PROPERTY EVALUATION OF COIR FIBER

REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

BABIN REJO B 961620114012

BALA MURUGAN S 961620114013

PRADEEP M S 961620114022

PRINCE DEVADAS 961620114025

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MARTHANDAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, KUTTAKUZHI

ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2024
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “PROPERTY EVALUATION OF COIR
FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES” is the bonafide work of
“BABIN REJO B, BALA MURUGAN S, PRADEEP M S, PRINCE DEVADAS"
who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE
Dr. R. JEYA RAJ, M. E., Ph.D.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Marthandam College of Engineering
and Technology,
Kuttakuzhi, Tamil Nadu-629177
SIGNATURE
Mr. P.C. SURESH, M. E.,
SUPERVISOR
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Marthandam College of Engineering
and Technology,
Kuttakuzhi, Tamil Nadu-629177

Project viva-voce held on ……………………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and elevation that accompany the successful completion

of any task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who had
made it possible. First of all without the almighty nothing is possible, so we
heartily thank GOD.

We express our sincere heartfelt thanks to our beloved chairman,

Er. F. PRINCE VINO, and vice-chairman Dr. K. PAUL RAJ., for their
kindness in promoting the group to take up this project work with his blessings.

We express our sincere gratitude to our beloved principal

Dr. C. SUDHAHAR, M.E., Ph.D., Marthandam College of Engineering and
Technology for having given us permission to do this project.

We feel indebted to our Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. R. JEYA RAJ, M.E, Ph.D., for his encouragement and support during the
course of the project.

We thank our project guide Mr. P.C. SURESH, M.E., Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his valuable guidance, advice and
constant encouragement throughout the course of the project.

We thank our project Coordinator Dr. R. ANISH, M.E, Ph.D., Assistant

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his encouragement and
support during the course of the project.

We extend deep sense of gratitude to all our teaching and non-teaching

staff for their timely help. Finally most importantly we would like to thank our
family members for providing necessary information and doing their part for our
faithful complete.

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 ABSTRACT

Natural plant fibers have unequivocally contributed to the economic

prosperity and sustainability of human life. Particularly, Coir fibers have been used
for industrial applications as diverse as textiles, rope, and construction. More
recently Coir fiber has been integrated into the polymer matrix to create a
sustainable composite material. In this project work, various mechanical, chemical,
and biological approaches for the preparation and separation of coir fibers from raw
coir have been summarized. Also the mechanical properties of Coir Fiber
Reinforced Composites (CFRC) were studied. The coir fibers were prepared by the
hand lay-out method in combination with a polymer matrix. Two samples one with
linear and the other a cross-sectional arrangement of Coir fiber were prepared. The
composite specimens were cut into the laminates according to the ASTM standards.
The Mechanical properties of Coir fiber were found to show significant
improvement. Hence the results proved that this composite material can be used as
a manufacturing material for production, manufacturing industries.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

ABSTRACT iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v-viii

LIST OF FIGURES ix-x

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FLOWCHARTS xii

LIST OF GRAPHS xiii

1 INTRODUCTION 1-13

1.1 Metal Matrix Composites 1

1.2 Ceramic Matrix Composites 2

1.3 Polymer Matrix Composites 2
1.4 Classification of Composites
2-4

1.4.1 Fibrous Composites 2

1.4.2 Particular Composites 2

v
 1.5 Application of Natural Fibers 5

1.6 Objectives of the project 5

1.7 Coir Fiber 6-9

1.7.1 Morphological Structure of Coir 6

1.7.2 Physical Properties of Coir Fiber 6

1.7.3 Characteristics of Coir Fiber 7

1.7.4 Chemical Composition of Coir Fiber 8

1.7.5 Applications of Coir Fiber 8

1.8 Coir Fiber Reinforced Composites 10-13

1.8.1 Process of Coir Scrimber 10

1.8.2 Fabrication of Coir Fiber reinforced 12

Polymer Composites

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 14-20

3 METHODOLOGY 21

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 22-37

4.1 Materials 22-27

4.1.1 Coir Fiber 22

4.1.2 Polyester Resin 24

4.1.3 Non-fixing type Preservatives 26

vi
 4.1.4 Fixing type Preservatives 26

4.2 Mechanical Extraction Methods 27

4.3 Chemical Extraction Methods 28

4.4 Combined Chemical and Mechanical 29

Extraction

4.5 Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine 30

4.6 Micro Hardness Testing Machine 30

4.7 Wear Testing Machine 32

4.8 Tensile Testing Machine 33

4.9 Chemical Coir Preservation 34

4.10 Process of Coir Treatment 34

4.11 Process of Hand Lay-Up technique for 36

Preparing Polymer Composites

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 38-46

5.1 Result-1(Rockwell Hardness Test) 38

5.2 Result-2(Micro Hardness Test) 39

5.3 Result-3 (Wear Test) 41

5.4 Result-4 (Tensile Test) 43

vii
 5.5 Result-5 (Flexural Test) 45

6 CONCLUSION 47

REFERENCES 48-49

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

NO NO

1.1 Natural Coir Source 7

1.2 Application of Coir Material 9

1.3 Process of Coir Scrimber 12

1.4 Fabrication of Coir Fiber Reinforced 13

Polymer Composites

4.1 Coir Fiber 22

4.2 Processing of Coir treatment Materials 24

(Polyester resin and Hardener)

4.3 Coir Composite 25

4.4 Rockwell Hardness Machine 30

4.5 Micro Hardness Test Machine 31

4.6 Wear Test Machine 32

4.7 Tensile Test Machine 33

4.8 Hand Lay-Up method 36

4.9 Coir Fiber Composite (S1) 37

4.10 Coir Fiber Composite (S2) 37

ix
5.1 Testing Samples for Hardness (Rockwell) 38

5.2 Testing Samples for Hardness (Vickers) 40

5.3 Testing Samples for Wear Test 42

5.4 Testing Samples for Tensile Test 43

5.5 Testing Samples for Flexural Test 45

x
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Physical Properties of Coir Fiber 6

