Boost

Lecture 5’s sequence
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Buck (Step-Down) Converter
5.3 Boost (Step-Up) Converter

Introduction
DC-DC converters are power electronic circuits that convert a DC voltage to a different DC voltage level,
often providing a regulated output.
Applications:
– Switched-mode power supply
DC supply (from
(SMPS), DC motor control,
LOAD
rectifier- filter, DC
battery chargers, subway cars, battery, fuel cell output
trolley buses, vehicles, etc. etc.,)
Vcontrol
(derived from
feedback circuit)
General block diagram

Introduction
Main Types of Choppers
1. Step-down DC-DC converter

2. Step-up DC-DC converter
3. Buck-Boost converter (Step-down/step-up converter)
4. Cuk converter
5.1 Introduction

Buck (Step-Down) Converter
Step Down Chopper with Resistive Load

1
Step Down Chopper with RL Load

2
Step Down Chopper with Low Pass Filter

3
Step-down chopper as Buck converted is

used to reduce the input voltage level at
the output side. Circuit diagram of a step-
down chopper is shown in the figures.
When CH is turned ON, 𝑽𝒔 directly

appears across the load as shown in figure.
So 𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒔 . a) b)
When CH is turned OFF, 𝑽𝒔 is

disconnected from the load. So, output
voltage 𝑽𝒐 = 𝟎.
The voltage waveform of step-down

chopper.
c) d)
Operation of Step-Down Chopper with Resistive Load
 When CH is ON, 𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒔 . When CH is OFF, 𝑽𝒐 = 𝟎
The Average output voltage is
1 𝑉𝑇
𝑉 =𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 = = 𝐷𝑉
𝑇 𝑇
𝑉 𝐷𝑉
𝐼 = =
𝑅 𝑅
Step-Down Chopper with Resistive Load
 Where, D is duty cycle = 𝑻𝑶𝑵 /𝑻. 𝑻𝑶𝑵 can be varied from 0 to T, so 𝟎 ≤ 𝑫 ≤ 𝟏.

 The output voltage 𝑽𝒐 can be varied from 0 to 𝑽𝒔 .
The rms output voltage is
1 𝑇 𝑉 𝑉 𝐷
𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉 =𝑉 𝐷 𝐼 = =
𝑇 𝑇 𝑅 𝑅
𝑉 𝑉
𝑃 =𝑉 𝐼 = =𝐷
𝑅 𝑅
The output voltage is always less than the input voltage and hence the
name step down chopper is justified.

Pulse Width Modulation Method
Ripple factor (RF) can be found from V0
𝑉 𝐷𝑉 1 1−𝐷 tON tOFF
𝑅𝐹 = −1= −1 = −1= t
𝑉 𝐷 𝑉 𝐷 𝐷 T
V0
Methods of Control t
tON tOFF
1. Pulse Width Modulation
Variable Frequency Control Method
• 𝒕𝑶𝑵 is varied keeping chopping frequency ‘𝒇’ & chopping period ‘𝑻’ constant. v0
V
• Output voltage is varied by varying the ON time 𝒕𝑶𝑵 .
tON tOFF
2. Pulse Width Modulation T
t
v0
• Chopping frequency ‘𝒇’is varied keeping either 𝒕𝑶𝑵 or 𝒕𝑶𝑭𝑭 constant.
V
• To obtain full output voltage range, frequency must be varied over a wide range.
tON t OFF
• This method produces harmonics in the output and for large 𝒕𝑶𝑭𝑭 load current may t
become discontinuous. T
Examlpe: A transistor dc chopper circuit (Buck converter) is supplied with power form an ideal battery of 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑽. The load
voltage waveform consists of rectangular pulses of duration 𝟏𝒎𝒔 in an overall cycle time of 𝟐. 𝟓𝒎𝒔. Calculate, for resistive
load of 𝟏𝟎Ω.
(a) The duty cycle D. b) The average value of the output voltage 𝑽𝒅𝒄 .
(c) The rms value of the output voltage 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 . (d) The ripple factor RF.
(e) The output dc power.
Solution:
a) Duty cycle D
𝑡 1𝑚𝑠
𝐷= = = 0.4
𝑇 2.5𝑚𝑠
b) Average value of the output voltage 𝑽𝒅𝒄
𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉 = 0.4 100 = 40 𝑉
c) rms value of the output voltage 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑉 = 𝑉 𝐷 = (100)( 0.4) = 63.2 𝑉
d) Ripple factor RF
1−𝐷 1 − 0.4
𝑅𝐹 = = = 1.225
𝐷 0.4
e) Output dc power
𝑉 40
𝑃 = = = 160 𝑊
𝑅 10

