What Is Septic Tank?

A septic tank is an underground wastewater treatment system commonly used in rural and
suburban areas where a centralized sewage treatment plant is not available.
It typically consists of a large, watertight concrete or plastic container that separates solid waste
from liquid waste.Septic tanks are designed to break down organic matter and prevent the release
of harmful substances into the environment.The solids that settle at the bottom of the tank undergo
anaerobic digestion, which reduces the volume and treats the waste to some extent.
Regular maintenance is crucial to the proper functioning of septic tanks. This includes pumping
out the tank to remove the accumulated solids, checking for leaks and damage, and monitoring the
drain field for signs of clogging or saturation.
Septic tanks are a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option for wastewater treatment in
areas without access to a centralized sewage system. However, it is important to be mindful of the
amount and type of waste that enters the tank, as overloading the system can lead to failure and
environmental damage.

Design of Septic Tank?

The Septic tank design example for home is as follows,

The proper capacity of a septic tank is essential otherwise wastewater backflow toward the house.
The septic tank design considers a future increase in wastewater generation designs proper
capacity septic tanks which can last long for years.

Septic tank design example calculation for residential buildings is given below:

Let’s take one example of House – 5 Members

Daily Water Usage for a House – 5 Person

Cooking – 10 LitersBathing & Toilet – 90 Liters/Person, So for 5 people – 450

liters/DayWashing clothes & Utensils – 35 LitersCleaning House – 15 LitersOther – 10 Litres

Total – 520 Litres/Day Approximately

In septic tank design, we consider detention time as 3 days. So the designed tank should
have the capacity to retain household wastewater for at least 3 days.

Total wastewater in 3 days – 520×3 = 1560 Liters

So, we take more than that about 2000 Liters capacity minimum for a home. For the Septic tank
design, the depth of the tank should not be less than 1.8m.
Take sludge settled down per person – 30 liters/year. So here we take sludge removal 2 years
once.

Total Accumulated Sludge = 30 litres x 5 persons x 2 years = 300 Litres

Total Septic Tank Capacity = 2000+300 = 2300 Liters

We know that 1 cubic meter = 1000 Liters = 2300/1000 = 2.3 Cum

Area required @ 1.8m depth = 2.3/1.8 = 1.2 Sqm

We take the Length and Width ratio of the Septic Tank as 4:1 or 2:1

Length(L): Breath(B) ratio taken as 4 : 1

So, 4 B x B = 1.2 Sq. m where B=0.54m

(Note: Minimum width of tank should not be less than 750mm)

So that L = 4×0.75 = 3m

L – 3m; B – 0.75m;

Depth = 1.8+0.3 = 2.1m (freeboard should be provided at least 300mm)

Septic Tank capacity = 3 x 2.1 x 0.75 = 4.725 Cum

= 4.725x 1000

Septic tank design capacity = 4725 Liters

Types of Septic Systems

Septic Tank

A septic tank is a buried, watertight tank designated and constructed to receive and partially treat
raw domestic sanitary wastewater. Heavy solids settle to the bottom of the tank while greases and
lighter solids float to the top. The solids stay in the tank while the wastewater is discharged to the
drainfield for further treatment and dispersal.
 Conventional System
A conventional decentralized wastewater treatment system consists of a septic tank and a trench or
bed subsurface wastewater infiltration system, known as a drainfield. A conventional septic system
is typically installed at a single-family home or small business.

The gravel/stone drainfield is a design that has existed for decades. The effluent is piped from the
septic tank to a shallow underground trench of stone or gravel. A geofabric or similar material is
then placed on top of the trench so sand, dirt, and other contaminants do not enter the clean stone.

Effluent filters through the stone and is then further treated by microbes once it reaches the soil
below the gravel/stone trench.

Gravel/stone systems are relatively large in overall footprint and may not be suitable for all
residential sites or conditions.

Chamber System

Gravelless drainfields have been widely used for over 30 years in many states and have become a
conventional technology replacing gravel systems. They take many forms, including open-bottom
chambers, fabric-wrapped pipe, and synthetic materials such as expanded polystyrene media. The
gravelless systems can be manufactured with recycled materials and offer a significant savings in
carbon footprint.

