Generalization of a case of the secular

(characteristic) equation for the time evolution

matrix in terms of s when rewritten for rho0,
o
.
2
( ) 0 ( _6 36)
o o
s s equ | A + A + =
can be rewritten as:
1
_ _
1 1
s li s
o of one Delayed group
s li s li s
|

| |
= +
|
+ + +
\ .
This is called the inhour equation. If rho0 is numerically
assigned, then there are 7 possible roots for s to be found within the
inhour equation.
6
1
1
( ) (6 42)
1 1
i
i
i
s li s
o s
s li s li s
|

=
| |

= +
|
+ + +
\ .

when solving for

o
.
This equation for rho0 can be generalized in studying the secular
equation for the case 6-delayed neutron retarded sources. After
extensive math labor it should be found that: See pg 244.
What would the Inhour Equ look like if only
two groups of retardation existed ? Let us be
thank for those before D for the Inhour equ.
2 _
2
1
_ _ _ 2_ _ _ :
1
( ) ( _ )
1 1
rets
i
o
i
i
If we had groups of retardation
s li s
s eq what if
s li s li s
|

=
| |

= +
|
+ + +
\ .

Solve this equation for 0.:

Half way,thru math
what I got:
=
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
determnt

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

0 |
A
s
1

2
beta_o
1
A

1
s 0
beta_o
2
A
0
2
s
0
= s

(
(
(
(
(
( ) n t
( ) C1 t
( ) C2 t

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+ +
( ) 0 | ( ) n t
A

1
( ) C1 t
2
( ) C2 t

beta_o
1
( ) n t
A

1
( ) C1 t

beta_o
2
( ) n t
A

2
( ) C2 t
, =

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
t
( ) n t
c
c
t
( ) C1 t
c
c
t
( ) C2 t

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
0 |
A

1

2
beta_o
1
A

1
0
beta_o
2
A
0
2

(
(
(
(
(
( ) n t
( ) C1 t
( ) C2 t

o
beta_o
1

1
S beta_o
2

2

1
beta_o
2

2
S | S
2
|
1

2
|
1
S | S
2
S
3
A S A
1

2
+ + ( =
S
2
A
1
S
2
A
2
beta_o
1

1

2
+ + + + S
2

1

2

1
S S
2
) ( )
Extra discussion of detail for those who wish
to read math.
2 _
2
1
_ _ _ _ 2_ _ _ :
1
( ) ( _ )
1 1
rets
i
o
i
i
If we only had groups of retardation
s li s
s eq what if
s li s li s
|

=
| |

= +
|
+ + +
\ .

Solve the characteristic equation for 0.:

This intermediate expression should break down to the Inhour
formula for case-2.
, =

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
t
( ) n t
c
c
t
( ) C1 t
c
c
t
( ) C2 t

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
0 |
A

1

2
beta_o
1
A

1
0
beta_o
2
A
0
2

(
(
(
(
(
( ) n t
( ) C1 t
( ) C2 t

o
beta_o
1

1
S beta_o
2

2

1
beta_o
2

2
S | S
2
|
1

2
|
1
S | S
2
S
3
A S A
1

2
+ + ( =
S
2
A
1
S
2
A
2
beta_o
1

1

2
+ + + + S
2

1

2

1
S S
2
) ( )
When change of reactor activity is
dominated by delayed neutrons.
6
1
1
( ) (6 42)
1 1
i
i
i
s li s
o s
s li s li s
|

=
| |

= +
|
+ + +
\ .

Remember that

[1]
~0.01/sec.
Suppose that rho0==0, then clearly, s=0.
Likewise, if rho0 is very small then s[1] is
very small. s
[1]
stands for first s-root of the
secular (characteristic) equation.
When
o
<< | , then we can assume that the magnitude of s is small
such that |s| < lambda[1]<lam[6]< li
^(-1)
.
[1] [2] [3] [4] [6]
1
| | . s
li
< < < < < <
When change of reactor activity is
dominated by delayed neutrons.
6
1
1
( )
0 1 0 1
1
i
i
i
s li
o s
s
|

=
| |

|
~ +
|
+ +
|
+
\ .

6
1
1
( ) (6 42)
1 1
i
o
i
i
s li s
s
s li s li s
|

=
| |

= +
|
+ + +
\ .