1

2

3
 When chopper is ON, supply is connected across load.

Current flows from supply to load.
 When chopper is OFF, load current continues to flow in the
same direction through FWD due to energy stored in
inductor 𝑳.
v0 Output
 Load current can be continuous or discontinuous depending voltage
V
on the values of 𝑳 and duty cycle 𝑫. tON tOFF
t
 For a continuous current operation, load current varies i0
T
Output
current
between two limits 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 and 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏. Imax
 When current becomes equal to 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 the chopper is turned- I min

Continuous
current
off and it is turned-on when current reduces to 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏. i0
t
Output
current
Discontinuous
current
t
Continuous Current Operation When Chopper Is ON (𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒕𝑶𝑵 )
 When the switch is closed in the buck converter, the circuit will be as
shown in the figure, the diode is reverse-biased.
The voltage across the inductor is

𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑉 − 𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑉 +𝑉 = 𝑉 +𝐿 ⟶ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐿
𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉
Δ𝑖 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐷𝑇 = 𝑡 (1)
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 i0 Output
Imax current
𝑑𝑖 Δ𝑖 𝐼 −𝐼 𝑉 −𝑉
= = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝐿 Continuous
Imin current
From straight line equation t
𝐼 −𝐼 𝐼 −𝐼 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑖 =𝐼 + 𝑡=𝐼 + 𝑡=𝐼 + 𝑡 (2)
𝑡 𝐷𝑇 𝐿
Continuous Current Operation When Chopper Is OFF (𝒕𝑶𝑵 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝑻)
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑉
0=𝑉 +𝑉 =𝑉 +𝐿 ⟶ =−
𝑉 𝑉
Δ𝑖 = − 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑡 (3)
𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝑖 Δ𝑖 𝐼 −𝐼 𝐼 −𝐼 𝑉
= = =− =−
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝐿
i0 Output
Imax current
From straight line equation
𝑖 =𝐼 + 𝑡−𝑡 =𝐼 − 𝑡−𝑡 (4) Continuous

Imin current
t
Steady-state operation requires that the inductor current at the end of the switching cycle be the same as that at the beginning,
meaning that the net change in inductor current over one period is zero. This requires
Δ𝑖 + Δ𝑖 =0
𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉 𝑡
𝑡 − 𝑡 =0 ⟶ =
𝐿 𝐿 𝑉 𝑡
𝑉 𝑡 𝑉 𝑡
−1= ⟶ = +1
𝑉 𝑡 𝑉 𝑡
𝑉 𝑡 +𝑡 𝑇
= = ⟶ 𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉
𝑉 𝑡 𝑡
From equation (1)
𝑉 − 𝐷𝑉 𝑉 1−𝐷 𝐷
Δ𝑖 = 𝐷𝑇 =
𝐿 𝑓𝐿
At steady state operation, the average inductor current must be the same as the average current in the load resistor.
𝑉
𝐼 =𝐼 =
𝑅
The maximum and minimum values of the inductor current are computed as
Δ𝑖 𝑉 1−𝐷 𝐷 𝑉 1−𝐷
𝐼 =𝐼 + ⟶ 𝐼 =𝐼 + =𝐼 +
2 2𝑓𝐿 2𝑓𝐿
Δ𝑖 𝑉 1−𝐷 𝐷 𝑉 1−𝐷
𝐼 =𝐼 − ⟶ 𝐼 =𝐼 − =𝐼 −
2 2𝑓𝐿 2𝑓𝐿
The average dc output voltage and current can found as
𝐼 −𝐼
𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉 𝐼 ≅
2
Examlpe: A dc chopper has a resistive load of 𝟐𝟎𝛀 and input voltage 𝑽𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟎𝑽. When chopper is ON, its
voltage drop is 𝟏. 𝟓𝑽 and chopping frequency is 𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑯𝒛. If the duty cycle is 80%, determine the average output
voltage and the chopper on time.
Solution:
𝑡
𝐷= = 0.8
𝑇
𝑡
𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉 = 𝑉 −𝑉 = 0.8 220 − 1.5 = 174.8 𝑉
𝑇
1 1
𝑇= = = 0.1 𝑚𝑠
𝑓 (10)(10 )
𝑡 = 𝐷𝑇 = 0.8 0.1 10 = 80 𝜇𝑠
Examlpe: A Chopper circuit is operating at a frequency of 2 kHz on a 460V supply. If the load voltage is 350V,
calculate the conduction period of the thyristor in each cycle.
Solution:
𝑉 = 460𝑉
1 1
𝑇= = = 0.5 𝑚𝑠
𝑓 (2)(10 )
𝑡 𝑇𝑉
𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉 = 𝑉 ⟶ 𝑡 =
𝑇 𝑉
0.5 10 350
𝑡 = = 0.38 𝑚𝑠
460