An example of a gravelless system is the chamber system. The chamber system serves as an
alternative design to the gravel/stone system. The primary advantage of the chamber system is
increased ease of delivery and construction. They are also well suited to areas with high
groundwater tables, where the volume of influent to the septic system is variable (e.g., at a
vacation home or seasonal inn), in an area where gravel is scarce, or in areas where other
technologies such as plastic chambers are readily available.

This type of system consists of a series of connected chambers. The area around and above the
chambers is filled with soil. Pipes carry wastewater from the septic tank to the chambers. Inside
the chambers, the wastewater comes into contact with the soil. Microbes on or near the soil treat
the effluent.

Drip Distribution System

The drip distribution system is a type of effluent dispersal that can be used in many types of
drainfields. The main advantage of the drip distribution system is that no large mound of soil is
needed as the drip laterals are inserted into the top 6 to 12 inches of soil. The disadvantage of the
drip distribution system is that it requires a large dose tank after the septic tank to accommodate
the timed dose delivery of wastewater to the drip absorption area. Additional components, such as
electrical power, are necessary for this system, requiring an added expense and increased
maintenance.

Aerobic Treatment Unit

Aerobic Treatment Units (ATUs) use many of the same processes as a municipal sewage plant, but
on a smaller scale. An aerobic system injects oxygen into the treatment tank. The additional
oxygen increases natural bacterial activity within the system that then provides additional
treatment for nutrients in the effluent. Some aerobic systems may also have a pretreatment tank
and a final treatment tank including disinfection to further reduce pathogen levels.

The benefits of this system are that it can be used in homes with smaller lots, inadequate soil
conditions, in areas where the water table is too high, or for homes close to a surface water body
sensitive to contamination by nutrients contained in wastewater effluent. Regular life-time
maintenance should be expected for ATUs.

Mound Systems
Mound systems are an option in areas of shallow soil depth, high groundwater, or shallow
bedrock. The constructed sand mound contains a drainfield trench. Effluent from the septic tank
flows to a pump chamber where it is pumped to the mound in prescribed doses. Treatment of the
effluent occurs as it discharges to the trench and filters through the sand, and then disperses into
the native soil.

While mound systems can be a good solution for certain soil conditions, they require a substantial
amount of space and periodic maintenance.

Cluster / Community System

A cluster (or community) decentralized wastewater treatment system is under some form of
common ownership and collects wastewater from two or more dwellings or buildings. It conveys
the wastewater to a treatment and dispersal system located on a suitable site near the dwellings or
buildings. It is common to find cluster systems in places like rural.
 Recirculating Sand Filter System
Sand filter systems can be constructed above or below ground. Effluent flows from the septic tank
to a pump chamber. It is then pumped to the sand filter. The sand filter is often PVC-lined or a
concrete box filled with a sand material. Effluent is pumped under low pressure through the pipes
at the top of the filter. The effluent leaves the pipes and is treated as it filters through the sand. The
treated wastewater is then discharged to the drainfield.

Sand filters provide a high level of treatment for nutrients and are good for sites with high water
tables or that are close to water bodies, but they are more expensive than a conventional septic
system.

Evapotranspiration System
Evapotranspiration systems have unique drainfields. The base of the evapotranspiration system
drainfield is lined with a watertight material. After the effluent enters the drainfield, it evaporates
into the air. Unlike other septic system designs, the effluent never filters to the soil and never
reaches groundwater.

Evapotranspiration systems are only useful in specific environmental conditions. The climate must
be arid and have adequate heat and sunlight. These systems work well in shallow soil; however,
they are at risk of failure if it rains or snows too much.