1.2 Chemical Composition of Coir Fiber 8

5.1 Hardness Test values 40

5.2 Wear Test 42

xi
 LIST OF FLOW CHARTS

SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO

1.1 Composite Material 3

1.2 Classification of Natural Fiber 4

3.1 Methodology 21

4.1 Processing of Coir Fiber 35

xii
 LIST OF GRAPHS

GRAPH NO TITLE PAGE NO

5.1 Rockwell Hardness Test 39

5.2 Micro Hardness Test 41

5.3 Wear Test 43

5.4 Tensile Test of Sample 1 44

5.5 Tensile Test of Sample 2 44

5.6 Flexural Test of Sample 1 45

5.7 Flexural Test of Sample 2 46

xiii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A Fiber-Reinforced Composite (FRC) is a high-performance composite

material made up of three components – the fibers as the discontinuous or dispersed
phase, the matrix acts as the continuous phase, and the fine interphase region or the
interface. The matrix is basically a homogeneous and monolithic material in which
a fiber system of a composite is embedded. It is completely continuous. The matrix
provides a medium for binding and holding reinforcements together into a solid. It
offers protection to the reinforcements from environmental damage, serves to
transfer load, and provides finish, texture, colour, durability and functionality.

According to type of matrix material they are classified as:

• Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)

• Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
• Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)

1.1 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

Higher strength, fracture toughness and stiffness are offered by metal

matrices. Metal matrix can withstand elevated temperature in corrosive environment
than polymer composites. Titanium, aluminum and magnesium are the popular
matrix metals currently in vogue, which are particularly useful for aircraft
application. Because of this attributes Metal Matrix Composites are under
consideration for wide range of applications. Combustion chamber nozzle (in rocket,
space shuttle) housings, tubing, cables, heat exchangers, structural members, etc.

1
1.2 CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
One of the main objectives in producing ceramic Matrix Composites
is to increase the toughness. Naturally it is hoped and indeed often found that there
is a concomitant improvement in strength and stiffness of Ceramic Matrix
Composites.

1.3 POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES

Most commonly used matrix materials are polymeric. In general the
mechanical properties of polymers are inadequate for many structural purposes.
In particular their strength and stiffness are low compared to metal and ceramics.

1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES

According to the type of reinforcing material composites can be classified
as,
1.4.1 FIBROUS COMPOSITES
A Fiber is characterized by its length being much greater compared to
its cross-sectional dimensions. The dimensions of the reinforcement determine its
capability of contributing its properties to the composite. Fibers are very effective
in improving the fracture resistance of the matrix since a reinforcement having a
long dimension discourages the growth of incipient cracks normal to the
reinforcement that might otherwise lead to failure, particularly with brittle matrices.
Man-made filaments or fibers of non-polymeric materials exhibit much higher
strength along their length since large flaws, which may be present in the bulk
material, are minimized.

1.4.2 PARTICULAR COMPOSITES

In particulate composites the reinforcement is of particle nature. It
may be spherical, cubic, tetragonal, a platelet, or of other regular or irregular shape.
In general, particles are not very effective in improving fracture resistance but they
enhance the stiffness of the composite to a limited extent. Particle fillers are widely

2
used to improve the properties of matrix material such as to modify the thermal
properties.

COMPOSITE MATERIAL

Composite Material

Reinforcement Matrix Material

Fiber Reinforced Composites Polymer Matrix Composites

Particulate Reinforced Composites Matrix Composites

Flake Reinforced Composites Ceramic Matrix Composites

Flow Chart 1.1: Composite Material

3
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL FIBER

Natural Fiber

Plant Fiber Animal Fiber Mineral Fiber

Seed Fiber Animal Hair Silk Fiber

(Cotton) (Wool,
Human Hair,

Leaf Fiber
(Sisal,
Pineapple)

Bast Fiber
(Flax, Ramie,
Hemp)
Actinolite

Fruit Fiber

Anthophyllite

Stalk fiber
(Rice) Chrysotile

Flow Chart 1.2: Classification of Natural Fiber

4
1.5 APPLICATION OF NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES
• The natural fiber composites can be very cost effective material for following
applications.

• Building and construction industry: panel for partition and false ceiling,
partition board, wall, floor, window and door frames, roof tiles, mobile or pre-
fabricated buildings which can be used in times of natural calamities such as
floods, cyclones, earthquakes etc.

• Storage device: post-boxes, grain storage silos, bio-gas containers etc.

• Furniture: Chair, Table, Shower, Bath Units, etc.

• Electric Devices: Electrical Appliances, Pipes etc.

• Everyday Application: Lampshades, Suitcases, Helmets etc.

• Transportation: Automobile and Railway Coach Interior, Boat etc.

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH WORK

• To investigate and analyze the Mechanical properties of a composite materials

using Coir fiber.
• Explore the processing feasibility of coir fiber composites by different techniques
and to study the resulting fiber and composite properties.
• Carry out a systematic study of the influence of processing parameters on the
Mechanical properties of Coir fiber
• To develop a new class of natural fiber based polymer composites to explore the
potential of Coir fiber.
• To study the effect of fiber length on Mechanical behaviour of Coir fiber
reinforced polymer based composites.
• Evaluation of Mechanical properties such as: Tensile strength, Flexural strength,
Micro Hardness and Wear strength.

5
1.7 COIR FIBER
Coir fiber, extracted from the husk of coconuts, serves as a natural and
renewable reinforcement material in polymer composites. Noteworthy for its
strength, durability, and lightweight nature, coir fibers contribute to the overall
reduction in composite density, making them advantageous in application requiring
both strength and low weight. The biodegradability of coir aligns with sustainability
goals, offering an environment friendly option for composite material. Beyond its
eco-friendly attributes, coir fibers are cost effective, providing an economical
alternative to some synthetic fiber. Additionally, coir’s resistance to water,
insulating properties, and non-toxic nature enhance its versatility in various
applications.
1.7.1 MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF COIR
The morphological structure of coir consists of long, slender fibers that
are arranged in bundles. The main components of coir include such as,

i. Cellulose iii. Hemicelluloses

ii. Ligin iv. Pectin

1.7.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COIR FIBER

1. Ultimate length 0.6 mm

2. Diameter/ width 16 micron
3. Length 6 to 8 inches
4. Single fiber Density 1.4 g/cc
5. Tenacity 10 g/ tex
6. Breaking Elongation 30 %
7. Moisture regain at 65% RH 10.5 %
8. Swelling in water 5 % in diameter

Table 1.1: Physical Properties of Coir Fiber

6
 Figure 1.1: Natural Coir source

1.7.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF COIR FIBER

Coir fiber, originating from the husk of coconuts, boats distinctive characteristics
that contribute to its versatility and utility. With a natural golden to brown hue and
coarse texture, coir stands as a biodegradable material, aligning with sustainable
practices. Notably, its high tensile strength renders it durable for applications like
ropes, while its flexibility allows for intricate weaving, molding into mats, and
crafting nets. The fiber’s resistance to water and abrasion, coupled with its insulation
properties, makes it ideal for use in diverse environment condition. Additionally,
coir’s lightweight nature facilitates easy handling and transportation. Beyond its
physical attributes, coir exhibits antifungal properties, further enhancing its appeal in

7
applications ranging from agriculture to textiles, where it’s environmentally
friendly and resilient nature shines.