6
1 1
1
1
1
, .
i
o effective
i
i
s l s where T
s
|

=
~ +

Suppose that rho0==0, then clearly, s=0. Likewise, if rho0

is very small then s[1] is very small. s
[1]
stands for first s-
root of the secular (characteristic) equation.
When
o
<< | , then we can assume that the magnitude of s is small
such that .
(pre-equ-6-45)
[1] [2] [3] [4] [6]
1
| | . s
li
< < < < < <
Leads to
When change of reactor activity is
dominated by delayed neutrons.

[1] [2] [3] [4] [6]
1
| | . s
li
< < < < < <
6
1
1
( )
0 1 0 1
1
i
i
i
s li
o s
s
|

=
| |

|
~ +
|
+ +
|
+
\ .

6
1 1
1
1
1
, .
i
o effective
i
i
s l s where T
s
|

=
~ +

When
o
<< | , then we can assume that the magnitude of s is small
such that .
(pre-equ-6-45)
Leads to
6
1
1
1
1
,
i
effective
i
o o i
s l
T
s
|

=

~ +

6
1
1
, ( ) ( )
i
delayd
i
o i
T li approximation l
|

=
| |
~ +
|
\ .

(equ-6-45)
This means when
|rho
0
| < 1.00$ .
Interesting property of the solutions to the inhour
equation for s: if we use a standard data-base for
beta[i] and lambda[i]:
Duderstadt and forebears found that only one
root out of seven roots for s of the Inhour
Equation has a positive value given that
0>0 . (See the invitation of 6-13 on page
279). If 0<0 (neg) , then none of the seven
roots are positive.
So if in an extreme case of positive
reactivity- if we find that s~ (k-1)/li, then
that s is the only positive root which provides
for positive exponential growth of the reactor.
Case when prompt neutrons call the
shots of reactor activity:
This happens when
o
> beta. In this case
we can presume that s[
first
] >> [1 or 2].
( )
( )
6
1
6
1
1
( )
1 1
1_ _ _ .
1
_
1 1
1
0
1
i
i
i
i
s li s
o s
s li s li s
s dominates over lambda
s li
o very small
s li s li
o s li
s li
|

=
=
| |
= +
|
+ + +
\ .

~ +
+ +
~ +
+

1
1
, c _ _ _ _
1
li
T Rea tor period due prompt neutrons
s k
= ~

( )
1
0
1
_ _ :
(1 )
1 1
1
(1 )
o s li
s li
Solve this for s
s
li
k k
s
k
li
k li
k

~ +
+
=


~ ~~

Case when prompt neutrons call the
shots of reactor activity:
This happens when
o
> beta. In this case
we can presume that s[
first
] >> [1 or 2].
1
1
, c _ _ _ _
1
li
T Rea tor period due prompt neutrons
s k
= ~

( )
1
0
1
_ _ :
(1 )
1 1
1
(1 )
o s li
s li
Solve this for s
s
li
k k
s
k
li
k li
k

~ +
+
=


~ ~~

This result of s
1
is the only positive
root of the s
1
when o > beta .
Go over homework
How Duders would likely do P-6-16:
:= k_new
+ Po So
Po
After insertion of homogeneous
neutron source:
e
:
o
o
o
eS
here
Po eS
=
+
After t=0, I have decided that So= 10^(-5)Po
.
if you pretend that the So is part
of the reactor core rather than an
external agent.
li~10^(-4)*sec
Relavant Questions: Is
o
respectably less than |
total
here? Or
at least, is lambaLambda/beta<<1? Is there an equation in
Duderstadt that incorporates these approximations in chap 6?
Definition of the dollar


[ ]
$ .0065
235.
$
1
100
nuclear total
one
for U
cent
| = ~
=
$ is defined in terms of beta of delayed neutron.
-0.5$ means that rho0= -0.5beta.
0.5$ means that rho0= 0.5beta.

See pg 246 of Duderstadt or
chapt 7 pg 341 of Lamar.
Options of methods for problem P0713 on
how model a scram of a reactor in crude ways
for estimates of decline rate:
= 0
( ) ln shrinkratio ( ) + + time A time | ( ) ln shrinkratio A
time ( ) + ( ) ln shrinkratio time
Lamarshs pedestrian tool:

(1 )
1 0.
( )
_ 345_ _ _
total
total
o
P P
o
Lamar p For a scram
|
|

( )
2 1
[ _ _ _1]
2 1
( ) exp
( ) exp
(80sec)
mean delay group
t
P t P
T
t
P t P
| |
=
|
\ .
=
In a scram, P1 occurs within
nanoseconds after P0, according to
Lamar.
= ( ) one_profile_n t e
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
1
2
( ) + A | 0 + + + + A
2

2
2 A | 2 A 0 |
2
2 | 0 0
2
t
A
Is based on a method of estimation using one
delayed group:
1
ln(2)
mean half
T T =
Could
approximate with:
Steps outlined in Lamarshe`s
pedestrian method for a scram
It is presumed that o is a large negative number.
When t=0, Power(0)= Po.
Within an instant later when t=1*nanosecond,
the power of the core drops down instantaneously so that the power
has reduced to P1 at 1 nanosecond. 0 is reactivity due to control
rods dropped in.