1

2

3
 This converter is used if the objective is to produce an output

that is purely DC.
 If the low-pass filter is ideal, the output voltage is the
average of the input voltage to the filter.
Analysis for the Switch Closed

When the switch is closed in the buck converter circuit of Fig. (a),
the diode is reverse-biased, and Fig. (b) is an equivalent circuit.
The voltage across the inductor is
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉 =𝐿 ⟶ =
Analysis for the Switch Opened
When the switch is open, the diode becomes forward-biased to

carry the inductor current and the equivalent circuit of Fig. (c)
applies. The voltage across the inductor when the switch is open is
𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉
Δ𝑖 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐷𝑇
𝐿 𝐿
or
𝑑𝑖 Δ𝑖 Δ𝑖 𝑉 −𝑉
= = =
𝑑𝑡 Δ𝑡 𝐷𝑇 𝐿
𝑉 −𝑉
⟶ Δ𝑖 = 𝐷𝑇 (1)
𝐿

Since the derivative of the current is a positive constant, the current
increases linearly. The change in current while the switch is closed is
computed by modifying the preceding equation.
𝑉 = −𝑉 = 𝐿 ⟶ =−
The derivative of current in the inductor is a negative constant, and the
current decreases linearly. The change in inductor current when the
switch is open is
−𝑉 −𝑉
Δ𝑖 = 𝑑𝑡 = 1−𝐷 𝑇
𝐿 𝐿
or
Δ𝑖 Δ𝑖 𝑉 𝑉
= =− ⟶ Δ𝑖 =− 1−𝐷 𝑇 (2)
Δ𝑡 1−𝐷 𝑇 𝐿 𝐿
Steady-state operation requires that the inductor current at the vbe Ts
end of the switching cycle be the same as that at the beginning, Ton Toff
t
meaning that the net change in inductor current over one period is
zero. This requires
iL
Io
t
Δ𝑖 + Δ𝑖 =0 iS
Using equations (1) and (2) t
iD
𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉
𝐷𝑇 − 1−𝐷 𝑇 ⟶ 𝑉 = 𝐷𝑉 t
𝐿 𝐿
Vl
=0
The average inductor current must be the same as the average Vin Vo t
current in the load resistor, since the average capacitor current

Vo
Ic
must be zero for steady-state operation: Q

t
𝑉
𝐼 =𝐼 = Vo
𝑅 Vo
t
0
The maximum and minimum values of the inductor current are computed as
Δ𝑖 𝑉 1 𝑉 1 1−𝐷
𝐼 =𝐼 + = + 1−𝐷 𝐷 = 𝑉 +
2 𝑅 2 𝐿 𝑅 2𝐿𝑓
Δ𝑖 𝑉 1 𝑉 1 1−𝐷
𝐼 =𝐼 − = − 1−𝐷 𝐷 = 𝑉 −
2 𝑅 2 𝐿 𝑅 2𝐿𝑓
Since 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎 is the boundary between continuous and discontinuous current,

1 1−𝐷 1−𝐷 𝑅
𝐼 =0=𝑉 − ⟶ 𝐿𝑓 =
𝑅 2𝐿𝑓 2
The minimum combination of inductance and switching frequency for continuous current in the buck converter is
1−𝐷 𝑅
𝐿 = for continuous current
2𝑓
where 𝐿 is the minimum inductance required for continuous current. In practice, a value of inductance greater than 𝐿 is
desirable to ensure continuous current.
Since the converter components are assumed to be ideal, the power supplied by the source must be the same as
the power absorbed by the load resistor.
𝑃 =𝑃 This relationship is like the voltage-