1.7.4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COIR FIBER

1. Water soluble 5.25%

2. Pectin & related compounds 3.30%
3. Hemi-Cellulose 0.25%
4. Cellulose 43.44%
5. Lignin 45.84%
6. Ash 2.22%

Table 1.2: Chemical Composition of Coir Fiber

1.7.5 APPLICATIONS OF COIR FIBER

Coir fiber, sourced from the husk of coconuts, has established its
significance through a myriad of applications across diverse industries. In
agriculture, coir serves as an optimal growing medium, finding its place in potting
mixes and soil amendments, fostering robust plant growth.

Its erosion control applications, manifested in blankets and mats, prove

crucial in preventing soil degradation. The textile industry benefits from coir’s
durability and flexibility, with the fiber being woven into an array of products
such as mats, carpets, and geo-textiles. From maritime use in ropes and nets to
construction applications in geo-textiles and concrete reinforcement, coir’s high
tensile strength contributes to structural integrity. Additionally, its presence extends
to everyday items, including mattresses and bedding, where its natural resilience
and insulation properties offer comfort. Coir’s lightweight nature and resistance to

8
wear also find expression in the automotive sector. Beyond utility, coir inspires
creativity in crafts and artisanal products, contributing to its versatile role in artistic
endeavors. With eco-friendly attributes, coir fiber continues to be a sustainable
choice in addressing agricultural environmental and manufacturing needs.

Figure 1.2: Application of Coir Material

9
1.8 COIR FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES
The Coir structure can be generally viewed as a functionally Graded
composite material constituted by long and aligned cellulose fibers embedded in a
lignin matrix. Analyzing the transversal section of a coir Culm, one can observe that
the fiber distribution is variable through its thickness.
The non-uniform distribution of fibers prevents the direct application of equations
used to model the behavior of composite materials, as the rule of mixtures equations
for strength and modulus of elasticity. These equations assume, besides the perfect
bonding between fiber and matrix, uniform distribution of the fibers in the matrix.
In coir, the fiber distribution follows an organized pattern with a higher
concentration of fibers on the outer surface of the Culm. Establishing how this
variation occurs, the basic equations from the composite Materials approach can be
modified in order to model the mechanical behavior of coir.

1.8.1 PROCESS OF COIR SCRIMBER

Coir scrimber is a composite material made from coconut coir fibers

and a binding agent. The process typically involves the following steps,
• FIBER EXTRACTION:
Harvest coconut husks and extract coir fibers using mechanical or
manual methods. Clean and treat the fibers to remove impurities and prepare them
for the composite.
• BINDER SELECTION:
Choose a suitable binder, considering factors such as adhesion,
strength, and environmental considerations. Common binders include polymer,
epoxy, or other resins, depending on the desired properties of the final product.

10
• MIXING RATIOS:
Determine the optimal ratio of coir fibers to binder for the desired
mechanical and physical properties. Thoroughly mix the fibers and binder to ensure
uniform distribution and non-uniform distribution
• MOLD DESIGN:
Design molds based on the rectangle shape and size of the final coir
scrimber product. Consider mold release agents to facilitate easy removal of the
cured composite.
• CURING PROCESS:
Follow the recommend curing protocols, that including time and
temperature specifications. Allow the composite to cure fully, ensuring that the
binder hardens and creates a durable matrix.
• QUALITY CONTROL:
Implement quality control measures to ensure consistency in the
manufacturing process. Test samples for mechanical properties like hardness and
wear test results.
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:
Consider the environmental sustainability of the coir scrimber by
choosing eco-friendly binders and minimizing waste during production.

11
 Figure 1.3: Process of Coir Scrimber

1.8.2 FABRICATION OF COIR FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER

COMPOSITES
The fabrication of coir fiber reinforced polymer composites involves a
systematic process to achieve a durable and effective composite material. Initially,
the selection of a suitable polymer matrix, such as epoxy or polyester, is crucial to
defining the composite's characteristics. The coir fibers, extracted from coconut
husks, undergo thorough cleaning and treatment to remove impurities and enhance
their compatibility with the polymer.
The orientation of coir fibers is then determined, whether linear or
cross sectional alignment of influencing the composite's mechanical properties. The
polymer matrix, often prepared with additives like curing agents, is meticulously
mixed to create a homogeneous blend. Subsequently, the coir fibers are impregnated
with the polymer matrix, employing techniques like hand lay-up or vacuum infusion

12
to ensure a uniform distribution. Mold preparation involves designing molds
according to the desired product shape. Layering and stacking of impregnated coir
fibers within the mold follow, allowing for various fiber orientations to enhance the
composite's overall strength. Additionally, environmental considerations play a role
in selecting eco-friendly materials and minimizing waste throughout the fabrication.

Figure 1.4: Fabrication of coir fiber reinforced polymer composites

13
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

B. Wang et al. (2003) investigated the modification of flax fibers by chemical

treatment. Short flax fibers, which were derived from Saskatchewan-grown flax
straws, for use in fiber-reinforced composites, were mercerized and modified by
silane treatment, benzoylation and peroxide treatment. Morphological and structural
changes of the fibers were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy. The
temperature variation method was applied to obtain the melting point of treated flax
fibers by the DSC technique. The moisture absorption and bundle flax fiber tensile
strength were also measured. He derived that the coupling agents were found to be
effective to improve the surface properties of flax fiber and form a mechanically
interlocked coating unit’s surface. Therefore, physical microstructure changes
occurred to the fiber surface by chemical treatment.

