1. Some people argue that discourse is language in context.

2. Being meaningless and ununified is known as quality of a text/a discourse

3. Discourse is the structure of words and phrases.

4. A text or a discourse forms a meaning whole.

5. Spoken language is lexically dense and grammatically compact.

6. Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between

language and the contexts in which it is used.

7. The British work in discourse analysis has produced a large number of

description of discourse types, as well as insights into the social constraints of
politeness and face-preserving phenomena in talk, overlapping with British
work in pragmatics.

8. American discourse analysis was greatly influenced by Μ.Α.Κ. Halliday 's

functional approach to language.

9. The American work in discourse analysis has principally followed structural

linguistic criteria, on the basis of the isolation of units, and sets of rules
defining well-formed sequences of discourse

10. Cohesion is the formal links that mark various types of inter-clause and inter-
sentence relationships within discourse.

11. Cohesion can not be realized by grammatical means or lexical means.

12. There are five types of cohesion: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction
and lexical cohesion.

13. Cohesion can be of two types: grammatical and lexical.

14. Reference is defined by Halliday and Hasan as the intonation structure of the
utterance.

15. Endophoric reference is reference outside the text to the situation.

16. Demonstrative reference involves the use of demonstrative adjectives and

pronouns.

17. In "You entered into a tiny little hallway and the kitchen was off that",
demonstrative reference is used as a cohesive device.
18. In the sentence "There is a girl over there. She is my friend.", the word she is
used as a cohesive device of comparative reference.

19. In "She is in the classroom. The teacher is there." The word there is used as a
cohesive device of demonstrative reference.

20. Personal reference may be either general expressing the identity, similarity or
difference between things, or expressing a qualitative or quantitative
comparison.

21. Substitution may be of three types: nominal, verbal and clausal.

22. An example of verbal substitution is "These biscuits are stale. Get me fresh
ones."

23. Clausal substitution is by means of so or not.

24. Clausal substitution is used in:

A: Is it going to rain? B: I think so.

25. Reference is defined by Halliday and Hasan as the intonation structure of the
utterance.

26. Recount as a type of genre is used to tell someone to do or make something, to

describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of steps or
actions.

27. Personal reference may be either general expressing the identity, similarity or
difference between things, or expressing a qualitative or quantitative
comparison.

28. In the sentence "There is a girl over there. She is my friend.", the word she is
used as a cohesive device of comparative

29. reference. In the passage:" Nam sits over there. He is my friend. He is a doctor."
The multiple theme pattern is used as a cohesive device.

30. In the passage "The bat is a nocturnal animal. It lives in the dark. Bats hunts at
night. They sleep the day and are very shy. ", the zig-zag theme pattern is used
as a cohesive means.

31. In the information structure, the new typically precedes the

32. In reiteration, the same word may be repeated in successive. though not
necessarily, contiguous sentences.

33. In "She is in the classroom. The teacher is there." The word there is used as a
cohesive device of demonstrative reference.

34. In "You entered into a tiny little hallway and the kitchen was off that",
demonstrative reference is used as a cohesive device.

35. In "Many OAPs still have a hard time making ends meet - but some are sitting
on a small fortune. During the last property boom they soar the value of their
home soar", some is used as a cohesive device of nominal ellipsis.
36. In "Henry has bought a new Jaguar. He practically lives in the car." The
superordinate term the car is used as a cohesive device.

37. In the information structure, the new information is not compulsory. It is the
information already known to the listener or the reader.

38. However is used as an adversative conjunction in "The problem is very difficult.

However, he has successfully solved it".

39. Given/old information is the information not known by the speaker.

40. Genres are types of spoken and written discourse recognized by a discourse
community.

41. Everything that follows the theme is the rheme.

42. Endophoric reference is reference outside the text to the situation

43. Discourse is the structure of words and phrases.

44. Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between
language and the contexts in which it is used.

45. In the new information is usually contained in the definite expression in an

information structure.

46. In the information structure, the new typically precedes the given.

47. The information structure in a text / piece of discourse partly contributes to the
coherence of a text / discourse

48. The thematic structure consists of the theme and the rheme elements.
49. Rheme is a formal grammatical category which refers to the initial element in a
clause.

50. The theme is the element which serves as the point of departure of the
messages it is that with which the clause is concerned.

51. Everything that follows the theme is the rheme.

52. Thematic progression refers to the way in which the theme of a clause may
pick up or repeat a meaning from a preceding theme or rheme.

53. Thematic progression is a method of development of a text. It partly

contributes to the coherence of discourse.

54. Thematic progression may be of three kinds: a-zigzag theme, b- theme

reiteration and c-multiple theme / split rheme.

55. In the passage "The bat is a nocturnal animal. It lives in the dark. Bats hunts at
night. They sleep the day and are very shy.", the zig-zag theme pattern is used
as a cohesive means.

56. In the passage:" Nam sits over there. He is my friend. He is a doctor." The
multiple theme pattern is used as a cohesive device.

57. Texts may also contain a multiple theme or split rheme pattern. In this pattern,
a rheme may include a number of different pieces of information, each of
which may be picked up as the theme in a number of subsequent clauses.

58. Genres are types of spoken and written discourse recognized by a discourse
community.

59. Text types normally have schematic structures.

60. Instruction/procedure as a type of genre is used to tell someone to do or make

something, to describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of
steps or actions.

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