Constructed Wetland System

A constructed wetland mimics the treatment processes that occur in natural wetlands. Wastewater
flows from the septic tank and enters the wetland cell. The wastewater then passes through the
media and is treated by microbes, plants, and other media that remove pathogens and nutrients.
The wetland cell typically consists of an impermeable liner, and gravel and sand fill, along with
the appropriate wetland plants, which must be able to survive in a perpetually saturated
environment.
A wetland system can work via either gravity flow or pressure distribution. As wastewater flows
through the wetland, it may exit the wetland and flow into a drainfield for further wastewater
treatment into the soil.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN

Electrical system design is a core part of PowerEarth’s service offering. From feasibility and
concept through to detailed design, we can help you with new installations or upgrades for
substations, cables and generator systems. PowerEarth’s designs are documented in clear
construction drawings supported by reports outlining the design basis and its compliance with the
relevant standards.
When it comes to setting up or upgrading a substation, cable, or generator system, electrical
system design is crucial. Here at PowerEarth, we offer detailed feasibility and concept designs,
clear construction drawings, and reports outlining the design basis and its compliance with
relevant standards.

What is Electrical System Design?

In short, electrical system design is the process of planning and documenting the construction of
an electrical system. This includes everything from the initial feasibility study to the final set of
construction drawings. A well-designed electrical system takes into account the specific needs of
the project, complies with all relevant standards, and is safe and easy to install and maintain.

Why Does Electrical SystemDesign Matter?

There are several reasons why electrical system design is so important. First of all, a well-
designed electrical system ensures that your project will run smoothly and efficiently from start to
finish. Secondly, a well-designed electrical system will be compliant with all relevant safety
standards – meaning that your asset will be safe for both workers and visitors alike. Finally, a
well-designed electrical system will be easy to install and maintain, which will save you time and
money in the long run.
Here at PowerEarth, we have years of experience in designing safe, compliant, and efficient
electrical

SYSTEM STUDIES AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS

PowerEarth has a long history of supporting our clients with system studies and protection
systems. PowerEarth’s studies capability includes:

.AC and DC fault studies

.Load flow and voltage drop studies

.Cable and equipment sizing and specification

.Harmonics

.Protection settings

.Arc hazard assessments

.Traction modelling

AC and DC Fault Studies

One of the most important things that PowerEarth can do for your business is AC and DC fault
studies. These studies help to identify potential problem areas in your electrical system so that
they can be fixed before they cause any damage or disruption. By identifying potential issues early
on, you can avoid costly repairs or downtime for your business.

Load Flow and Voltage Drop Studies

Another important service that PowerEarth offers is load flow and voltage drop studies. These
studies help to ensure that your electrical system is able to handle the demands placed on it by
your business. By understanding the loads placed on your system, you can avoid problems like
power outages or equipment failure.

Cable and Equipment Sizing and Specification

PowerEarth can also help with cable and equipment sizing and specification. This service is
important because it helps to ensure that your electrical system is using the right size cables and
equipment for the job. Using the wrong size cables or equipment can lead to problems like fires or
shorts circuits.

Harmonics
Harmonics are another area where PowerEarth can help you to keep your business running
smoothly. Harmonics are caused by the way that electricity flows through your system. If not
properly controlled, they can cause problems like excessive heat build-up or damage to sensitive
electronic equipment.

Protection Settings
PowerEarth can also help you to set up protection settings for your electrical system. These
settings help to prevent damage to your system from things like power surges or lightning strikes.
By having proper protection settings in place, you can avoid costly repairs or downtime for your
business.

Arc Hazard Assessment

An Arc Hazard Assessment from PowerEarth can also help you avoid costly disasters. An arc flash
is a type of electrical explosion that can occur when current flows through an air gap between two
conductors. Arc flashes are extremely dangerous and can cause severe injuries or even death. A
PowerEarth Arc Hazard Assessment will help you to identify potential risks so that you can take
steps to avoid them.

Why Do I Need a System Study?

There are many reasons why you might need a system study. System studies provide valuable
insights that can help you improve the performance of your electrical system, make investment
decisions, understand the impacts of change, comply with safety standards or investigate faults.

How Can PowerEarth Help?

PowerEarth has a proven track record in delivering quality system studies on time and within
budget. We listen to our clients to ensure we understand their requirements before commencing
work. Our engineers have a wealth of experience in carrying out system studies and are up-to-date
with the latest software tools and methodologies. This means we can deliver accurate results
quickly and efficiently.

What Is Involved in a System Study?