R. Narendar et al. (2007) researched to modify the morphology and chemical

properties of pith to make it better filler in the processing of polymer composites.
Coir pith was subjected to mercerization followed by different types of chemical
treatment. The products were analyzed in detail using FTIR, XRD, optical
microscope, AFM and SEM. The chemical treatment resulted in increased density,
thermal stability and reduced water retention behavior.

XueLietal. (2007) investigated different chemical modification. Natural fibers for

use in natural fiber-reinforced composites are reviewed Chemical treatments
including alkali, silane, acetylation benzoylation, acrylation, maleated coupling

14
agents, isocyanates, permanganate and others are discussed. The chemical treatment
of fiber aimed at improving the adhesion between the fiber surface and the polymer
matrix may not only modify the fiber surface but also increase fiber strength. Water
absorption of composites is reduced and their mechanical properties are improved.

K. Bledzki et al. (2008) investigated the influence of the acetylation on the structure
and properties of flax fiber as well as modified flax fiber reinforced polypropylene
composites were also prepared. The catalyst was used to accelerate acetylation
reaction rate. Flax fiber was characterized after modification Surface morphology,
moisture absorption property, components content, degree of polymerization
crystalline of cellulose and thermal stability of Flax fibers were studied. Due to
acetylation, the flax fiber surface morphology and moisture resistance properties
improved remarkably. Flax fiber (modified and unmodified) reinforced
polypropylene composites were fabricated with 30 wt% fiber loading the mechanical
properties were investigated for those composites. Tensile and flexural strengths of
composites were found to increase with increasing degree of acetylation up to 18%
and then decreased. Charpy impact strengths of composites were found to decrease
with increasing degree of acetylation. Owing to addition of coupling agent (malcate
polypropylene - MAII), the tensile and flexural strength properties were found to
increase in between 20 to 35% depending on degree of acetylation. A.I.S.
Brigidactal, (2009) investigated the effect to chemical treatment on Green coconut
fiber, a lingo cellulosic material native from Brazilian north east coast by three
methods, NaOCl, NaOCI/NaOH or HO; The effect of these treatment are the
structure, composition and properties of fibers was studying SIM. FTIR, XPS, TGA
and other analyses. SEM showed that treatment with HO is the most efficient in
terms of waxy and fatty acid residues removal but it does not modify the surface
chemical composition, that it can be seen by FTIR and wet ability results. Fiber
treatments with HO, through the oxidation of hydroxyl groups to carboxyl groups
(confirmed by FTIR), promoted as smooth action potential on fiber surface. This
15
characteristic necessary to fiber applications as metal adsorbents, for example
Furthermore, this treatment is how to maintain the native hydrophilic hydrophobic
characteristic of green coconut fiber and to increase its thermal stability.

Mansour Rokbi et al. (2011) focused on the study of the effect of chemical
treatments of fibers by alkalization on the flexural properties of polyester matrix
composite reinforced with natural fibers. Influence of alkaline treatments on the
flexural properties is studied to determine the optimum conditions of alkaline
treatment. The experimental results show that the bending behavior of composites
made from alkali treated fibers is better compared to the untreated fiber composite.
Flexural test results showed that both NaOH concentration used and time treatment
have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of Alfa fibers reinforced
composites. An alkali treatment of fibers with 10% NaOH over a period of 24 hours
led to the improvement of flexural strength and modulus of about 60% and 62%,
respectively. However, the treatment of fibers over a prolonged period (48h) makes
the fibers stiffer and more brittle. The results of this study suggest that local Alfa
fibers are comparable to other natural fibers used as reinforcement in polymer
matrices. They are completely suitable for use as reinforcement in composites.

Samia S. et al. (2012) investigated the chemical Modification effect. The

Mechanical properties of coir fiber The Young’s modulus of raw treated fiber
increased with increase in span length, while the tensile strength al strain to failure
of the same decreased with increase in span length The surface of raw coir fiber was
a bit rough and porous, while the surface of double stage chemical treated coir fiber
was found compact and another. Double stage chemical treatment showed better

properties compared to the single stage chemical treatment. However, both

treatments improve the chemical bonding of coir fiber which results good

16
mechanical properties then the raw fiber. In these two treatments the shaking time is
very important to improve the reaction rate Shaking provides the full reaction of
fiber with chemical reagent and cleans the fiber surface.

M.M. Kabir et al. (2012) analyzed the comprehensive overview on different surface
treatments applied to natural fibers for advanced composites applications. In
practice, the major draw backs of using natural fibers are their high degree of moisture
absorption and poor dimensional stability. The primary objective of surface
treatments on natural fibers is to maximize the bonding strength so as the stress.
Transfer ability in the composites. The overall mechanical properties of natural fiber
reinforced polymer composites are highly dependent on the morphology, aspect
ratio, hydrophilic tendency and dimensional stability of the fibers used. The effects
of different chemical treatments on cellulosic fibers that are used as reinforcements
for thermo-set and thermoplastics are studied. The chemical sources for the
treatments include alkali, silane, acetylation, benzoylation, acrylationan
dacrylonitrile grafting, maleated coupling agents, permanganate peroxide
isocyanate, stearic acid, sodium chlorite, triazine, fatty acid Jerivate (olcoylchloride)
and fungal.

O.M.L. Asumanietal. (2012) investigated the effect of chemical treatment of

untreated, treated with sodium hydroxide solution and treated with sodium
hydroxide solution followed by three-amino propy-Triethoxysilane on kenaf fiber.
The effects of these chemical treatments on the tensile and flexural properties of the
composites were investigated. Mechanical test results show that alkali treatment
followed by three- amino propyl triethoxysilane treatment (alkali- silane treatment)
significantly improves the tensile and flexural properties of short fiber non-woven

kenaf poly-propyl composites. Scanning electron microscopy examination shows

that the improvements in the tensile and flexural properties resulting from alkali-

17
silane treatment can be attributed to better bonding between the fibers and matrix.

Alveera Khan et al. (2012) analyzed the abrasive wear behavior of chemically
treated coir fiber filled epoxy polymer composites in which Studied the “two body
abrasive wear characteristics “for the cylindrical samples of pure epoxy and chemical
treated coir fiber filled epoxy polymer composites of the size of 10 mm and 32 mm
at different sliding speeds in multiphase conditions. The wear characteristics have
been estimated by following two parameters, the normal load and sliding speed in
a single pin-on- disc wear testing machine. Finally, we get that the rate of abrasion for
composite is slightly less as compared to pure epoxy polymer composites.

