
fuels and accelerate the
transition to renewable energy,
necessitating addressing
implementation challenges and
financing needs.
concerns linger regarding
funding, eligibility, and
contributions, posing a
potential fault line
between Global South and
North negotiators.
commitments unmet, COP28
emphasizes establishing new
financial goals advocating for
grants or concessional finance
for mitigation and adaptation
efforts while scrutinizing the
roles of international financial
institutions.
Debates over hydrocarbons'
future and fossil fuel phase-out
continue, balancing
environmental goals with
economic realities and
addressing the influence of oil
and gas companies.
I. Origin of the Report
This report emerges in anticipation of the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), scheduled to convene in Dubai from November 30 to December 12, 2023. It
culminates the collective efforts of researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders committed to addressing the global
climate crisis.

II. Problem and Purpose

The problem is multifaceted: the world faces an urgent climate crisis characterized by rising temperatures, extreme
weather events, and environmental degradation. This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key
themes, challenges, and opportunities expected to be addressed at COP28. The report aims to inform and guide
decision-makers in combatting climate change by identifying critical issues and potential solutions.
III. Scope of the Report
This report will analyze the key themes and challenges likely to be discussed at COP28, drawing insights from the
outcomes of previous conferences, particularly COP27 and COP26. It will delve into topics such as the Global Stocktake,
financing for the developing world, the role of hydrocarbon producers, geopolitical dynamics, technological
advancements, and the future of the COP process itself.

IV. Background of the Report

The background of this report is rooted in the dissatisfaction expressed by many participants following COP27, where
ambitions for more robust commitments to mitigate climate change fell short. COP28 presents an opportunity to
address these shortcomings and chart a path toward greater global cooperation and ambition in tackling the climate
crisis.
V. Methodology
The methodology employed in this report involves extensive research, analysis of official documents and statements,
consultation with experts, and synthesis of diverse perspectives. The report aims to provide a comprehensive and
balanced overview of the issues at hand by triangulating information from various sources.

VI. Definitions and Acronyms

To ensure clarity and understanding, this report includes definitions of key terms and acronyms relevant to the
discussion of climate change and international climate negotiations. Clear definitions will facilitate comprehension and
facilitate informed dialogue among readers.
VII. Limitations
While every effort has been made to provide accurate and comprehensive information, this report has limitations. Due
to the dynamic nature of climate negotiations and the issues' complexity, certain aspects may be subject to change or
interpretation. Additionally, data availability and time limitations may impact the depth of analysis in certain areas.
Nonetheless, this report offers valuable insights and recommendations for advancing climate action at COP28 and
beyond
 Ending Summary
In conclusion, COP28 is poised to address critical issues left unresolved from previous conferences, with a primary
focus on responding to the sobering findings of the Global Stocktake and the imperative for urgent political action
to curb emissions and uphold the 1.5-degree target. The debate surrounding financing for developing nations and
the operationalization of the Loss & Damage Fund will remain pivotal, potentially serving as a red line for many
developing countries. Additionally, the role of hydrocarbons in the energy transition will be a significant theme, as
stakeholders seek to find common ground between realistic views on oil and gas and the imperative for rapid
decarbonization.

Furthermore, the potential for collaboration between the US and China, particularly led by key figures like John
Kerry and Xie Zhenhua, could provide a positive foundation for COP28's success. Despite the ongoing risk of
geopolitical tensions, history suggests that meaningful collaboration between these major players can set a
precedent for global cooperation. As COP28 approaches, managing expectations while fostering meaningful
dialogue and action will be essential for progress towards a sustainable future.
 Conclusion
In conclusion, COP28 is poised to continue grappling with the complex and unresolved issues carried over from previous conferences,
highlighting the slow and intricate nature of the COP process. It is essential to temper expectations for the gathering in Dubai, given the
difficulty of achieving unanimity and the intricate nature of the challenges at hand.

A central focus of COP28 will revolve around responding to the stark conclusions drawn from the Global Stocktake, emphasizing the
urgent need for political action to mitigate emissions and preserve the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Additionally,
debates surrounding the financing required for the developing world, particularly regarding the operationalization of the Loss & Damage
Fund, are expected to take center stage, with potential implications for the overall success of the talks.

Furthermore, the role of hydrocarbons in the energy transition will be a significant theme, with stakeholders seeking to find a middle
ground between differing views on the pace of fossil fuel phase-out. The acknowledgment of oil and gas producers in the climate
discussion, coupled with the imperative for concrete decarbonization plans, underscores the evolving dynamics of climate negotiations.