The scope of a system study will depend on your specific needs. Typically, we will use computer
modelling to simulate the behaviour of your electrical system under various conditions. This will
allow us to identify potential problems and recommend solutions. We can also provide detailed
designs for new equipment or modification to existing infrastructure.If you need help
understanding your electrical system or making investment decisions about changes or upgrades,
then a system study from PowerEarth is the answer. We have the expertise and experience to
deliver quality results that meet your needs.

structural system

structural system. A structural steel frame and 150mm composite floor slabs designed and
constructed to carry a floor loading of 5kn/sq. metre (4 +1). Perimeter columns are generally on a
7.5m, 12m or 15m module. The office floor plates are clear spanning from the core to the façade.
Floor Zone: 150mm (including raised access floor tiles). Ceiling Zone: 900mm in depth (including
cellular beam and ceiling finishes). Clear floor to Ceiling Height: Office floors, the floor to ceiling
height will be 2800mm. Ground Floor office area on WML, the floor to ceiling height will be
5100mm. Ground floor Own Door Office, the floor to ceiling height will be 4250mm. Ground
floor reception, the floor to soffit of the reception atrium will be 20.0m Floor Loadings: Office
Floors 4kn/sq. metre per person plus 1 kn/sqm partitions (4 +1).

structural system. A structural steel frame and 150mm composite floor

slabs designed and constructed to carry a floor loading of 5kn/sq. metre (4
+1). Perimeter columns are generally on a 7.5m, 12m or 15m module. The
office floor plates are clear spanning from the core to the façade. Floor Zone: 150mm
(including raised access floor tiles). Ceiling Zone: 900mm
in depth (including cellular beam and ceiling finishes). Clear floor to Ceiling Height:
Office floors, the floor to ceiling height will be 2800mm. Ground Floor office area on WML, the
floor to ceiling height will be 5100mm. Ground floor Own Door Office, the floor to ceiling height
will be 4250mm. Ground floor reception, the floor to soffit of the reception atrium will be 20.0m
Floor Loadings: Office Floors 4kn/sq. metre per person plus 1 kn/sqm partitions (4 +1).
105 Design Standards/References: The building is required to comply inter-alia with
the following Acts and Regulations. • BCO Guide – Best Practice in Specification for offices.
• LEED Assessment Criteria. • The Planning and Development Xxx 0000 (as amended) and the
Regulations made thereunder. • The Building Control Acts 1990, the Regulations made there
under and the building control amendment regulations 2013. • The Health Safety and Welfare at
Work Xxx 0000 and the Regulations made thereunder. • The Office Premises Act.

More Definitions of structural system

structural systemlive load. The floor to floor height Will be fourteen feet (14'-0") allowing for
an approximately nine foot six inch (9'-6") CP finished ceiling
height. Typical bay spacing is thirty feet by thirty feet (30'-0" x 30'-0").

Related to structural system

Structural as herein used shall mean any portion of the Leased Premises, Building or Common
Areas of the Complex which provides bearing support to any other integral member of the Leased
Premises, Building or Common Areas of the Complex such as, by limitation, the roof structure
(trusses, joists, beams), posts, load bearing walls, foundations, girders, floor joists, footings, and
other load bearing members constructed by Landlord.

total system means the transmission system and the distribution system of the Board taken
together;

Structural components means liners, leachate collection systems, final covers, run-on/run-
off systems, and any other component used in the construction and operation of the MSWLF that
is necessary for protection of human health and the environment.

Structural Engineer means the Engineer appointed or to be appointed from time to time by
Promoter for the preparation of the structural design and drawings of the buildings .

Structural Engineer means the Engineer appointed or to be appointed from time to time by
Promoter for the preparation of the structural design and drawings of the buildings .

Architectural coating means a coating applied to stationary structures and their

appurtenances, to mobile homes, to pavements, or to curbs.