Khan et al. (2014) analyzed the abrasive wear behavior of chemically treated coir
fiber filled epoxy polymer composites in which he studied we body abrasive
characteristics for the cylindrical samples of pure cy and chemical treated coir fiber
filled epoxy polymer composites of the size of 10 mm and 32 mm at different sliding
speeds in multiphase conditions: The wear characteristics have been estimated by
following www.parameters, the normal load and sliding speed in a single pin-on-
disc wear testing machine. It has been found that the wear characteristics decreases
by increasing the sliding speed in both the cases samples, pure EPOXY and treated
coir fiber filled epoxy respectively. Finally, we get that the rate of abrasion for
composite is slightly less as compared to pure epoxy polymer composites.

Girisha. Cetal. (2012) investigated the tensile properties of composites made by

reinforcing sisal, coconut path and ridge gourd as the new natural fibers into epoxy
resin matrix. The natural fibers extracted by manual process were subjected to alkali
treatment. The composites fabricated consist of reinforcement in the hybrid
combination like sisal coconut path, sisal-ridge gourd and coconut path-ridge ground
with the weight fraction offers varying from 5% to 30%. It has been observed that
the tensile properties increase with the increase in the weight fraction of fibers to
18
certain extent and then decreases. The hybridization of the reinforcement in the
composites how greater tensile strength when compared to individual type of natural
fibers reinforced.

FZ. Arrakhiz et al. (2012) investigated the high density polyethylene (HDPE) was
compounded with chemically treated coir fiber using a heated two roll mill. Three
chemical treatments denoted silane, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and do de-cane
bromide were selected to improve the Ariface adhesion between fibers and
polyethylene. The mechanical properties of these composites were evaluated and
compared against those of neat polymer and untreated fibers composites A fixed
fiber loading of 20 wt.% was used in all composites A chemical analysis using
Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to see the extent of
chemical modification of the fibers: Results have shown that tensile and torsional
modulus exhibited a significant increase when compared to the neat HDPE A
notable increase in the Young’s modulus was observed when C and silane were used,
corresponding to120 and 70%, respectively. The composites’ ductility was also
evaluated by the plastic stored energy and showed a noted increase when C12 and
silane were used, an increase of 55% with C12 treatment and 23% when stand
treatment was used.

Mohd Yussni Hashim et al. (2012) investigated the significant used of the
mercerization treatment process in natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix
composite. The text addressed them mercerization parameters (sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) concentration, temperature and Soaking duration) effect on properties
enhancement of it composite. Due to the large variety in natural fiber types which
effect it chemical composition, the treatment condition also found to be different
according to the selected reinforced fiber. Concluded that there is a significant need
to conduct further work focusing on main effect and interaction effect of
mercerization parameters setting toward enhancement of natural fiber reinforce
composite mechanical properties.
19
Isaka Oluwole et al. (2014) analyzed the effect of extraction by soil Felling and
chemical treatment on the mechanical properties of sisal fiber reinforced polyester
composites was investigated. Both treated and untreated fibers were used to develop
the sisal fiber reinforced polyester composites in predetermined proportions alter
which they were tested for mechanical properties. It was observed that, KOH treated
fiber reinforced polyester composite followed by Ethanol treated fiber samples gave
the best results. KOH treatment was observed to enhance the tensile and hardness
properties of the polyester composites than other treatments.

S.M. Suresh Kumar et al. (2014) characterized the Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermo-gravimetric
analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The prepared
specimen is ASTM Standards to measure tensile, flexural and impact strengths by
using universal testing machine and IZOD impact tester respectively. The treated
coconut sheath fiber reinforced epoxy composite (TCSE) possess higher mechanical
strength and thermal stability compared to untreated (raw) coconut sheath fiber
reinforced epoxy composite (UTCSE) in the SEM fracture. Analysis, TCSE
composites how better fiber- matrix bonding and absence of voids compared to
UTCSE composite. Due to the increase in the weight fraction of fiber the strength
decreased, also it is found that for the hybrid combination of ridge guard and sisal
fibers there is 65% increase in the tensile strength.

20
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Extracting coir fiber from

the source

Drying under sun for

sufficient time

Crushing coir cellulose

Hand lay-up Apply layers of fiber Epoxy resin

Laminating top layer

Hardness strength test Wear test

Result and conclusion

Flow Chart 3.1 : Methodolog

21
 CHAPTER 4

MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.1 MATERIALS

Condition 1
• Polyester resin
• Coir fiber (Linear arrangement)

Condition 2
• Polyester resin

• Coir fiber (Chopped arrangement)

Recommended Concentration
The arrangement of coir fiber in linear and cross sectional positions
significant influences the mechanical properties of coir fiber reinforced polymer
composites, with linear alignment often enhancing tensile strength, while cross
sectional orientation contributes to improved impact resistance and flexural strength.

4.1.1 COIR FIBER

Coir fibers, extracted from coconut husks, offer unique properties that
contribute to the overall performance of the composite material. The arrangement of
coir fibers in linear and cross-sectional positions influences the mechanical
characteristics of the composite. Linear alignment enhances tensile strength, while
cross-sectional orientation contributes to improved impact resistance and flexural
strength. These arrangements are crucial considerations in optimizing the composite

22
for various applications. The treatment of coir fibers is a critical step to remove
impurities and enhance their compatibility with the polymer matrix. Chemical
treatments may be applied to promote better adhesion between the fibers and the
polyester resin, ensuring a robust bond during the curing process. The fiber volume
fraction, representing the concentration of coir fibers in the composite, plays a key
role in determining mechanical properties. Balancing the fiber content with the
polyester resin is essential for achieving the desired strength, stiffness, and other
performance characteristics.

Coir fibers also introduce environmental benefits to the composite, as they are a
renewable and biodegradable resource. The project can leverage these eco-friendly
qualities to align with sustainability goals and address concerns related to the
environmental impact of composite materials. Additionally, the project should
consider the overall processing characteristics of coir fibers, including their length,
diameter, and uniformity, as these factors influence the ease of handling and
incorporation into the composite matrix. By understanding and optimizing the role
of coir fibers in conjunction with polyester resin, the project can achieve a well-
balanced composite material that meets specific property evaluation criteria, taking
into account both mechanical performance and environmental considerations.