After the first nanosecond the power declines exponentially in a
manner which seemingly fits proportionally to the amount of
concentration of delayed neutron material-1 which is left over, (i.e.
the neutron delay material described by lambda[1] and beta[1].
(1 )
1 0.
( )
_ 345_ _ _
total
total
o
P P
o
Lamar p For a scram
|
|

( )
( )
2 1 1 [ _ _ _1]
[ _ _ _1]
2 1
( ) exp exp
( ) exp
(80sec)
mean delay group
mean delay group
t
P t P P t
T
t
P t P

| |
= =
|
\ .
=
o is not in this last
equation and is
negative.
Although Lamarshs math is
sparse the concept behind this is
plausible.
Review comments on Prob 6-16 of HW 7.
First of all you needed to use that reactivity inserted was 10^(-5) if you solve
this with equation 6-40. I told you the eSo/Power0 = 10^(-5).
Simply use (6-40) but focus on the first term. The 2
nd
term is neglibible; Via
a good TKnumerics or solving term 1, you should have found.



The result is that t= 10287 sec= 2.857 hours, doing it this way.
It is possible to use my more analytical formulation in which an external
source is added to the neutron time evolution equation.
my_n_gro(18940s);

( )
( ) exp( ) exp( )
( )
o o o
P t Po t t
o o o
| |
| | |
(
| | | |
~
( | |
A
\ . \ .


( ) n_ t
So | e
|
\

|
.
|
|

|
\

|
.
|
|
+
|
li
( ) 1 t
+ + ( ) 1
2
li
2
2 ( ) 1 li | |
2
=
li
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
+ + +
So |
li
2 ( ) 1 | ( ) N_imp zero
|
2
( ) N_imp zero
li
( ) N_imp zero ( ) 1
2
li
+ + ( ) 1
2
li
2
2 ( ) 1 li | |
2
( ) 1 So t
+ li ( ) 1 |
+ +
The actual nature of the solution of P6-16
It was tedious! I do not expect you to solve this system of equation
or to extensively manipulate the expression given below.
( ) n_ t
So | e
|
\

|
.
|
|

|
\

|
.
|
|
+
|
li
( ) 1 t
+ + ( ) 1
2
li
2
2 ( ) 1 li | |
2
=
li
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
+ + +
So |
li
2 ( ) 1 | ( ) N_imp zero
|
2
( ) N_imp zero
li
( ) N_imp zero ( ) 1
2
li
+ + ( ) 1
2
li
2
2 ( ) 1 li | |
2
( ) 1 So t
+ li ( ) 1 |
+ +
I do expect you to pay attention to the last term of this solution of mine:

Notice that this solution grows linearly rather than
exponentially w.r.t. time. When does n(time)==3N0 ?
My solution for time was slightly longer than yours, but I accept the method based on
Duderstadts formulas. My solution does not have the temporal exp curvature of Duders.
(1) 0
( ) _
(1)
S t
n t growing constant dying
li

+ +
+
The Inverse Method on page 246
6
0
1
( ) ( )
( ) exp( ) ( ) (6 49)
i i
i
i
dP t t
P t d P t
dt
| | |
t t t
|

=
(
| |
= +
|
(
A A
\ .

}
From the n/concentration evolution equation set (equ 6-24), then on
pages 246 thru 249, Duderstadt has chosen to replace n(t) with av power
density P(t) and population C
i
(t) with power C
i
(t). Which is also known
as the Point Reactor Kinetics Equation(s) set.
The 2
nd
thru the 7
th
equations of equation set (6-24) can be partially
solved for C
i
(t) as this:

0
( ) exp( ) ( ) (6 48)
i
i i
C t d P t
|
t t t

=
A
}
Plugging this Ci(t) into the 1
st
of the Point Reactor Kinetics
Equations lead to this equation:
The Inverse Method continued.
0
6
1
6
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ),
( ) exp( );
exp( )
( )
i i
i
i
i
i
i
dP t t
P t d D P t
dt
such that D
D
| |
t t t
|
t t
|
|
t
|
t
t

=
=

| |
= +
|
A A
\ .

| |
c
|
\ .
=
c
}

0
6
1
[ln( ( )] ( )
( ) ( ) ,
( )
( ) exp( );
i i
i
i
d P t P t
t d D
dt P t
such that D
t
| | t t
|
t t
|

| |
= + A
|
\ .