current relationship for a transformer
𝑉𝐼 = 𝑉 𝐼
in AC applications. Therefore, the buck
𝑉 𝐼 converter circuit is equivalent to a DC
=
𝑉 𝐼 transformer.
In the preceding analysis, the capacitor was assumed to be very large to keep the output voltage constant. In
practice, the output voltage cannot be kept perfectly constant with a finite capacitance. The variation in output
voltage, or ripple, is computed from the voltage-current relationship of the capacitor. The current in the
capacitor is
𝑖 =𝑖 −𝑖
While the capacitor current is positive, the capacitor is charging. From

the definition of capacitance,
Δ𝑄
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 ; Δ𝑄 = 𝐶Δ𝑉 ; Δ𝑉 =
𝐶
The change in charge 𝜟𝑸 is the area of the triangle above the time axis
1 𝑇 Δ𝐼 𝑇Δ𝑖 𝑇Δ𝑖
Δ𝑄 = = ⟶ Δ𝑉 =
2 2 2 8 8𝐶
Substitute (𝚫𝒊𝑳 )𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 in the above equation yields

𝑇𝑉 𝑉 1−𝐷
Δ𝑉 = 1−𝐷 𝑇 =
8𝐶𝐿 8𝐿𝐶𝑓
∆𝑽𝒐 is the peak-to-peak ripple voltage at the output
The required capacitance in terms of specified voltage ripple:
1−𝐷
𝐶=
8𝐿 Δ𝑉 /𝑉 𝑓
Examlpe: Buck dc-dc converter with Low Pass Filter has the following parameters:
𝑉 = 50 𝑉; 𝐷 = 0.4; 𝐿 = 400 𝜇H; 𝐶 = 100 𝜇F; 𝑓 = 20 kHz; 𝑅 = 20 Ω
Assuming ideal components, calculate (a) the output voltage Vo, (b) the maximum and minimum inductor current, and (c) the
output voltage ripple.
Solution:
a) Output voltage 𝑽𝒐
𝑉 = 𝑉 𝐷 = 50 0.4 = 20 𝑉
b) Maximum and minimum inductor current
1 1−𝐷 1 1−𝐷
𝐼 =𝑉 + 𝐼 =𝑉 −
𝑅 2𝐿𝑓 𝑅 2𝐿𝑓
1 1 − 0.4 1 1 − 0.4
= 20 + = 20 −
20 2(400)(10 )(20)(10 ) 20 2(400)(10 )(20)(10 )
= 1.75 𝐴 = 0.25 𝐴
c) Output voltage ripple
Δ𝑉 1−𝐷 1 − 0.4
= = 0.00469 = 0.469%
𝑉 8𝐿𝐶𝑓 8(400)(10 )(100)(10 )(20000 )
5.1 Introduction

 It is called a boost converter because the output voltage is larger than the
input.
When the switch is closed, the diode is reverse biased. Kirchhoff’s voltage law
around the path containing the source, inductor, and closed switch is
𝑉 =𝑉 =𝐿 or =
The rate of change of current is a constant, so the current increases linearly
while the switch is closed. The change in inductor current is computed from
∆𝑖 ∆𝑖 𝑉
= =
∆𝑡 𝐷𝑇 𝐿
or
𝑉 𝑉
Δ𝑖 = 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐷𝑇 (1)
𝐿 𝐿
Analysis for the Switch opened
When the switch is opened, the inductor current cannot change instantaneously, so the
diode becomes forward-biased to provide a path for inductor current. If the output
voltage 𝑽𝒐 is a constant, the voltage across the inductor is
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑣 =𝑉 −𝑉 =𝐿 or =
The rate of change of inductor current is a constant, so the current must change
linearly while the switch is open. The change in inductor current while the switch is
open is
∆𝑖 ∆𝑖 𝑉 −𝑉
= =
∆𝑡 (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 𝐿
or
( )
𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉
Δ𝑖 = 𝑑𝑡 = (1 − 𝐷)𝑇 (2)
𝐿 𝐿
vbe Ts
For steady-state operation, the net change in inductor current must be zero.
Using equations (1) & (2) Ton Toff
t
Δ𝑖 + Δ𝑖 =0 𝑉 𝐷𝑇 (𝑉 −𝑉 )(1 − 𝐷)𝑇
+ =0 iL
𝐿 𝐿
Io
t
𝑉 𝐷+1−𝐷 −𝑉 1−𝐷 = 0 𝑉
𝑉 = (3) iS
1−𝐷
t
If the switch is always open and D is zero, the output voltage is the same as the
iD
input. As the duty ratio is increased, the denominator of equation (3) becomes
smaller, resulting in a larger output voltage. The boost converter produces an
output voltage that is greater than or equal to the input voltage. However, the t
output voltage cannot be less than the input. Vl
The average current in the inductor is determined by recognizing that the Vin t
Vo - Vin
average power supplied by the source must be the same as the average power
absorbed by the load resistor.
𝑉
Output power is: 𝑃 = =𝑉𝐼
𝑅
Input power is 𝑽𝒔 𝑰𝒔 = 𝑽𝒔 𝑰𝑳 . Equating input and output powers and using equation (3)
𝑉 𝑉/ 1−𝐷 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉𝐼
𝑉𝐼 = = = 𝐼 = = = (4)
𝑅 𝑅 1−𝐷 𝑅 1− 𝐷 𝑅 𝑉𝑅 𝑉
Maximum and minimum inductor currents are determined by using the average value and the change in current from
equation (1).
Δ𝑖 𝑉 𝑉 𝐷𝑇 Δ𝑖 𝑉 𝑉 𝐷𝑇
𝐼 =𝐼 + = + (5) 𝐼 =𝐼 − = − (6)
2 1−𝐷 𝑅 2𝐿 2 1−𝐷 𝑅 2𝐿
Since 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎 is the boundary between continuous and discontinuous current,