Figure 4.1: Coir Fiber

23
4.1.2 POLYESTER RESIN
Polyester resin exhibits favorable characteristics that contribute to the
overall performance of the composite. Its compatibility with natural fibers, such as
coir, is crucial for establishing a strong bond during the curing process, ensuring
effective load transfer between the fibers and the resin matrix. Polyester resins
processing characteristics are noteworthy, allowing for versatility in fabrication
methods. Whether using hand lay-up, spray-up, or vacuum infusion, the resin
facilitates efficient impregnation and molding of coir fibers, enabling the
formation of a homogeneous composite structure.
The curing mechanism of polyester resin involves a chemical reaction that
transforms the liquid resin into a solid state. This step is critical in determining the
mechanical properties of the composite, including tensile strength, flexural strength,
and impact resistance. Proper curing conditions, such as temperature and time, are
carefully considered to achieve the desired composite characteristics.

Figure 4.2: Processing of Coir Treatment Materials (Polyester resin and Hardner)
24
Cost-effectiveness is another advantage of polyester resin, making it a pragmatic
choice in projects where achieving a balance between performance and cost is
essential. However, it's crucial to also consider the environmental impact of the
resin, including aspects of recyclability and sustainability, aligning with broader
goals of eco-friendly material choices in composite fabrication.
Optimization parameters play a significant role in tailoring the composite material
to meet specific project requirements. Adjusting the concentration of polyester resin
in the composite, along with the fiber volume fraction, allows for the fine-tuning of
properties based on the desired performance criteria in the evaluation of coir fiber
reinforced polymer composites.

Figure 4.3: Coir Composite

25
4.1.3 NON-FIXING TYPE PRESERVATIVES
Non-fixing type preservatives play a crucial role in preserving coir fiber while
allowing for subsequent processing without chemical fixation. One commonly used
category includes boron-based preservatives like borax or boric acid, which
effectively guard against fungi and insects without chemically altering the coir fiber,
maintaining its flexibility and usability in manufacturing processes. Ammonium
compounds, such as ammonium sulfate or ammonium phosphate, constitute another
class of non-fixing preservatives, offering protection against decay and insects while
being water-soluble and leachable.
Biocidal treatments, utilizing natural extracts with antimicrobial properties, provide
a non-permanent solution for preserving coir fibers, ensuring environmental
compatibility. Silicon-based compounds, like silane or siloxane, create a
hydrophobic barrier on coir fibers, preventing water absorption and microbial
growth without fixing to the fibers. Fatty acids derived from natural sources also
serve as non-fixing preservatives, offering antifungal properties without
compromising the coir fiber's structural integrity. The choice of non-fixing
preservative depends on the desired level of protection and the subsequent
processing requirements for coir fiber in various applications.

4.1.4 FIXING TYPE PRESERVATIVES

Fixing type preservatives for coir fiber are chemicals designed to chemically
bond or "fix" to the fiber, providing long-lasting protection against decay and pests.
These preservatives are typically used when the coir fiber is intended for applications
where durability and extended service life are critical.
Fixing type preservatives are integral for enhancing the durability and
resistance of coir fiber against decay and pests. One commonly employed category
is copper-based preservatives, such as copper chrome arsenate (CCA) or copper

26
sulfate. These compounds chemically bind to the coir fiber, forming stable
complexes that deter microbial degradation and protect against insect infestations.
The fixing nature of copper-based preservatives ensures a lasting effect, making coir
fiber suitable for applications in outdoor environments or structures where
prolonged exposure to moisture and biological threats is anticipated. Chromated
copper arsenate (CCA) is a well-known fixing type preservative that contains
copper, chromium, and arsenic compounds. The combination of these elements
creates a robust preservative system that penetrates the coir fiber, providing
resistance against decay fungi, insects, and marine borers. CCA-treated coir fibers
find application in outdoor construction, agricultural uses, and marine environments
due to their long-lasting protective properties.
While fixing type preservatives enhance the service life of coir fiber, it's essential
to consider environmental and health implications associated with certain
chemicals. In recent years, there has been a shift towards exploring eco-friendly
alternatives with lower toxicity. The choice between fixing and non-fixing type
preservatives depends on the specific requirements of the intended application,
balancing durability needs with environmental considerations.

4.2 MECHANICAL EXTRACTION METHODS

Mechanical extraction methods in coir fiber involve the separation
of fibers from coconut husks through various mechanical processes. These
methods are crucial for obtaining coir fibers with desirable characteristics for
different applications.

Crushing:

The process begins with crushing the coconut husks using mechanical equipment.
Crushing helps break down the husk's outer layer, making it easier to extract fibers.
Mechanical crushers or decortications machines are commonly used, applying
pressure to separate the fibers from the hard outer husk

27
Retting:
Following crushing, the crushed husks undergo the retting process. This involves
soaking the husks in water to facilitate the microbial decomposition of non-fiber
components. Water retting softens the husk, making it easier to extract the fibers.
This step is crucial for separating the coir fibers from other constituents like the pith.
Rolling:
After retting, the husks are subjected to rolling, where mechanical rollers or
machines further aid in the separation of fibers. Rolling helps to mechanically detach
the fibers from the softened husk enhancing the efficiency of fiber extraction.
Cleaning and Combing:
The extracted fibers, now separated from the husk, undergo cleaning and combing
processes to remove residual pith and other impurities. Cleaning ensures that the coir
fibers meet quality standards for various applications.

4.3 CHEMICAL EXTRACTION METHODS

Chemical extraction methods for coir fibers begin with the treatment
of coconut husks using chemicals to loosen the fibers. One common chemical
extraction process involves the use of alkali solutions, such as sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH). The husks are soaked in these solutions,
leading to the breakdown of lignin and other non-fiber constituents. This chemical
treatment softens the husks, making it easier to extract the fibers. After chemical
treatment, the husks are mechanically processed, often through crushing or milling,
to separate the fibers. Following this, the fibers undergo washing and neutralization
steps to remove residual chemicals. The chemical extraction method is effective in
producing coir fibers with consistent quality and can be advantageous in terms of
processing speed. However, careful consideration of environmental impact and

28
waste management is crucial due to the use of chemicals in the process.
Additionally, efforts are often made to optimize chemical usage to minimize
potential harm to the environment while maximizing the efficiency of fiber
extraction.