}

equ. (6-49) can be re-expressed as a relation between reactivity

and desired power density of neutrons as a function of time.
Formula
for (t)
Example of Inverse Method.
0
6
1
[ln( ( )] ( )
( ) ( ) ,
( )
( ) exp( );
i i
i
i
d P t P t
t d D
dt P t
such that D
t
| | t t
|
t t
|

| |
= + A
|
\ .

}

(6-52)
equ. (6-49) can be reexpressed as a relation between reactivity
and desired power density of neutrons as a function of time.
Let us chose that P(t) Apoexp(At),
but P= Po when t<0 . Then,

( )
( )
6
0
1
6 6
0
1 1
{exp( ( )) ( 0,1, 0) 1 ( 0,1, 0)}
( ) exp( ) ) (6 52)
exp( )
exp( ) exp( ))
( ) exp( ) ) exp(
exp( )
i i
i
i
t
i i i i
i i
i i
A t If t If t
t A d from
A t
A A t
t A d d
A t
| t t t
| | t t
|
| t |
| | t t | t
| |

=
= =
( > + <
= + A
(


(
= + A
(

}

}
( )
( ) | | | |
6 6
0
1 1
6 6
1
) )
exp( )
1
( ) exp(( ) ) ) exp( ) exp( )
1
( ) 1 exp(( ) ) exp(( ) )
( ) ( )
t
t
i i i i
i i
t
i i
i i i i
i i
i i i i
A t
t A d A d A t
t A A t A t
A
t
| |
| | t t | t t
| |
| |
| | |
| |

= =
(

(


( (
= + A
( (

= + A
+
}

} }



Example of Inverse Method.
(6-52)
Let us chose that P(t) Apoexp(At) . but
P= Po when t<0 . Then,

( )
( )
6
0
1
6 6
0
1 1
{exp( ( )) ( 0,1, 0) 1 ( 0,1, 0)}
( ) exp( ) ) (6 52)
exp( )
exp( ) exp( ))
( ) exp( ) ) exp(
exp( )
i i
i
i
t
i i i i
i i
i i
A t If t If t
t A d from
A t
A A t
t A d d
A t
| t t t
| | t t
|
| t |
| | t t | t
| |

=
= =
( > + <
= + A
(


(
= + A
(

}

}
( )
( ) | | | |
( )
6 6
0
1 1
6 6
1
) )
exp( )
1
( ) exp(( ) ) ) exp( ) exp( )
1
( ) 1 exp(( ) ) exp(( ) )
( ) ( )
(0)
t
t
i i i i
i i
t
i i
i i i i
i i
i i i i
A t
t A d A d A t
t A A t A t
A
A
t
| |
| | t t | t t
| |
| |
| | |
| |
| |

= =
(

(


( (
= + A
( (

= + A
+
= + A
}

} }

( )
6 6
6 6 6
1 1
6
1
1 2 6
1
(0(1 1)) [1]
( ) (1)
(0)
( ) 1 (1 0) 0
1( ) ( )
( )
( )
_ | | , , .
i i i
i i i
i i i i
i i i i i
i i
i i
A A
A
A
A A
A A
A
A
very predictablle A
| |
| | |
| |

| |
| | |

|
|

= =
=

= + A = A
+
= A
= + A = + A
+ +
= + A
+
s

Summary of exponential feed example

of inverse method:
( )
( ) | |
6
0
1
6
{exp( ( )) ( 0,1, 0) 1 ( 0,1, 0)}
( ) exp( ) )
exp( )
(6 52)
_ _ _ 3_ _ _ _ :
( ) 1 exp(( ) )
( )
i i
i
i
i i i
i
i
i
A t If t If t
t A d
A t
from
Here are the eras with significant solutions
t A A t
A
| t t t
| | t t
|
|
| | |
|

=
( > + <
= + A
(

= + A
+

| |
6
6
1
1 2 6
exp(( ) )
( )
_ _ _ _ :
(0)
_ _ _ _ :
( )
( )
_ | | , , .
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
A t
at the beginning of increment
A
after a very long time
A
A
very predictablle A
|

|

|
|

= A
= + A
+
s

When P(t) Apoexp(At) . but P= Po when t<0 . Then,