𝑉 𝑉 𝐷𝑇 𝑉 𝑉 𝐷𝑇 𝑉 𝐷
𝐼 =0= − ⟶ = =
1−𝐷 𝑅 2𝐿 1−𝐷 𝑅 2𝐿 2𝐿𝑓
The minimum combination of inductance and switching frequency for continuous current in the boost converter is
𝐷 1−𝐷 𝑅
𝐿 = (7)
2𝑓
The peak-to-peak output voltage ripple can be calculated from the capacitor current waveform. The change in capacitor
charge can be calculated from
𝑉
∆𝑄 = 𝐷𝑇 = 𝐶∆𝑉
𝑅
An expression for ripple voltage is then
𝑉 𝐷𝑇 𝑉 𝐷 ∆𝑉 𝐷
∆𝑉 = = ⟶ =
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶𝑓 𝑉 𝑅𝐶𝑓
Expressing capacitance in terms of output voltage ripple yields
𝐷
𝐶=
∆𝑉 (8)
𝑅 𝑉 𝑓
Example: Design a boost converter that will have an output of 𝟑𝟎𝑽 from a 𝟏𝟐𝑽 source. Design for continuous inductor current
and an output ripple voltage of less than 1%. The load is a resistance of 𝟓𝟎 and the switching frequency is 𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑯𝒛.
Solution:
𝑉 12 𝐷 1 − 𝐷 𝑅 (0.6) 1 − 0.6 (50)
𝐷 = 1− =1− = 0.6 𝐿 = = = 96 𝜇H
𝑉 30 2𝑓 (2)(25) 10
To provide a margin to ensure continuous current, let 𝑳 = 𝟗𝟔 𝝁𝐇.
𝑉 12 Δ𝑖 𝑉 𝐷𝑇 (12)(0.6)
𝐼 = = = 1.5 𝐴 = = = 1.2 𝐴
1−𝐷 𝑅 1 − 0.6 (50) 2 2𝐿 (2)(120)(10 )(25) 10
Δ𝑖 Δ𝑖
𝐼 =𝐼 + = 1.5 + 1.2 = 2.7 𝐴 𝐼 =𝐼 − = 1.5 − 1.2 = 0.3𝐴
2 2
𝐷 0.6
𝐶≥ = = 48 𝜇F
∆𝑉 50 0.01 25 10
𝑅 𝑉 𝑓
Example 1: The Buck dc-dc converter with continuous inductor current shown bellow has the following
specifications: Vin = 48 V, Vout = 18 V, fs = 40 kHz, R = 10 Ω. Assuming that the converter is ideal, calculate:
a) The duty cycle.

b) The minimum inductor value that
ensures continuous current.
c) The inductor value so that the current
peak-to-peak ripple = 10% of its dc
component.
d) The required output capacitor value so
that the output voltage peak-to-peak
ripple = 0.1% of its dc component.
e) The semiconductors devices ratings.
Solution:
a) Duty cycle
b) The minimum value of the inductor L that ensures continuous current is:
c) The inductor value so that the current peak-to-peak ripple = 10% of its dc component.
d) The required output capacitor value so that the output voltage peak-to-peak ripple = 0.1% of its dc
component.
e) The maximum voltage and current ratings of the semiconductor switchs