4.4 COMBINED CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL EXTRACTION

The combined chemical and mechanical extraction method for coir fibers
involves a dual-process approach, integrating both chemical treatments and
mechanical actions to efficiently extract fibers from coconut husks.
In the combined chemical and mechanical extraction method, coconut husks
undergo an initial chemical treatment using solutions like sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
or potassium hydroxide (KOH). This treatment softens the husks by breaking down
lignin and other non-fiber components, facilitating the subsequent mechanical
extraction. After the chemical treatment, the husks are subjected to mechanical
processes, such as crushing or milling, to separate the fibers from the softened husk.
This mechanical action complements the chemical treatment, enhancing the
efficiency of fiber extraction. The fibers are then washed and neutralized to remove
any remaining chemicals. This dual-process approach offers advantages in terms of
both speed and fiber quality. The chemical treatment accelerates the breakdown of
components that hinder fiber separation, while mechanical actions further refine the
extraction process.
However, attention must be given to environmental considerations and waste
management due to the use of chemicals, and efforts are made to optimize the
balance between chemical effectiveness and ecological impact in the combined
extraction method.

29
4.5 ROCKWELL HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE
In a Rockwell hardness test, initially a minor load of 10 N is applied and the
zero datum position is established. The major load (60, 100, or 150 N) is then applied
for a specific period (a few seconds) and removed, leaving the minor load applied.

Figure 4.4: Rockwell Hardness Machine

The resulting Rockwell hardness number (as seen on the dial or as a digital
output), is inversely related to the additional depth to which the indenter was forced
by the major load, beyond the depth resulting from the previously applied minor
load.

4.6 MICRO HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE

Though hardness is not an inherent mechanical quality, it is as mentioned

intrinsically linked to various key physical properties and functionalities. Studies
have uncovered a correlation between hardness and grain size in various materials.
In ceramics and metal alloys, the orientation and phase composition have also
30
proven to be a critical factor underlying surface hardness.

Figure 4.5: Micro Hardness Test Machine

We can usually characterize micro hardness testing as either an exploration of

material characteristics or functionality. This means that micro hardness tests are
typically used to either test material harden ability; to conform process parameters or
ability; or to predict other mechanical properties such as wear resistance, toughness,
resistance to impact, and tensile strength. The range of materials that can be accessed
via micro hardness testing is always expanding, with advanced indentation systems
opening up new avenues into biological hardness testing for tissues and organic
polymer.

31
4.7 WEAR TESTING MACHINE

Figure 4.6: Wear Test Machine

Assessing the wear resistance of polymer composite test specimens requires careful
consideration of several key factors. Firstly, selecting the appropriate wear testing
machine tailored to the material's properties and application environment is
essential. Secondly, ensuring that the test specimens accurately represent the
material's geometry and characteristics is crucial for reliable results. Thirdly,
establishing test conditions that mimic real-world usage, including factors such as
load, sliding speed, and temperature, is necessary to simulate actual operating
conditions. Finally, meticulous data collection and analysis during testing enable the
evaluation of wear rates and friction coefficients, providing valuable insights into
the material's performance. By following these steps, informed decisions can be
made regarding material selection and potential optimizations to enhance wear
resistance.

32
4.8 TENSILE TESTING MACHINE

Figure 4.7: Tensile Test Machine

Tensile strength is the stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms.

Digital Tensile Tester is a state of the art, highly versatile equipment for checking
the breaking strength of packaging related raw materials and finished products. It
has a single column vertical movement on low friction ball screws. This digital cum
computerized model of tensile strength tester comes with a digital display and
computer display that makes it easy for manufacturers to conduct tensile strength
tests on the materials. The machine operates by clamping the material sample in
between two grips and then applying a tensile force to the sample until it breaks .

33
4.9 CHEMICAL COIR PRESERVATION
The chemical preservation of coir involves a meticulous process to enhance
the durability and longevity of coir fibers. After harvesting and extracting fibers
from coconut husks, a pre-treatment phase may be employed, ensuring the removal
of impurities and optimizing the fibers for preservative absorption. Chemical
preservatives, often boron-based or anti-fungal agents, are then meticulously applied
to the fibers through methods like dipping or spraying, ensuring uniform coverage.
This facilitates penetration and absorption of the preservatives into the fiber
structure, imparting resistance against biological decay, pests, and fungi.
Following this, the treated coir fibers undergo a drying and curing process,
allowing the preservatives to set effectively. Quality control checks verify the
success of the preservation, including tests for preservative retention levels and decay
resistance. Once confirmed, the preserved coir is ready for storage or distribution,
finding applications in diverse fields such as horticulture, erosion control, and the
manufacturing of mats and geo-textiles. This comprehensive process ensures that
coir products maintain their structural integrity and functionality over an extended
period.
4.10 PROCESS OF COIR TREATMENT
The treatment of coir encompasses a series of sequential steps to enhance
its characteristics for diverse applications. Following the harvesting and
extraction of fibers from coconut husks, coir undergoes retting to facilitate
separation. Subsequent cleaning, washing, and drying remove impurities and
moisture, preparing the fibers for further treatment. Additional processes such as
dyeing, bleaching, and flame retardant applications may be employed to modify
coir's properties based on specific requirements. Chemical preservation, often
utilizing boron-based compounds, is implemented to enhance durability and resist
decay.

34
The treated coir fibers may then be twisted or spun for improved strength, undergo
quality control checks, and finally, be processed into a variety of end products like
mats, ropes, or geo-textiles. The resultant treated coir is packaged and distributed for
applications ranging from agriculture to erosion control, showcasing its versatility
and utility across industries.

Processing of Coir Fiber

Harvesting

Retting

Cleaning and washing

Treatment

Final processing

Flow Chart 4.1: Processing of Coir Fiber

35
4.11 PROCESS OF HAND LAY-UP TECHNIQUE FOR
PREPARING POLYMER COMPOSITES

The hand lay-up method for coir fiber reinforced polyester resin composites
is a manual process involving the layering of coir fibers and polyester resin to create
a composite material.