Infrastructure Improvements means a street, road, sidewalk, parking facility, pedestrian

mall, alley, bridge, sewer, sewage treatment plant, property designed to reduce, eliminate, or
prevent the spread of identified soil or groundwater contamination, drainage system, waterway,
waterline, water storage facility, rail line, utility line or pipeline, transit-oriented development,
transit-oriented property, or other similar or related structure or improvement, together with
necessary easements for the structure or improvement, owned or used by a public agency or
functionally connected to similar or supporting property owned or used by a public agency, or
designed and dedicated to use by, for the benefit of, or for the protection of the health, welfare, or
safety of the public generally, whether or not used by a single business entity, provided that any
road, street, or bridge shall be continuously open to public access and that other property shall be
located in public easements or rights-of-way and sized to accommodate reasonably foreseeable
development of eligible property in adjoining areas. Infrastructure improvements also include 1 or
more of the following whether publicly or privately owned or operated or located on public or
private property:

Disposal system means a system for disposing of sewage, industrial, or other wastes and
includes sewage systems and treatment works.

Fuel system means the components which store or transport fuel on board the vehicle and
comprise the fuel tank system, all fuel and vapour lines, any non-tank mounted fuel pumps and the
activated carbon canister.

Structural Alterations means any Alterations involving the structural, mechanical, electrical,
plumbing, fire/life safety or heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems of the Building.

Systems and Equipment means any plant (including any central plant), machinery,
transformers, duct work, cable, wires, and other equipment, facilities, and systems designed to
supply heat, ventilation, air conditioning and humidity or any other services or utilities, or
comprising or serving as any component or portion of the electrical, gas, steam, plumbing,
sprinkler, communications, alarm, lab, security, or fire/life safety systems or equipment, or any
other mechanical, electrical, electronic, computer or other systems or equipment which serve the
Building and/or any other building in the Project in whole or in part.

.
Cabinet x-ray system means an x-ray system with the x-ray tube installed in an enclosure
independent of existing architectural structures except the floor on which it may be placed. The
cabinet x-ray system is intended to contain at least that portion of a material being irradiated,
provide radiation attenuation, and exclude personnel from its interior during generation of
radiation. Included are all x-ray systems designed primarily for the inspection of carry-on baggage
at airline, railroad, and bus terminals, and in similar facilities. An x-ray tube used within a shielded
part of a building, or x-ray equipment that may temporarily or occasionally incorporate portable
shielding, is not considered a cabinet x-ray system.

Site Improvements means any construction work on, or improvement to, streets, roads,
parking facilities, sidewalks, drainage structures and utilities.

Internal Systems means the Software and Documentation and the computer, communications
and network systems (both desktop and enterprise-wide), laboratory equipment, reagents,
materials and test, calibration and measurement apparatus used developed by or on behalf of the
Company or any of its Subsidiaries in their business or operations or and used to develop,
manufacture, fabricate, assemble, provide, distribute, support, maintain or test any Customer
Offering, whether located on the premises of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or hosted at a
third party site;

Structural component means a component that supports non-variable forces or weights

(dead loads) and variable forces or weights (live loads).

Structural alteration means any change to the supporting members of a building including
foundations, bearing walls, or partitions, columns, beams or girders, or any structural change in
the roof or in the exterior walls.

Structures means any building or structure, or part thereof, used for human occupation and
intended to be so used, and includes any outhouses and appurtenances belonging thereto or usually
enjoyed therewith.

Private Improvements means the improvements to be constructed on the Property that are
not Public Improvements.

Structural pest control means a use requiring a license under Chapter 14 (commencing with
Section 8500), Division 3, of the Business and Professions Code.

Hospital system means a hospital and one or more

Green building strategies means those strategies that minimize the impact of development
on the environment, and enhance the health, safety and well-being of residents by producing
durable, low-maintenance, resource-efficient housing while making optimum use of existing
infrastructure and community services.

Interior means the spaces, parts, components or elements of an individual dwelling unit.

Infrastructure means the equipment used to enable the use of electric powered vehicles (e.g.,
electric vehicle charging station).

Fire alarm system means a system designed to detect and annunciate the presence of fire, or
by-products of fire. Fire alarm system includes smoke detectors.

911 system means the set of network, database and customer premise equipment (CPE)
components required to provide 911 service.

Multilateral System means the Multilateral System established under Article 10.2 of the
Treaty.

Beam monitoring system means a system designed and installed in the radiation head to
detect and measure the radiation present in the useful beam.