Richmond Rainier G.

Padaca
BSME -1A
23-050068

ASSIGNMENT

1. Definition of History.

- a chronological record of significant events (such as those affecting a nation or

institution) often including an explanation of their causes

- a treatise presenting systematically related natural phenomena (as of geography,

animals, or plants)

- a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events

(Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). History definition & meaning. Merriam-Webster.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/history)

2. What do People say about History?

- “ History is not the past but a map of the past, drawn from a particular point of view,
to be useful to the modern traveller.” (Henry Glassie, US Historian 1941)

- “ History is the story of events, with praise or blame.” (Cotton Mather, American
Writer and Politician 1663-1728)

- “ History is the study of all the world’s crime.” (Voltaire, French Writer and
Philosopher 1694- 1778)

3. Definition of Historia and Kasayayan.

Historia - The Greek word was borrowed into Classical Latin as historia, meaning
"investigation, inquiry, research, account, description, written account of past events,
writing of history, historical narrative, recorded knowledge of past events, story,
narrative".

Kasaysayan - "Kasaysayan" is a Tagalog word that means "history" in English. It

refers to the study of past events, particularly those that have had a significant impact
on a culture, nation, or the world. In Filipino culture, "kasaysayan" holds great
importance as it helps to preserve and understand the collective experiences of the
Filipino people.

(Quora. (n.d.). https://www.quora.com/What-is-kasaysayan)

4. Sources used in History:

Examples of primary resources include:

 diaries, correspondence, ships' logs

 original documents e.g. birth certificates, trial transcripts
 biographies, autobiographies, manuscripts
 interviews, speeches, oral histories
 case law, legislation, regulations, constitutions
 government documents, statistical data, research reports
 a journal article reporting new research or findings
 creative art works, literature
 newspaper advertisements and reportage and editorial/opinion pieces
 Library Collection

Examples of secondary sources include:

 journal articles that comment on or analyse research

 textbooks
 dictionaries and encyclopedias
 books that interpret, analyse
 political commentary
 biographies
 dissertations
 newspaper editorial/opinion pieces
 criticism of literature, art works or music

(Primary and secondary sources. UNSW Library. (n.d.).

https://www.library.unsw.edu.au/using-the-library/information-resources/
primary-and-secondary-sources)

5. Filipino perspectives in History.

- The Philippines’ mental health situation is an amalgam of its rich pre-colonial

history, the influence of Spanish and American colonization and the Filipinos’
subsequent quest for identity and national consciousness. Beliefs attributing illness to
changes in the natural environment, witchcraft and sorcery, transgressions of social
norms and punishment by environmental spirits and the healing power of the shamans
permeated the archipelago even before the colonizers came and continue to persist
even up to this day. Spain left its imprint on the country through Roman Catholic
teaching and rituals and the introduction of Western medicine and the hospital system.
The Americans, on the other hand, introduced Protestantism, which had its own
impact on the understanding of mental health, and reoriented the health-care system
with the introduction of private institutions and the establishment of a system of
health professional training based on that of the United States of America. In the
1970s, Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology) emerged and sought to probe into
indigenous concepts and descriptions of personality and mental health at about the
same time as when the country was put under an oppressive martial law regime that
was ended by the 1986 EDSA People Power revolution. The earliest formal and
institutionalized mental health services in the country were provided by the Hospicio
de San Jose, a mental health asylum established in the mid-nineteenth century. Since
then, the predominant system of mental health care has been mental hospital-based. A
National Mental Health Program (NMHP) was set up post-1986 revolution to
reevaluate the mental health situation and services in the country. Through the years,
the NMHP met serious challenges in its implementation with the dearth of
epidemiologic data on mental health, serious financial and human resources
limitations, low government prioritization and the absence of a dedicated mental
health law in the country. Despite being few and sometimes isolated, efforts to
deinstitutionalize mental health care and bring programs to communities and special
population groups, like migrant workers, have been documented. Among prevailing
and emerging mental health issues in the Philippines at present are: (1) the inadequacy
of work around the indigenous concepts of mental health; (2) disparities in mental
health practices and care due to multiculturalism and economic differences; (3) the
effects of the Overseas Filipino Worker phenomenon especially to families; (4) the
gap between Western-trained professionals and popular culture; (5) the continuing
predominance of custodial and isolated care; (6) mental health care in disasters; and
(7) the need for reorientation of the teaching and practice of psychiatry. Psychiatry in
the Philippines needs to face up to many old challenges as well as new ones. Filipino
psychiatrists will need to take on multiple roles in relation to these challenges, not just
as clinicians but also as community trainers, advocates, researchers, leaders and civil
servants, with a sensitivity to culture and history.

Alcina, F. I. (1668, 2005). History of the Bisayan people in the Philippine Islands:
Evangelization and culture at the contact period. Book 1, Part 3, Vol. III. (Trans. and
Ed. by Kobak, C.J. and Gutierrez, L.). Manila: UST Publishing House.

Anderson, W. (2006). Colonial pathologies: American medicine, race and tropical

hygiene in the Philippines. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.

Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. (2011). The Philippines
Health System Review. Geneva: WHO.