Example 2: The Boost dc-dc converter with continuous inductor current shown bellow has the following
specifications: Vin = 12 V, Vo = 30 V, output voltage peak-to-peak ripple = 1%. Inductor current peak-to-peak
ripple 10%, fs = 25 kHz and R = 50 Ω. Assuming that the converter is ideal, calculate:
a) The duty cycle.

b) The average input current.
c) The minimum required inductance that
ensures continuous inductor current.
d) The required inductance so that peak-to-peak
current ripple = 10%.
e) The minimum and maximum values of the
input current.
f) The value of the output capacitor so that the
output voltage ripple = 1%.
Solution:
a) The duty cycle
b) The average input current
c) The minimum value of the inductor L that ensures continuous current

d) The required inductance that ensures that peak-to-peak current ripple 10% of the dc component
e) The minimum and maximum values of the input current.
f) The value of the output capacitor so that the output voltage ripple = 1%.
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Lecture 5’s sequence

5.2 Buck (Step-Down) Converter

5.3 Boost (Step-Up) Converter

General block diagram

Main Types of Choppers

1. Step-down DC-DC converter

5.2 Buck (Step-Down) Converter

5.3 Boost (Step-Up) Converter

Step Down Chopper with Resistive Load

Step Down Chopper with RL Load

Step Down Chopper with Low Pass Filter

Step-down chopper as Buck converted is

When CH is turned ON, 𝑽𝒔 directly

When CH is turned OFF, 𝑽𝒔 is

The voltage waveform of step-down

Operation of Step-Down Chopper with Resistive Load

 When CH is ON, 𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒔 . When CH is OFF, 𝑽𝒐 = 𝟎

The Average output voltage is

Step-Down Chopper with Resistive Load

 Where, D is duty cycle = 𝑻𝑶𝑵 /𝑻. 𝑻𝑶𝑵 can be varied from 0 to T, so 𝟎 ≤ 𝑫 ≤ 𝟏.

The rms output voltage is

Step-Down Chopper with Resistive Load

𝑉 𝐷𝑉 1 1−𝐷 tON tOFF

Step-Down Chopper with Resistive Load

Step-Down Chopper with Resistive Load

c) rms value of the output voltage 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔

𝑉 = 𝑉 𝐷 = (100)( 0.4) = 63.2 𝑉

Step Down Chopper with Resistive Load

Step Down Chopper with RL Load

Step Down Chopper with Low Pass Filter

 When chopper is ON, supply is connected across load.

 When current becomes equal to 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 the chopper is turned- I min

Continuous Current Operation When Chopper Is ON (𝟎 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝒕𝑶𝑵 )

The voltage across the inductor is

Continuous Current Operation When Chopper Is OFF (𝒕𝑶𝑵 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝑻)

𝑖 =𝐼 + 𝑡−𝑡 =𝐼 − 𝑡−𝑡 (4) Continuous

From equation (1)

The average dc output voltage and current can found as

Step Down Chopper with Resistive Load

Step Down Chopper with RL Load

Step Down Chopper with Low Pass Filter

 This converter is used if the objective is to produce an output

Analysis for the Switch Closed

Analysis for the Switch Opened

When the switch is open, the diode becomes forward-biased to

Analysis for the Switch Closed

Steady-state operation requires that the inductor current at the vbe Ts

Using equations (1) and (2) t

current in the load resistor, since the average capacitor current

must be zero for steady-state operation: Q

Since 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎 is the boundary between continuous and discontinuous current,

𝑃 =𝑃 This relationship is like the voltage-

While the capacitor current is positive, the capacitor is charging. From

Substitute (𝚫𝒊𝑳 )𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 in the above equation yields

b) Maximum and minimum inductor current

c) Output voltage ripple

5.2 Buck (Step-Down) Converter

5.3 Boost (Step-Up) Converter

Analysis for the Switch Closed

Analysis for the Switch opened

output voltage cannot be less than the input. Vl

Since 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎 is the boundary between continuous and discontinuous current,

Expressing capacitance in terms of output voltage ripple yields

To provide a margin to ensure continuous current, let 𝑳 = 𝟗𝟔 𝝁𝐇.