Crucially, the potential for collaboration between major players, particularly between the US and China, holds promise for fostering a
positive foundation for COP28's success. Initiatives led by key figures like John Kerry and Xie Zhenhua could set an example for global
cooperation, although the risk of geopolitical tensions remains ever-present.

As COP28 approaches, maintaining a nuanced understanding of the challenges ahead while fostering meaningful dialogue and
cooperation will be paramount for advancing toward a sustainable future.

Sincerely,
Dr. Jonathan Carter
 Recommendations
Based on the conclusions drawn from the analysis of COP28's key issues, here is a recommendation plan: Prioritize Action on Global
Stocktake Findings: Given the urgency highlighted by the Global Stocktake, it is imperative to prioritize actions aimed at reducing
emissions to meet the 1.5-degree Celsius target. This involves fostering political will and cooperation among all parties to implement
ambitious mitigation measures. Address Financing Needs for Developing Nations: To ensure the success of COP28, it is crucial to address
the ongoing debates regarding the financing required for the developing world. This includes focusing on the operationalization of the
Loss & Damage Fund and finding equitable methodologies for providing financial support to vulnerable countries. Facilitate Dialogue on
Hydrocarbons in the Energy Transition: COP28 should facilitate constructive dialogue to find a middle ground regarding the role of
hydrocarbons in the energy transition. Encouraging discussions between stakeholders advocating for a realistic approach to oil and gas
use and those advocating for rapid fossil fuel phase-out can lead to consensus-building and pragmatic solutions. Promote Engagement
Between Key Players: Given the significance of relations between major players like the US and China, it is recommended to promote and
facilitate constructive engagement between these parties. Initiatives led by influential figures such as John Kerry and Xie Zhenhua could
provide a positive foundation for collaboration and progress at COP28. Mitigate Geopolitical Risks: While striving for collaboration
between major players, it is essential to anticipate and mitigate potential geopolitical risks that could derail progress at COP28. This
involves proactive diplomacy and conflict resolution efforts to prevent issues unrelated to climate change from overshadowing the
conference's objectives. Manage Expectations: Lastly, it is essential to manage expectations for COP28, considering the complexity of the
issues at hand and the gradual nature of progress within the COP process. Setting realistic goals and emphasizing incremental progress
can help maintain momentum and foster a sense of achievement. By implementing these recommendations, COP28 can maximize its
effectiveness in addressing critical climate challenges and pave the way for meaningful global action towards a sustainable future
Appendix: Additional Information
Key Participants:

COP28 Presidency: Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber

Notable Delegations: Representatives from all 197 participating parties
Key Figures: John Kerry (United States), Xie Zhenhua (China), and other influential climate negotiators
Background Documents:

Paris Agreement: Foundational document guiding global climate action.

Synthesis Report of the Global Stocktake: Key findings and recommendations for addressing climate challenges.
Reports on Climate Finance: Assessing financial needs of developing nations and progress towards funding commitments.
Relevant Resolutions and Agreements:

Resolutions from COP26 and COP27: Previous agreements and commitments.

Outcome Documents from Pre-COP Meetings: Summaries of discussions and agreements leading to COP28.
Technical Reports and Studies:

Studies on Hydrocarbon Transition: Research on the role of oil and gas in energy transition.
Economic Analyses of Climate Finance: Reports on economic implications of financing climate efforts in developing countries.
Official Statements and Press Releases:

Statements from COP Presidency: Official communications outlining priorities for COP28.
Press Releases from Participating Parties: Statements on positions and objectives for the conference.
Additional Resources:

Websites of Relevant Organizations: Links to UNFCCC, World Bank, and various NGOs.
Academic Journals and Publications: Sources for further reading on COP28 topics, including peer-reviewed articles.
Bibliography
Henderson, James. "10 Key Issues for COP 28." Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2023. Stable URL:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep55339.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). "Paris Agreement." Accessed at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-
meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement.

Global Stocktake Synthesis Report. Accessed at: [Insert link if available].

Various Reports on Climate Finance. Accessed at: [Provide specific sources if available].

Studies on Hydrocarbon Transition. Accessed at: [Provide specific sources if available].

Economic Analyses of Climate Finance. Accessed at: [Provide specific sources if available].

Official Statements and Press Releases from COP Presidency and Participating Parties. Accessed at: [Provide specific sources if available].

Websites of Relevant Organizations such as UNFCCC, World Bank, and NGOs. Accessed at: [Provide specific URLs if available].

Academic Journals and Publications. Accessed at: [Provide specific sources if available].