Figure 4.8: Hand lay-up method

The hand lay-up method begins with the preparation of coir fibers, which are
cleaned, treated, and arranged in the desired orientation. These fibers are then placed
manually onto a mold or a surface, forming a layer. Polyester resin, chosen for its
compatibility with coir fibers, is applied over the fiber layer. The manual process
allows for careful placement and adjustment of fibers to achieve the desired
orientation and thickness. Additional layers of coir fibers and resin are added
sequentially, creating a laminate structure. The hand lay-up process allows for
customization, as the operator can adapt the fiber arrangement and resin application
to optimize mechanical properties. Once the desired number of layers is achieved,
the composite is left to cure. During the curing process, the polyester resin hardens,

36
creating a strong bond with the coir fibers. After curing, the composite is de-molded,
and excess material may be trimmed or shaped as needed. The resulting coir fiber
reinforced polyester resin composite can be further processed for specific
applications, such as in construction, automotive, or furniture.
While the hand lay-up method offers flexibility and simplicity, it is typically
used for small to medium-scale production due to its manual nature. It is suitable for
applications where customization and ease of fabrication are prioritized, making it
an effective method for incorporating coir fibers into polyester resin composites.
The amount of polymer content same in each location (layer), but the arrangement
of coir fiber contents for samples were as follows:
Samples no. 1 is reinforced with coir fiber as linear arrangement.
Samples no. 2 is reinforced with coir fiber as cross sectional arrangement.

Figure 4.9: Coir fiber composite (S1) Figure 4.10: Coir fiber composite (S2)

37
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 RESULT- 1 ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

Hardness is a measure of how resistant rock-solid substance is to different

kinds of permanent form change when a compressive force is applied. Rockwell
hardness testing is an indentation testing method. It measures the permanent depth
of a groove produced by a force/load on an indenter. The Rockwell Hardness
Number (RHN) is calculated from the depth of permanent deformation of the
indenter into the sample. The indenter is either a conical diamond or a hard steel
ball. Although Rockwell Hardness test does not give a straight measurement of any
performance properties; hardness of a material correlates directly with its strength,
wear resistance and other properties.
Hardness Test Samples

Fig 5.1: Testing samples for hardness (Rockwell)

38
 As per the results, coir fiber linear arrangement composite has the highest
Rockwell Hardness Number (RHN) of 30 RHN while coir fiber cross sectional
arrangement composite has the lowest Rockwell hardness test value of 21 RHN.

Rockwell Hardness (RHN)

35

30

25
Sample 1
RHN rate

20 Sample 2
RHN
15

10

2 3
No. of counts

Graph 5.1: Rockwell Hardness Test

5.2 RESULT- 2 MICRO HARDNESS TEST

In the Micro Vickers hardness test, two samples are tested by applying a load
to create indentations on their surfaces. The indentation diameters are measured, and
hardness values are calculated. Comparing these values provides insight into the
relative hardness of the samples, aiding in material assessment and quality control.

39
 Micro Hardness Test Samples

Fig 5.2: Testing samples for hardness (Vickers)

Samples Dia (D1) Dia (D2) Hardness (HV)

S1 79.5 85.2 30

S2 88.4 96.2 23

Table 5.1: Hardness Test Values

As per the above results, coir fiber linear arrangement composite has the highest Micro
Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) of 30 VHN while coir fiber cross sectional
arrangement composite has the lowest Micro Vickers hardness test value of 23 VHN

40
 Micro Vickers Hardness (VHN)

Sample 1
Sample 2
VHN rate

VHN

No. of counts

Graph 5.2: Micro Hardness Test

5.3 RESULT- 3 (WEAR TEST)

In a wear test, two samples are subjected to controlled conditions such as

specific loads, coefficients of friction (COF), and speeds. The test measures the wear
diameter of each sample over a set period, allowing calculation of the wear rate. By
comparing these parameters that can be assess the materials resistance to wear and
friction, vital for understanding their durability and suitability for various
applications.

41
Wear Test Samples

Fig 5.3: Testing samples for Wear test

Samples Wear Load Time Speed COF Wear

diameter (N) (sec) (rpm) (Microns)
(mm)

40 10 300 300 0.34 167

S1
40 20 300 300 0.13 203

40 30 300 300 0.11 222

40 10 300 300 0.34 32

S2
40 20 300 300 0.17 233

40 30 300 300 0.01 1808

Table 5.2: Wear Test Values

42
 Wear test

2500
Wear rate (microns)

2000

Sample 2
1500
Sample 1

1000

500

10 20 Loads (N) 30

Graph 5.3: Wear test

5.4 RESULT- 4 TENSILE TEST

Fig 5.4: Testing samples for Tensile test

43
Graph 5.4: Tensile test of sample1

Graph 5.5: Tensile test of sample 2

44
The unidirectional arrangement of composite result indicated that the tensile strength
increase with the increase of applied load up to 2351.5 N after that it tends to decrease ie.,
breaking takes place and the percentage of elongation is observed as 1.9. The tensile
strength of the palm fiber reinforced epoxy bio composites is 31.353MPa. This value
increase than the cross directional arrangement of composites.

5.5 RESULT- 5 FLEXURAL TEST

Fig 5.5: Testing samples for Flexural test

Graph 5.6: Flexural test of sample1

45
 Graph 5.7: Flexural test of sample 2

The unidirectional arrangement of composite result indicated that the flexural

strength increase with the increase of applied load up to 89.958 N after that it tends
to decrease ie., breaking takes place and the elongation is observed as 4.74mm. The
tensile strength of the palm fiber reinforced epoxy bio composites is 72.56MPa. This
value increase than the cross directional arrangement of composites

46
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Processed Coir fiber reinforced composites were fabricated successfully

using hand by up method. The tests like Rockwell Hardness Test, Vickers Hardness
Test, Wear Test, Tensile and Flexural tests were conducted and the mechanical
properties tensile, flexural, hardness and wear were recorded. It was observed that
the sample with linear coir arrangement showed higher levels of hardness and wear
resistance compared to the sample with cross coir arrangement. Hence linear coir
arrangement is superior in hardness and wear resistance compared to cross coir
arrangement. We conclude that linear coir arrangement composite is more suitable
for applications where high hardness is required.

47
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